Wichita Mountains Byway 2008

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Wichita Mountains Byway Corridor Management Plan Table of Contents

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction to the Corridor Management Plan

2.0 Corridor Vision, Goals and Strategies

3.0 Intrinsic Resource Assessment

4.0 Roadway Characteristics

5.0 Implementation Responsibilities

6.0 Conservation, Preservation and Protection of Resources

7.0 Signage, Wayfinding and Interpretation

8.0 Public Participation

9.0 Tourist Amenities and Overview

10.0 Market and Economic Development Plan

Definitions and Acronyms

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to…

The communities and volunteers along the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor who made the CMP a reality.

Richard Andrews at the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) for his leadership to establish the Wichita Mountains Byway.

The Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT)

Jeff Rupert, the director of the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge for his guidance and support.

To all those volunteers, citizens, partners and stakeholders who have worked tirelessly to make the Wichita Mountains Byway a sought after destination- Thank you

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Executive Summary

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1.0 Introduction to the Corridor Management Plan

The Wichita Mountains Byway Corridor Management Plan (CMP) is intended to provide a collection of information that will assist in the preservation, promotion, interpretation, enhancement, and management of the intrinsic resources found throughout the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor. This CMP will attempt to foster economic planning and activity within the Wichita Mountains Byway communities and provides direction and foresight as to the proper course of promotion, use, and preservation of the corridor’s resources.

The unified Corridor Vision and Goals referenced in this CMP is a by-product of the Wichita Mountains Byway communities. This CMP is an extension of the people – the people of the Wichita Mountains Byway. The diverse goals and wishes of the many communities along the corridor have been assembled and unified in this CMP, to give a common voice that will be heard and understood by all. This unification and common ground that is assembled in this CMP will be the promoter and the protector of the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor for decades to come.

1.1 Corridor Limits

The Wichita Mountains Byway corridor is approximately 93 miles in length and encompasses one of the most recognizable features in the region, the Wichita Mountains. The Wichita Mountains Byway corridor follows historic routes through mountain passes, around tranquil lakes, timeless geology and wilderness areas that draw over 1.5 million visitors annually. Figure 1 shows the corridor limits and also displays the route that is designated by the Oklahoma Byways Program as the corridor/route used for the development of this Corridor Management Plan (CMP).

The Wichita Mountain Byway is identified as beginning at Apache and extending west on S.H.19 to the S.H. 58/S.H. 19 junction; the Byway then proceeds north and south on S.H.58 to Carnegie in the north and Medicine Park in the south; from Carnegie, the Byway proceeds west on S.H. 9 to Mountain View and south on S.H. 115 to the junction of S.H. 49 and S.H. 115; from Medicine Park in the south the project extends east on S.H. 49 to Interstate 44 and west on S.H. 49 through the Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge to the western boundary of the Refuge.

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FIG. 1

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Statement of Purpose

The Wichita Mountains Byway CMP is intended to provide a collection of information that will assist in the preservation, promotion, interpretation, enhancement, and management of the intrinsic resources found throughout the Wichita Mountains corridor. This CMP will attempt to foster economic planning and activity within the Wichita Mountains communities and provides direction and foresight as to the proper course of promotion, preservation and use of the corridor’s resources.

The unified Corridor Vision and Goals referenced in this CMP is a by-product of the Wichita Mountains communities. This CMP is an extension of the people – the people of Oklahoma Wichita Mountains. The diverse goals and wishes of the many communities along the corridor have been assembled and unified in this CMP, to give a common voice that will be heard and understood by all. This unification and common ground that is assembled in this CMP will be the promoter and the protector of the Wichita Mountains corridor for future generations. 1.2 The Oklahoma Scenic Byway Program

The Oklahoma Byways Program is a collaborative, grass roots effort to recognize, preserve, and enhance selected roads throughout the state. Created in 1995, the Byways Program is a partnership between the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the University of Oklahoma Outreach Program (OU). Working with the federal National Scenic Byways Program, Oklahoma Byways seeks to support selected roads, promote communities and preserve irreplaceable resources. The Oklahoma Program enjoys regional partnerships by working with agencies and communities in New Mexico and Arkansas to preserve and protect their Byway resources.

The Oklahoma Byways Program prides itself on being community driven and community led. This collaborative approach allows the program to address the specific needs and challenges in each community. The program relies on the involvement of community leaders and various agencies that have a vested interest in the success of the byway. Local residents and communities working together have the ability to voice their concerns and ideas on how to promote, encourage and protect their intrinsic qualities. These efforts form the foundation of a thriving program that accurately represents the byway’s regional and local issues.

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Oklahoma recently celebrated its centennial of statehood, providing an opportunity for the State to honor its colorful history and reflect on its storied past. Fortunately, many of the State’s historic assets are still viable and accessible for preservation and protection. In many of our rural communities natural and historic man made environments are giving way to development. This transition creates an imperative need for Oklahoma communities to take the initiative in serving as stewards for their communities.

The Oklahoma Byways programmatic focus is centered on the community and the importance of transportation to the economic livelihood of our cities and towns. Services offered by the Byway Program are dynamic and multi- disciplinary and local entities are provided a diverse menu of programs and opportunities tailored to their specific requests. This partnership approach meets the customer’s needs and allows for customized delivery of services. A menu of “off the self programs” can also be adapted for particular community projects or activities. The Oklahoma Byways Program partners with over 43 faculty members at the University of Oklahoma to provide direct training and support to communities through a speaker’s bureau. Direct marketing and design support is provided to all communities along the Byway corridor. Rediscovery projects provide master interpretive urban and regional planning. A variety of direct support is provided to businesses along the route to encourage innovative growth and small business development. The statewide website is www.okscenicbyways.org.

As of November 2008 the State of Oklahoma has seven (8) state designated Scenic Byways, one of which is a National Scenic Byway. A list of these can be found below: Oklahoma State Byways Cimarron Heritage Trail Byway Mountain Gateway Byway Mountain Pass Byway Osage Nation Heritage Trail Wichita Mountains Byway (this CMP addresses this byway) Route 66 Cherokee Nation Byway

Oklahoma National Scenic Byways Talimena Drive: A National Byway

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1.3 Benefits of National Scenic Byway Designation

Scenic highways/byways are roads that highlight and capture the significant cultural, historic, archeological, recreational, natural, and scenic features of an area. These significant roadways provide an enjoyable experience for travelers, while providing local communities with economic development opportunities, sustainability, and tourist revenue. Designating and protecting our country’s scenic highways is a way to preserve and enhance America’s beauty and heritage for future generations to experience and enjoy. For designation as a National Scenic Byway (NSB), a road must possess intrinsic qualities that are nationally or regionally significant. In addition, a Corridor Management Plan (CMP) must be prepared that identifies significant intrinsic resources, potential impacts to those resources, preservation, maintenance, and enhancement strategies, and promotion/marketing plans. Some of the benefits of National Scenic Byway designation include:

National Recognition National Scenic Byway designation recognition carries with it not only a heightened awareness of the corridor as one of the premier corridors in the country, but also recognition of the entities, Stakeholders, agencies, organizations, businesses, and communities that worked so hard to achieve designation. Identification of the route on local, state, and federal maps can lead to more tourism opportunities for the area. National Scenic Byway designation also provides recognition through international and national marketing and promotional opportunities via the National Scenic Byways Program website and marketing literature, as well as local, state and national tourism entities and their collective marketing/promotion information. It is also anticipated that the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor group will develop marketing and promotional materials in the future to continue the recognition and promotion of the corridor.

Increased Pride National Scenic Byways are a source of local community pride and provide a chance for citizens to showcase the beauty and unique qualities of their region. This CMP provides a way for Stakeholders to determine what they prefer to highlight about their communities. It also identifies how to preserve these intrinsic resources while encouraging thoughtful and sustainable growth. National Scenic Byway designation is a means to a communal goal. It

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 provides a network opportunity for like-minded individuals in all of the communities along the corridor to come together and share a voice for the good of the corridor and its resources.

Increased Funding Opportunities National Scenic Byway designation will help the Wichita Mountains Byway become eligible for federal funds through the National Scenic Byways Program (NSBP), as well as other funding sources and potential partnership opportunities that may have not been available otherwise. The NSBP grant program is a common source of funding for Scenic Highways/Byway in the U.S., and these funds can be used to develop interpretive facilities, information kiosks, restrooms, fund staffing needs, and other needed improvements and implementation objectives outlined in this CMP. In addition, implementation of the CMP could result in economic development opportunities, increased business/customer traffic, tax revenue, and jobs.

1.4 Corridor Story and Communities

The Wichita Mountains Byway travels through three counties and eight communities as it transverses through the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. The route captures some of the best preserved and protected natural and scenic wonders in the southern plains region of the United States. This allows travelers to experience the southern plains much as the appeared before settlement. Large herbivores such as bison, elk, and other wildlife and vegetation still thrive in this rustic environment. From the Slick Hills, numerous lakes, and iconic Wichita Mountains, the 93 mile byway corridor prominently displays the ideals, beauty, history and grandeur of the American West.

Apache This historic town was founded in 1901 before Oklahoma Statehood. People came by wagon or railroad to settle the new town, after the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribal land was opened up for settlement. The town is located at the foot of the Wichita Mountain range and greets visitors with its rich history and rustic atmosphere.

Mountain View Created in mid 1899, the town of Mountain View was most likely the venture by officials of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad to provide revenue for their line which had just been built through the Indian Reservation from Chickasha. The town became a hideout for outlaws and criminals due to its proximity to Indian land and under the jurisdiction of the Federal Marshal who was usually more than a day away.

The north side of town was under the jurisdiction of Washita County authorities, but people could evade the law just by crossing the street. The town endured a few disasters and a move to a new location. Mountain View is now a shadow of its former shelf. Ranching and farming is

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 still productive and the major industry of the town. But thanks to advances in agriculture technology larger operations have meant less small operations, thus, contributed to the population decline.

Meers The historic mining town of Meers was created during the “gold rush” of 1901 and has a fascinating history as a mining camp and seismographic center. Though the town has dwindled in population since the mining bust, its story and spirit still thrive in this tucked away community.

Medicine Park Medicine Park is situated at the main entrance to the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. The community has a vibrant history from its origins as Oklahoma’s first planned tourism resort to the present. The community is also known for its unique cobblestone buildings built from the abundant stone located in the area. Visitors can enjoy the towns many businesses and lodging. Cache This small Oklahoma community was founded in 1901 after the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribal land was opened up for settlement.

Carnegie The Wichita Mountains Byway community of Carnegie was named after the famous philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie. The town originally was named Lathram. The town’s name was changed in 1903 in hopes Carnegie would build a library in the town. Carnegie does have an auditorium named “Carnegie Hall” that hosts an annual talent showcase of people from across the region. The town also is home to the Liberty Theater the oldest continually operated movie theatre in Oklahoma. Carnegie hosts many events throughout the year including the Carnegie Canna Festival, Tri-County Free Fair, and a rodeo. Carnegie is also the home of the Kiowa Nation of Oklahoma.

Ft. Sill Fort Sill Military Reservation was staked out in 1869 as an Army cavalry outpost known originally as “Camp Wichita.” Its cast of characters includes such names as Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill Cody, the Apache Chief Geronimo, the Buffalo Soldiers and thousands of others over the last century and a half. It remains the only active Army installation of all the forts on the South Plains built during the Indian wars. Today it is the U.S. Army Field Artillery Center and operates as the world renowned U.S. Army Field Artillery School.

1.5 Management Team Members and Stakeholders

Stakeholders The Stakeholders of the Wichita Mountains Byway are those people/entities that have taken on the responsibility of implementing the Goals and Strategies of this CMP in an effort to achieve

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 the Corridor Vision. The names and entities of the Wichita Mountains Byway Stakeholder Committee are listed below.

State Government

• Oklahoma Department of Transportation

•Oklahoma Byways Program

• Oklahoma Legislators

• Conservation Districts

• University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biological Survey

• University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey

• University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Archeological Survey

Federal Government

• Federal Highways Administration

• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• U.S. Geological Survey

• Ft. Sill

Local Government

• Apache

• Cache

• Mountain View

• Medicine Park

• Meers

• Comanche County Commissioners

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• Comanche Tribal Government

Businesses, Citizens and Citizen Groups

• Apache Chamber of Commerce

• Cache Chamber of Commerce

• Mountain View Chamber of Commerce

• Oklahoma Chapter of The Nature Conservancy

• Lawton Chamber of Commerce

• Individual farmers • Local citizens groups

• National and Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative

• Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association

• Oklahoma Great Plains Trails

• Oklahoma Wildlife and Prairie Heritage Alliance

2.0 Corridor Vision, Goals, and Strategies

The Corridor Vision, Goals and Strategies for the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor are vital to its success as they provide for a unified and singular Vision. This Corridor Vision is established for the entire Wichita Mountains corridor and all of its communities throughout the State of Oklahoma. The Vision, Goals and Strategies for the Wichita Mountains Byway were developed in close coordination with the public throughout the public coordination process and workshops. See the Public Participation Section (Chapter 7.0) for more information.

The plan for the Wichita Mountains Byway CMP outlines the purpose and ways to encourage, protect and promote the corridor. This plan includes the following as a means to meet both long and short term goals:

1) To preserve the byway’s diverse natural, scenic, cultural and historic qualities. To make sure they remain unspoiled and intact for generations to come.

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2) To create and make recommendations for current and future marketing needs along the corridor.

3) To further encourage and promote public, private and community partnerships.

4) To implement the Wichita Mountains Byway CMP.

2.1 Corridor Vision and Theme

Even well-traveled visitors will be astonished by the natural beauty of the Wichita Mountains Scenic Byway. Travelers can explore the protected valleys of the 550 million year old Wichita Mountains, which shelter the largest remnant block of southern mixed grassland and ancient cross-timbers in North America. Experience the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, one of the oldest managed nature preserves in the Nation and the site that President Theodore Roosevelt chose for the first effort to save American bison from extinction. Although the National Wildlife Refuge System technically was born when Florida's Pelican Island was established in 1903, the Refuge now known as Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge was first withdrawn two years earlier. In 1901, this area was proclaimed a "Forest Preserve," and then in 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt created the first "Game Preserve" at the Wichita Mountains for the nearly-extinct Bison. Today, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages the 547 unit, 100 million acre, National Wildlife Refuge System. The Mission of the System is to manage and conserve wildlife for the benefit of the present and future generations of Americans.

Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) is the site of one the Nation’s greatest wildlife conservation success stories. In 1907, Teddy Roosevelt, as President, arranged for 15 American Bison, to be sent to the Wichita Mountains from the Bronx Zoo. At that time there were less than a thousand Bison remaining; at one time over 60 million bison roamed across North America. Today, the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge maintains a herd of 600 bison, descendants of the original 15. Over the years, offspring from the Refuge herd have been used to start new herds all across the Country. Today there are more than 350,000 bison in North America. On the 4th Thursday of October the Refuge hold an annual auction to sell excess bison to the public.

Elk, once the most broadly ranging hoofed animal in North America, were extirpated from Oklahoma in 1881. Twenty elk were re-introduced to the Wichita Mountains in1911-12. Today, the Refuge manages a herd of 800 elk.

Wild Turkey, once abundant in Oklahoma, was so rare by 1925 that most people thought them to be extirpated. In 1945, the refuge re-introduced 15 Wild Turkey from Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas. Today, Turkey numbers on the Refuge are relatively constant at 400 birds.

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The largest breeding population of the endangered Black-capped Vireo and the greatest amount of suitable habitat in the State of Oklahoma occurs on the refuge. Black-capped Vireos historic breeding range stretched from Kansas south to central Texas, but the declined drastically primarily due to loss of habitat and nest parasitism by the Brown-headed cowbird. The current Black-capped Vireo population at the Refuge numbers around 3,000 breeding pairs and is one of only two remaining large populations in the world.

The Central and Southern Mixed Grasslands once covered a broad 108,000 mi2 region from Nebraska to North-Central Texas. Today, the 35 mi2 Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is considered to be the largest remnant block of Central and Southern Mixed Grassland in North America.

The remarkable resources of the Refuge have attracted more than one million annual visitors every year since 1962. Over the last ten years, annual visitation has averaged 1.5 million.

2.2 Goals and Strategies

The following section provides the Goals and Strategies for the Wichita Mountains Byway corridor. The Implementation Responsibilities chapter (Chapter 5.0) of this CMP assigns responsible entities to each of the Goals and Strategies outlined below.

The Wichita Mountains Byway goal is to develop a plan to preserve and protect the visual quality, scenic beauty, distinct character and history for future generations. The purpose is to provide visitors with positive experiences that are interesting in the vast areas of education, recreational, cultural, and historical and natural resources. The Committee is well on its way to meeting its goals and has already achieved a level success and created marketing products to promote the area. Efforts that have already made our success known include:

A strong vision for protecting, promoting and encouraging our natural and historic intrinsic qualities. The creation of the Wichita Mountains Byways Committee to steer efforts for the Wichita Mountains Byway now and in the future. The development of a system to measure the success of the implementation of the Corridor Management Plan. Proposed ordinances to help communities, individuals and groups with intrinsic qualities. Regional marketing collaterals such as maps, websites and interpretive information that can be updated easily and efficiently as new information arise.

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The Wichita Mountains Byway Committee is also committed to refining its goals and vision as needed to adapt to changes in management principles and techniques and the needs of our partners/stakeholders.

Goal 1: Preservation of the Intrinsic Resources

To best preserve and protect the intrinsic resources along the byway and corridor the following objectives will be set: Work with all partners, stakeholders and other groups to provide products to guide collaborative decision making and protection efforts. Help to identify threats and actions needed to insure long-term intrinsic resource integrity. Help develop a framework with partners and stakeholders to measure change of the natural integrity, threats and status. Help develop management guidance templates for features at risk Identify common goals and partner roles for implementation

Goal 2: Signage/Wayfinding

The priorities for Byways signage are: Provide visitors with the information necessary to make their journey safe Provide visitors with the information to make their trip a positive experience Minimize the size and number of physical signs and strategically place them to maintain the scenic and natural beauty of the byway

Goal 3: Education

Enhance education about the history of the Wichita Mountains Byway by telling its compelling and powerful story.

Strategies: Develop a series of Figures, guidebooks, and travel itineraries for use by the Wichita Mountains Byway traveling community. Create a Wichita Mountains Byway booth that can be displayed at events, conferences, fairs, and trade shows. Work with local residents to capture and log stories of the history of Wichita Mountains Byway and its communities. Work with the Oklahoma Department of Education and local School Boards to develop curriculum for students on the role of the Wichita Mountains Byway in state history, economics, and culture.

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Develop a hospitality training series targeted at local Wichita Mountains Byway businesses.

Goal 4: Marketing and Economic Development

To best promote economic development, education and market the byway/corridor the following objectives will be set: Develop a branding plan to holistically present a recognizable image for Oklahoma’s Wichita Mountains Byway and the unique characteristics of the byway. Provide information to assist and educate the byway visitor and lifelong Oklahoma resident through diverse collaterals and marketing initiatives. Promote the Wichita Mountains Byway as a destination for travelers of all ages and interests. Establish a communication plan and build awareness of the Wichita Mountains Byway throughout the state, region, national, and international. Parallel the real experience of the byway to the virtual one. Explore all technological options for electronic interpretation of the Wichita Mountains Byway. Identify opportunities to wayfinding experiences in and around the Wichita Mountains Byway. Expand the visitor base to the Wichita Mountains Byway communities. Enhance accessibility along the Wichita Mountains Byway with consideration for special needs populations and the elderly. Identify cultural programming opportunities that connect the diversity of the Wichita Mountains Byway to the diversity in Oklahoma communities and attract audiences that are underrepresented. Foster opportunities to create civic pride in the Wichita Mountains Byway communities through a unique collection of economic based marketing collaterals.

Goal 5: Partnering Expand membership of the Wichita Mountains Byway Committee to engage key stakeholders who can best help achieve success including: conservation districts, federal agencies, cattlemen and ranchers, wind energy and oil/gas corporations, land trusts and non-profit organizations, and elected officials.

Goal 6: Beautification

Enhance and encourage beautification of landscaping and “grounds” in appropriate areas along the Wichita Mountains Byway.

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Strategies: Work with local governments to encourage changes to local codes and ordinances that encourage highway beautification and landscaping, where appropriate. Provide incentives to enhance landscaping in areas along Wichita Mountains Byway. Seek grants and other funding sources to fund beautification efforts, such as the Transportation Enhancement Program. Work with utility providers and other regulatory entities to promote the aesthetic placement of utilities (underground).

Goal 7: Tourism

Enhance the existing tourist amenities and/or develop new tourist facilities along the Wichita Mountains Byway. Strategies: Develop tourism focused loans and assistance programs that encourage new and reopened business opportunities along the route. Work with local and state governments to encourage changes to local codes and ordinances that provide incentives to enhance existing tourist amenities and/or develop new tourist facilities. Work with existing owners of closed or dilapidated sites to encourage redevelopment and rehabilitation. Develop tourist stops, bike routes, walking trails and rest areas along the Wichita Mountains Byway that fit the general character of the corridor.

3.0 Intrinsic Resource Assessment

A national destination unto itself, the Wichita Mountains Byway is the embodiment of America’s natural heritage. The byway provides an exceptional traveling experience for travels of all ages and interests. The Wichita Mountains are an iconic symbol of the southern plains regions of the United States and a massive tourist destination bringing in 1.5 million visitors annually. The intrinsic resources along the corridor are added features and amenities that give Wichita Mountains its grandiose feel and power.

The Wichita Mountains Byway represents a significant amount of Natural and Scenic resources at a National and Regional level of significance, and therefore, has focused this CMP on these resource categories. The additional resource categories are not ignored in this CMP, they are however, not at the same level of significance as Natural and Scenic.

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The six (6) intrinsic qualities as defined by the National Scenic Byways Program are Natural, Scenic, Recreational, Archeological, Historical, and Cultural. A description of each is as follows:

Cultural Quality is evidence and expressions of the customs or traditions of a distinct group of people. Cultural features including, but not limited to, crafts, music, dance, rituals, festivals, speech, food, special events, vernacular architecture, etc., are currently practiced. The cultural qualities of the corridor could highlight one or more significant communities and/or ethnic traditions.

Historic Quality encompasses legacies of the past that are distinctly associated with physical elements of the landscape, whether natural or manmade, that are of such historic significance that they educate the viewer and stir an appreciation for the past. The historic elements reflect the actions of people and may include buildings, settlement patterns, and other examples of human activity. Historic features can be inventoried, mapped, and interpreted. They possess integrity of location, design, setting, material, workmanship, feeling, and association

Archeological Quality involves those characteristics of the scenic byways corridor that are physical evidence of historic or prehistoric human life or activity that are visible and capable of being inventoried and interpreted. The scenic byway corridor's archeological interest, as identified through ruins, artifacts, structural remains, and other physical evidence have scientific significance that educate the viewer and stir an appreciation for the past.

Recreational Quality involves outdoor recreational activities directly association with and dependent upon the natural and cultural elements of the corridor's landscape. The recreational activities provide opportunities for active and passive recreational experiences. They include, but are not limited to, downhill skiing, rafting, boating, fishing, and hiking. Driving the road itself may qualify as a pleasurable recreational experience. The recreational activities may be seasonal, but the quality and importance of the recreational activities as seasonal operations must be well recognized.

Natural Quality applies to those features in the visual environment that are in a relatively undisturbed state. These features predate the arrival of human populations and may include geological formations, fossils, landform, water bodies, vegetation, and wildlife. There may be evidence of human activity, but the natural features reveal minimal disturbances.

Scenic Quality is the heightened visual experience derived from the view of natural and manmade elements of the visual environment of the scenic byway corridor. The characteristics of the landscape are strikingly distinct and offer a pleasing and most memorable visual

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 experience. All elements of the landscape--landform, water, vegetation, and manmade development--contribute to the quality of the corridor's visual environment. Everything present is in harmony and shares in the intrinsic qualities. (Source: National Scenic Byways National Nomination Guide, 2008)

Within this Intrinsic Resource Assessment chapter each intrinsic resource quality is divided into sub-categories based on its quality. Below are the intrinsic qualities and the corresponding resources that are found along the Wichita Mountains Byway. The resources are listed by resource quality category.

3.1 Natural Intrinsic Quality Overview

Natural Quality resources apply to those resources in the natural environment that are in a relatively undisturbed state. These features predate the arrival of human populations and may include geological formations, fossils, landform, water bodies, vegetation, and wildlife. There may be evidence of human activity, but the natural features reveal minimal differences.

Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge- wild, rugged, and weathered- is a symbol of the old west standing at the threshold of modern times. For centuries, this remarkable land was the province of a few nomadic hunters and food gatherers. Today the refuge serves all Americans by conserving part of our nation’s wildlife heritage.

The natural attractions of the refuge are many and varied. In addition to viewing and photographing wildlife in their natural setting, visitors find the lakes, streams, canyons, mountains, and grasslands ideal for hiking, fishing and outdoor activities.

Bison Between 1830 and 1880, the American bison, or buffalo, was reduced in numbers from 60 million to a mere handful. By 1900 there were only two small wild herds in all of North America, numbering only 550 animals. This change was accelerated in the last 40 years of the 19th century by the coming of the buffalo hunter and thousands of land-hungry settlers. Farsighted conservation leaders such as President Theodore Roosevelt became concerned. They realized that this Native American animal could easily become extinct.

In 1905, William T. Hornaday and others organized the American Bison Society and demanded that the buffalo be given care and protection. Through the efforts of the American Bison Society and the New York Zoological Society, an offer was made to donate 15 bison to the Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve in Oklahoma. Congress set aside $15,000 for this

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 purpose, and on October 11, 1907, 15 of the finest buffalo from the New York Zoological Park were shipped by rail to Oklahoma. Seven days later, these seven bulls and eight cows had safely returned to the plains and mountains.

There was great excitement in the little southwestern Oklahoma town of Cache when the train pulled in with the heavily-crated buffalo. The great Comanche Chief Quanah Parker was among those who came to the station. The crates were transferred to wagons and hauled the 13 miles to the Wichitas. People from the whole countryside flocked into the Wichita Forest to see the shaggy beasts. Mounted braves and their families rode in to see the bison of the plains that had provided meat and teepee skins for untold generations of their ancestors.

Of special interest are the little, reddish-colored calves that are born in the spring. Buffalo calves change color, and, as they grow older, become dark brown like their parents. Twins are rare. Normal bison life span is 10 to 20 years, but a few live to be older. Two buffalo cows are known to have had calves at 28 years of age. In most cases, the older bulls become solitary at about 12 years of age due to an inability to out compete younger bulls.

The current bison herd is maintained at approximately 600 animals. Excess animals are sold live at public auction, which is held the fourth Thursday of every October. Since 1907, more than 7,000 animals have been removed from the Refuge by sale or donation in order to preserve the high quality of Wichita grasslands. Most animals sold at auction are purchased by private bison breeders.

Current management consists of habitat monitoring, herd productivity counts to determine the number of calves born each year, roundups in preparation for the annual auction, and various studies including mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evaluations.

Buffalo belong to the cattle family and are subject to some of their diseases. A brucellosis testing program has proven the Wichita herd healthy and free of this viral disease. All sale animals are tested.

These animals are not tame. You are a visitor in their pasture. Do not venture afoot into open pastures close to buffalo. Although they may look clumsy, they are extremely agile and fast. THEY CAN AND WILL CHARGE WITH LITTLE OR NO WARNING!

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Elk Elk originally indigenous to the Wichita Mountains area of Oklahoma were exterminated by the late 1800's. It has been stated that the subspecies Merriam's elk originally inhabited the area; however, other sources argue that it was actually the Manitoban elk subspecies. Whichever subspecies it actually was is of little consequence, since by 1901, when the land which became the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge was set aside, no native elk remained and these two subspecies no longer existed. In 1908, one bull elk of unknown origin was donated to the Preserve by the city of Wichita, Kansas.

In 1911, five Rocky Mountain elk, one bull and four cows, were transplanted from the National Elk Refuge herd in Jackson, Wyoming. In 1912, fifteen additional Rocky Mountain elk, three bulls and twelve cows, were received from the National Elk Refuge herd. Due to the success of these introductions, no further animals were brought into the herd and the elk now inhabiting the Refuge and surrounding lands are descended from these original animals.

Elk were gone for 80 years from the Wichitas. After their reintroduction, the herd has thrived until today it numbers approximately 800 animals. Each year in September the rut begins. Bulls compete for harems, or groups of cows, with which to breed, and the eerie sound of bugling can be heard throughout the range. The rut will last 4-6 weeks, during which the bulls get little rest or food.

With the approach of warm weather, the bulls shed their antlers. Calves are born in June, and the herds will split into smaller groups to graze throughout the summer. Elk are prized animals to hunters, both for the quantity of meat they provide, and for their large antlers and their canine teeth. These teeth, also known as "whistlers," are considered magic by the Indians and are the only legal true North American ivory.

Elk are grazers and are quite visible in the open grasslands, particularly early in the morning or just before dark.

White-tailed Deer The present day white-tailed deer of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge are from original native stock that survived the early settlement years of exploitation and over-hunting. Since 1901, when the area was given protection, the remnant deer population rapidly expanded. In 1922 it was estimated that there were at least 400 deer throughout the preserve and the peak population of 2,987 deer was reached in early 1961.

Today, the minimum objective population level is 450 head Refuge wide. This level is based upon the available forage for all Refuge animals and is a level which will maintain genetic diversity within the herd. Sex ratios are maintained at a minimum 1:3 ratio, or one buck for every three does, which is considered close to the natural ratio. Annual censuses of the herd

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 are conducted annually in August to determine the current number of deer on the Refuge and evaluate herd production for the year.

The Refuge conducts an annual white-tailed deer hunt to maintain appropriate numbers within the boundaries of the Refuge. Please contact Refuge Headquarters or the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation for more information on applying for a hunt.

Black-Capped Vireo The black-capped vireo breeds in a relatively narrow area of the south-central United States and north-central Mexico. It was likely extirpated from Kansas by the 1930’s and is now gravely endangered in Oklahoma and much of the northern, eastern, and central portions of its range in Texas. Among the most influential factors contributing to its decline are: nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird, habitat deterioration through destruction, and natural succession changes resulting from fire suppression.

The black-capped vireo has been designated an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and is a major component of wildlife management interests on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Unlike other vireos, this species shows distinct plumage differences in cap color between the sexes. In addition, males exhibit delayed-plumage maturation (first- year males have gray napes). During the breeding season, male black-capped vireos sing persistently well into the heat of the day, the intensity of their singing seeming to increase after singing by other local species has waned.

This species’ songs with alternating phrases are typical of those of many other vireo species, but they are unusual in being derived from a large syllable repertoire, an order of magnitude greater than that of other vireos. (Excerpts from the Birds of North America, No. 181, 1995).

Standardized survey areas for the black-capped vireo territories run this year between May 5th and June 19th. The eleven standardized search areas established last year, included portions of the core colony, the primary satellite colonies, and new expansion areas. A total of 914 territories were identified. Vireos were most often detected from vocalizations of males. Taped songs were replayed at times in areas where no vireos had yet been heard to stimulate response of males potentially present. Surveys generally began no earlier than 2 hour after sunrise and could be conducted until approximately mid-afternoon. Because of the persistent song patterns of vireos, males can routinely be detected within this time. Where vireo territories were adjacent to each other, detections would only be counted as separate from others if an adjacent male could be heard simultaneously or was substantially separated from other detections. Because of the rate of travel of the observer, and previously estimated detection probabilities, the number of territories mapped is expected to represent about 85% of the total males present in the search areas. Because about 88-90% of the males are mated, the number of territories detected through this survey process can be utilized as a conservative estimate of the number of pairs present within the search areas.

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The 2005 Black-capped vireo population is in excess of 1250 birds. This represents a realistic minimum population Refuge wide, as there are more than 8,000 acres of suitable habitat that is not within the standardized areas sampled. Fort Sill, adjacent to the Refuge, also has suitable habitat and an expanding vireo population. This year, in excess of 500 birds were located on the Fort, a true endangered species success story.

Prairie Dogs and Prairie Dog Towns Prairie dogs occur only in North America. They are rodents within the squirrel family and include five species. The species that lives in the Wichita Mountains is the black-tailed prairie dog. Generally, the black-tailed prairie dog occurs east of the other four species in more mesic habitat.

Prairie dogs are small, stout ground squirrels. The total length of an adult black-tailed prairie dog is approximately 14-17 inches. The weight of an individual ranges from 1 to 3 pounds. Individual appearances within the species vary in mixed colors of brown, black, gray, and white. The black-tipped tail is characteristic (Hoogland 1995). Black-tailed prairie dogs are diurnal, burrowing animals. They do not hibernate as do white-tailed, Gunnison, and Utah prairie dogs (Hoogland 1995, Tileston and Lechleitner 1966). The black-footed ferret, swift fox, mountain plover, ferruginous hawk, burrowing owl, and number other species are dependent upon prairie dogs to varying degrees. (FWS Website).

Throughout the byway corridor visitors can stop and watch these active animals in their colonies called prairie dog towns. The largest of these towns is the Turkey Creek Prairie Dog Town located near the refuge headquarters along the Wichita Mountain Byway. The site has a pullout and parking so visitors can get an up close look at this keystone species.

Other Wildlife The Wichita Refuge was established to protect wildlife species then in grave danger of extinction and to restore those species that had been eliminated from the area. Bison were reintroduced, as were elk and wild turkey. Of the big game species, only the deer were present and flourished under protection.

The reintroduction of wild animals has been done to restore populations of animals once native to the Wichita Mountains. Recent reintroductions include the prairie dog, now flourishing in four areas of the Refuge, the river otter, and burrowing owls.

The efforts to perpetuate the major species of wildlife animals once imperiled have been amply rewarded. The big game herds have increased many-fold and no longer are in danger. The major goal of big game herd management has been changed from one of assuring the perpetuation of an endangered species to one which calls for the maintenance of representative herds, with numbers in keeping with good range use practices.

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Three native herds dominate the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, including American bison, Rocky Mountain elk and white-tailed deer. While neither "native" nor "wildlife," a herd of Texas longhorn cattle is maintained to preserve the cultural and historical legacy of this breed. These four species are the basis for the vegetative management on the Refuge, as they are responsible for the vast majority of grazing and browsing. Each herd is evaluated to determine the number of animals which can be maintained by the Refuge due to the limited availability of forage. As a result, minimum objective levels for each herd are set, which is the fewest number of animals allowed in each herd. These limits allow only approximately 33% of the grassland vegetation available to be used each year, ensuring that all wildlife will have ample forage available to them at any given time.

Mixed-grass Prairie The Wichita Mountains Byway and corridor currently display some of the greatest examples of the mix-grass prairie landscape. Due to the rocky soils of the region farmers were unable to plow these grasslands for crops; thus, creating a natural protected island effect. The condition of these grasslands outside the refuge is currently good and awareness of their importance is growing. The Mixed-grass prairie has a diverse species composition that is due to the blending of the tall-grass prairies of the east and the short-grass prairies of the west.

Cross-timbers The cross-timbers region is a complex mosaic of upland deciduous forests, savanna, and prairie communities that highlight the broad eco-zone between the eastern forest and the grasslands of the Great Plains. The cross-timbers are dominated by post oak and blackjack oak. The cross –timbers are may be the least disturbed forest ecosystem that survives in the eastern United States.

The Wichita Mountains Byway has some of the largest remaining tracts of cross-timber woodlands left in the state of Oklahoma. These ancient oak-dominated forests provide vital natural habitat for neo-tropical migrant birds and other native flora and fauna. (Ok Action Plan)

Wildlife

The Wichita Refuge was established to protect wildlife species then in grave danger of extinction and to restore those species that had been eliminated from the area. Bison were reintroduced, as were elk and wild turkey. Of the big game species, only the deer were present and flourished under protection.

The efforts to perpetuate the major species of wildlife animals once imperiled have been amply rewarded. The big game herds have increased many-fold and no longer are in danger. The

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 major goal of big game herd management has been changed from one of assuring the perpetuation of an endangered species to one which calls for the maintenance of representative herds, with numbers in keeping with good range use practices.

Vegetation

The region lies at the vegetation crossroads of the plains country. Here are found excellent examples of the mixed prairie grasslands -- buffalo and grama grasses typical of the western short-grass prairies as well as the bluestems, Indian grass, and switch grass more typical of the eastern tall-grass areas.

The oak timberlands are typical of the “cross timbers" -- fingers of black jack and post oaks which penetrate the Oklahoma grasslands from the east. Along streams are found other woody species typical of this portion of Oklahoma, such as walnut, pecan, ash, elm, hackberry and cottonwood. Species more typical of other climates are also found. Maples are present and are related either to the Eastern sugar maple or the Big-toothed maple of the Rockies. A small grove of live oak, typical of more southern sections of the country represents the most northern extension of this species in the plains country. 9

Grasslands and timber areas are managed to maintain good to excellent forage conditions for wildlife and to preserve them in near pristine conditions for study and enjoyment by all refuge visitors.

Annual surveys are made of the rangelands to determine the amount of forage utilization being experienced by razing herds. These surveys are conducted in April prior to the new spring growth. Through several techniques, it is possible to determine if the various pasture areas are being over, under, or properly used. This information is useful in determining the numbers of animals which can be successfully maintained without overuse of the food supply. This work is done with the cooperation of the Soil Conservation Service. (Source: Briefing Information for the Department of the Interior National Fish and Wildlife Service)

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Geology Natural communities of the Central Mixed-Grass Prairie reflect the influence of soils as well as climate. The three dominant soil parent materials are loess, alluvial sands, and Permian Shale. Soils may be young and poorly developed due to low fertility and regular re-working by the wind (sand), or due to low infiltration rates and severe erosion (shale). In contrast, deep fertile soils occur on gently sloping loess plains, and in mixed alluvial deposits within the large river valleys. Isolated scarps, bed rock outcrops, and peat lands provided unique substrates for plants and animals from distant regions to colonize, thus adding to the biological diversity of a region with few endemic species.

The Wichita Mountains are a spectacular natural setting for a wildlife refuge. Two rugged ranges of granite mountains trend nearly east-west and enclose a natural prairie. These granite walls and the canyons that cut through them offered protection to groups of Native Americans hiding from their enemies. In the 1800's, when the U.S. Cavalry thought about where to build forts to keep the peace in the Indian Territory, it was only natural to build Fort Sill on the margins of the Wichita Mountains. At the beginning of the 20th Century, when conservationists thought about where it would be best to bring in herds of buffalo and other endangered species, the protected prairie sheltered by the Wichita Mountains was a logical choice.

The rugged yet protected landscape of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the result of over half a billion years of geologic history. The first known geologic event in this region took place 550 to 600 million years ago (Early of Middle Cambrian time). The land from northern Texas to north of the present Wichita Mountains sank, forming a basin which filled with sea water. Rivers carried clay, sand and gravel into this sea and thick layers of sediments were formed. These rocks have been penetrated by deep wells both north and south of the Wichitas, but within the mountains, the only remnants are small outcrops of Meers quartzite. Small masses of this altered sandstone are exposed along Medicine Creek north of Mt. Sheridan and along the road a little north of the Refuge's Meers entrance. The quartzite is compact, dense and varies from white to gray.

Sometime after the deposition of the sediments, hot lava formed at considerable depth below the surface in the Wichita area. The liquid was forced up into the overlying sediments and spread out between the sedimentary beds. In the Meers area, the lava tore off large fragments of the roof sandstone and altered it to dense compact quartzite.

The lava cooled slowly, forming a dark gray to black igneous rock known as gabbro. There are several large outcrops of this rock in the Wichita Refuge. One outcrop straddles the northern boundary, extending 12 miles northwest from west of Lake Lawtonka to North Mountain. Another outcrop, approximately one square mile in area, is present in Cutthroat Gap where it also forms the lower part of the valley walls. A large outcrop of this dark rock occurs north and west of Quanah Parker Lake and extends three miles west to north of the Fish Lakes. An extension of the band may be seen around headquarters and Kiowa Lake.

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After the solidification of the gabbro lava, the area was uplifted thousands of feet. This uplift was accompanied by erosion and the overlying sediments were removed, with the exception of the small remnants of Meers quartzite. The erosion continued exposing the gabbro at the surface and even stripped away part of this rock.

The next major geologic event took place in the Middle Cambrian time (500 to 550 million years ago). Hot granitic lava developed at considerable depth below the surface and was forced upwards into the overlying gabbro and also in part reached the surface through volcanic vents. The cooling of this hot liquid at depth formed red granite which is the most extensive rock in the Refuge. Mt. Scott is composed of this granite. Trees grow only on the gabbro and the contact between the two rocks can be detected by the tree line. This contact can be traced northwest for several miles and dips to the south. The granite intruded the gabbro as a sheet a few hundred feet thick.

The granite exposed in the southern part of the Refuge from Quanah Mountain westward to Charon's Garden is more coarsely crystalline than that forming Mt. Scott. The age of a very coarse granite dike in Charon's Garden was determined at the Carnegie Institution of Washington as 500 to 550 million years old.

The hot lava which reached the surface poured out and congealed to a rock resembling granite but much finer grained, known as rhyolite. It is red in color and in places has small crystals embedded in a very fine grained ground mass. In addition to the rhyolite lave, considerable material was hurled out of explosive volcanoes and settled from the air into layers of volcanic breccia.

Lava flows and associated explosive volcanic material comprise the major part of the rocks exposed in Fort Sill Military Reservation to the Refuge's south. In the Wichita Refuge, lava flows are present in a belt south of Mt. Scott, extending from Elmer Thomas Lake westward along Little Medicine Creek for a couple of miles and in places northward across the paved highway.

After the formation of the lava, the land sank, producing a basin which filled with sea water. The earliest sediments deposited in this sea are Upper Cambrian in age, probably a little less than 500 million years old. This sea persisted for many million years, and the sediments formed during this time are present in the "Slick Hills" a few miles north of Meers. The sediments are sandstone overlain by limestone. These rocks were removed by erosion from the Refuge area.

The mountains of the Wichita region were formed some 300 million years ago (Pennsylvanian period). They were created by a tremendous uplift accompanied by large folds and faults. Some of the faults were miles in length and produced large blocks. Some of these settled with respect to others, and the large flat areas bordering the Scenic Highway in the central part of the Refuge probably originated by faulting.

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The mountains originally were considerably higher than the present ones as erosion has stripped off the upper parts and deposited this material in the intervening flats, reducing the relief. Most of this erosion took place in Permian time (some 250 million years ago) and produced extensive gravel deposits. Remnants of these gravels may be seen north of Crater Lake, north of Lake Elmer Thomas, east and south of Lost Lake, and in several other parts of the Refuge. Granite is the dominant rock of the Refuge, and the gravels formed by erosion are mainly composed of granite fragments. There are unconsolidated well-rounded boulders 6 to 18 inches in diameter, known as cobblestones, surrounded by yellow-to-brown clay. Below the weathered surface they are well cemented.

The main geologic event that has taken place since is the erosion of most of the Permian gravels which once covered this area. In recent times, some newer gravel has been deposited along the small streams and in the flats. These can be seen around Lake Lawtonka, along Sandy Creek, Wolf Creek, and in other areas of the Refuge. Boulder slides in the drainage depressions are common on many of the steep slopes. One of the best examples of boulder accumulation is the "River of Boulders" on the south side of Mt. Scott. (Source Wichita Mountains Website)

Altitudes vary from a low of about 1350 feet above sea level near Elmer Thomas Lake. The general area rises in a northwest direction. The highest point in the refuge is Mt. Pinchot (2479') North West of Refuge Headquarters. Other note worthy peaks are: Mt. Scott 2464', Mt. Sheridan 2450', Baker Peak 2423', Mt. Marcy 2420', Mt. Lauramac 2430', Mt. Tarbone 2390', Elk Mtn. 2280', Cedar Mtn. 2269', and North Mtn. 2232'

Slick Hills This geological feature is the remnants of the ancient seaway that crossed through the region during the Mesozoic Period. Nowadays, visitors can see these limestone foothills of the Wichita Mountains across the northern part of the Wichita Mountains Byway on State Highway 115. The intricate formations were formed by the bodies of ancient sea life such as corals and plankton.

Mount Zodletone This area is home to a unique microbial observatory. The site’s spring produces a lot sulfides and methane which in turn creates an environment much like the earth appeared over 2 billion years ago. This makes the springs and it’s a mountain a rich living laboratory for scientist and other researchers.

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 the most historical Native American Cemeteries in the United States. It is also the future home of “The Buffalo Trust”, a project of Pulitzer Prize winning author N. Scott Momaday.

Saddle Mountain Saddle Mountain is a distinct feature in the Wichita Mountain range. The mountain appears to have to have two peaks and a slight curve. This has lead many travelers to name it Saddle Mountain. It is a good place to relax in this unchanged natural landscape. Visitors can watch in the autumn as deer graze the mixed-grass prairie around the base of the mountain.

Lake Lawtonka The water source of the southwestern Oklahoma town of Lawton and Ft. Sill rests at the base of the iconic Mount Scott on the outskirts of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The lake is a favorite stop for visitors and travelers who are seeking a relaxing day trip. Various activities can be enjoyed and visitors are greeted with beautiful views of Wichita Mountains and landscape features year round. Sunsets and sunrises and the reflection of Mount Scott are just a few of the amazing views from this beautiful lake.

Mount Scott Probably the best known feature of the Wichita Mountains is Mount Scott. The mountain rises above nearby Lake Lawtonka and is situated within the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge boundaries. Visitors to the byway can travel the winding two-lane road to the top of the mountain to get a memorable view (50 miles) of the surrounding areas natural and scenic beauty. Mount Scott is best known for its boulder and rock piles along its flanks. The mountain is also known to be a significant part of Native American culture especially for the Wichita and Kiowa Tribes.

A Wichita story tells of a man who discovered a cave in the side of Mount Scott where thousands of bison lived and periodically they would come out onto the surrounding prairie to graze. The Kiowa Tribe continued the story stating that when the remaining bison learned of their fate due to overhunting during the late nineteenth century, they all retreated back into the depths of Mount Scott. They’re still there, waiting to emerge when conditions improve.

This story is so significant because the resulting Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge was the first location to reintroduce and save the bison from extinction.

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The Narrows This natural feature features two tall ridges that run alongside Cache Creek. This area is a favorite area for hikers and wildlife observers who come seeking solitude. During recent rains many temporary waterfalls are formed adding to natural ambience.

Post Oak Falls This waterfall is the only natural waterfall in the refuge. The waterfall is created as the Post Oak Creek falls over a 60 ft. drop and into a natural cup shape depression. The falls are a welcome surprise to visitors to the Wichita Mountain region.

Stumbling Bear Pass Wichita Mountains Byway and State Highway 115 as it goes northward near the historic town of Meers goes through Stumbling Bear Pass. This trail was first established thousands of years ago by animals, primarily bison. Later it was used by Native American tribes indigenous to the area, followed by the U.S. Military during the last half of the 19th century, and finally by Oklahoma State Highway 115. This route has long been a favorite of scenic drivers due to the amazing viewshed of the north side of the Wichita Mountains. The route passes by other notable scenic views such as Blue and Saddle Mountain. The cross-timber forests around the pass give the traveler a spectacular show during the fall months and highlight the colors of the mountains.

Medicine Creek This prominent water feature along the Wichita Mountains Byway flows through the community of Medicine Park. The creek was dammed during the early 1900s to form two bathing swimming holes for the bustling resort community. The creek nowadays features a trail alongside its banks and hosts various community activities ranging from marathons, art shows, and other social gatherings.

Mount Sheridan Named after General Philip Sheridan, who traveled past this landmark in 1869, Mt. Sheridan is an example of one of the significant geological formations rising up immediately beside the roadway. Masses of altered sandstone, known as Meers quartzite, help create this geological wonder.

3.2 Scenic Intrinsic Quality Overview

Scenic Quality is the heightened visual experience derived from the view of natural and manmade elements of the visual environments of the scenic byway corridor. The characteristics of the landscape are strikingly distinct and offer a pleasing and most memorable

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Wichita Mountains Byway 2008 visual experience. All elements of the landscape – landform, water, vegetation and manmade development – contribute to the quality of the corridor’s visual environment. Everything present is in harmony and shares in the intrinsic qualities. These features are divided into two main groups: the primary (national) resources and the secondary (regional) resources.

Rainy Mountain This natural and scenic landmark along the northern stretch of the Wichita Mountains Byway is located a few miles from the community of Mountain View, Oklahoma. Rainy Mountain has long been a scared part of the Kiowa Tribal culture. Rainy Mountain Indian Baptist Church, located nearby, is available for prearranged tours allowing visitors get an up close look of one of the most historical Native American Cemeteries in the United States. It is also the future home of “The Buffalo Trust”, a project of Pulitzer Prize winning author N. Scott Momaday.

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This story is so significant because the resulting Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge was the first location to reintroduce and save the bison from extinction.

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3.3 Recreational Intrinsic Quality Overview

Recreational Quality involves outdoor recreational activities directly in association with and dependent upon the natural and cultural elements of the corridor’s landscape. The recreational activities provide opportunities for active and passive recreational experiences. They include, but are not limited to, downhill skiing, rafting, boating, fishing, and hiking. Driving the road itself may qualify as a pleasurable recreational experience. The recreational activities may be seasonal, but the quality and importance of the recreational activities as seasonal operations must be well recognized.

The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge - wild, rugged, and weathered - is a symbol of the old west standing at the threshold of modern times. For centuries, this remarkable land was the province of a few nomadic hunters and food gatherers. Today, the Refuge serves all Americans by keeping in public trust a portion of our nation's wildlife heritage.

Through direct exposure to wildlife and wild lands, visitors experience a personal re-creation and a renewed commitment to the value of environmental stewardship. The natural attractions of the Refuge are many and varied. In addition to viewing and photographing wildlife in their natural setting, the lakes, streams, canyons, mountains, and grasslands provide visitors with an ideal setting for permitted outdoor activities.

Popular activities include: picnicking, camping, hiking, rock climbing and rappelling, photography, fishing, observing wildlife, attending a auction, or participating in one of the many scheduled tours.

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Hiking There are many great trails waiting to be explored inside the refuge including:

Dog Run Hollow a three-loop trail complex with trailheads at Dog Run Hollow, French Lake, Boulder Picnic Area and Lost Lake Picnic Area. From the French Lake trailhead, hikers can choose the Elk Trail (1 mile), Longhorn Trail (2 miles), and Buffalo Trail (5 miles). The Kite Trail (1.5 miles) between Lost Lake Picnic Area and Boulder Picnic Area allows hikers to access the Buffalo Trail loop by a stream crossing.

Elk Mountain Trail the four mile trail leading around the west end of Elk Mountain meanders from Sunset Picnic Area to Post Oak/Treasure Lake parking area. A side trail from Sunset Picnic Area leads to the top of Elk Mountain. Trailheads at Sunset Picnic Area and Post Oak Lake are marked by trail maps and informational signs.

Little Baldy Mountain Trail A 1.5 mile trail along the western edge of Quanah Parker Lake with a side trail leading to the top of Little Baldy Mountain. The trail may be taken from Quanah Parker Environmental Education Center or the Quanah Parker Dam.

Environmental Education Interpretive Trail A .25 mile handicapped accessible trail with exposed gravel surface concrete sidewalks and interpretive signs. Access is from the Quanah Parker Environmental Education Center parking lot. Handicapped visitors may use this trail for fishing access at Quanah Parker Lake. Handicapped parking is designated.

Camping The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge offers a range of camping opportunities to create a unique visitor experience. Three different camping options are available for different travelers and include:

1) Doris Campground is a modern camping facility designed to enhance your visit to the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The campground offers a wide range of camping opportunities, including single unit camping (with or without electricity), semi-primitive camping, and group camping (with or without shelters and electricity). All campsites have tables, fire rings, and fire grates/grills on site. A centrally located restroom/shower complex is available except during winter months. Drinking water, chemical toilets, and trash dumpsters are conveniently placed throughout the campground, as shown on the Campground Map or the Campground Brochure. A public pay phone is located near the Campground entrance, as is a central dump station for RV's. All Refuge Regulations apply while camping at Doris Campground.

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2) Fawn Creek Campground, located south of Refuge Headquarters near the Charons Garden Wilderness Area, has four camping sites available for organized youth groups through university level. A responsible adult 18 yrs. of age or older must accompany each group. The capacity for each site is a minimum of 8 people and a maximum of 30. Maximum camping period is limited to 7 days. 3) Backcountry camping is allowed by permit in designated portions of the Charon's Garden Wilderness Area. The following regulations and information are established for both the protection of the resource and for visitor enjoyment and safety. For full regulations, please download the Backcountry Camping Information Sheet or contact Refuge Headquarters. Permits are issued on a first-come, first served basis for a maximum of three days. Friday, Saturday, Sunday -or- Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. No permits are issued for Thursday. A total of ten (10) permits can be issued for any time period. Reservations are taken up to 3 months in advance. If not under reservation, permits are available on a walk-in basis at the Refuge Headquarters. Due to the popularity of these permits, walk-in availability is unlikely during the spring, fall and school break days.

Environmental Education The Refuge is home to one of the largest and busiest Environmental Education (EE) programs in the Fish and Wildlife Service. Through a learning process that employs nature as teacher, students gain an appreciation of natural systems, an awareness of environmental issues, and learn the importance of a healthy environment to humans as well as wildlife.

The Environmental Education Section at Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge works with a wide variety of ages and interest groups. EE Programs are offered on an advance reservation basis only. Class sizes are limited to ensure quality programming. Contact the Environmental Education Section at Refuge Headquarters for information.

The Native American EE Program, established in June of 1998, has developed a number of programs for various Plains Tribes. Many of these educational programs are scheduled on weekends, which allow time for more in-depth learning experiences. One past program combined art, tribal tradition, and modern environmental ethics in a format that celebrates the Native American heritage and wildlife legacy. Participants are first engaged in a series of hands- on activities designed to instill awareness and appreciation of environmental issues, while giving the students a "sense of the sacred" in the Native American relationship with the natural world. Programs vary.

A variety of workshops are available for college credit in cooperation with Cameron University, Lawton, OK. Workshop subjects include bio-diversity, Wichita Mountains biome, prairie ecology, elk, eagles, global change, migratory birds and environmental ethics. All Refuge EE

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Workshops through Cameron remain in high demand, filled to capacity with enrolled students, and a waiting list of students eager to fill any cancelled slots.

The workshops use activities, research, personal introduction to the environment, and journaling sessions to involve participants in current environmental issues. Students learn to examine human biases and value judgments as they apply to wildlife, habitat, and consumptive uses of natural resources.

Wildlife Observation The Wichita Mountains Scenic Byway offers many great wildlife viewing opportunities especially as the route passes through the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. As the name implies this really is a refuge for creatures big and small from human development and habitat loss. The refuge is host to over 50 species of mammals, 240 species of birds, 64 species of reptiles and amphibians, 36 fish species, and 806 species of plants. From iconic animals such as bison (buffalo) to endangered species like the black-capped vireo, every wildlife enthusiast will have something to see.

Picnicking The Refuge offers a wide variety of picnic areas located throughout the Refuge. Picnicking is free at all general locations and the picnic areas are open during daylight hours. Boulder Cabin can be rented for private group picnicking.

Mt. Scott Picnic Area is located directly south of Mt. Scott and west of Lake Elmer Thomas. Lost Lake and Boulder Picnic Areas are centrally located approximately half-way between Refuge Headquarters and Doris Campground. Sunset Picnic Area is located on the west end of the Refuge at the base of Elk Mountain. Road signs throughout the Refuge will direct you to these picnic areas. Fire rings and grills are available at the picnic areas, but please check current Fire Danger Ratings at the Refuge Gates or the Current Events page to determine use regulations. Trash dumpsters and restrooms are available at all picnic areas. See the Refuge Map for more information.

Picnicking on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge should be limited to these provided areas. All Refuge Regulations apply.

Boulder Cabin Reservations for Boulder Cabin Picnicking Area will be taken 3 months in advance and can be made by contacting Refuge Headquarters. Boulder has one group picnic site with a shelter and is available for day-use only. Capacity for the site is a minimum of 20 people and a maximum of 60 people, with a responsible adult 18 years or older accompanying each group. There is a $ 5.00 fee for renting Boulder Cabin. All Refuge regulations apply. Contact Refuge Headquarters for reservations.

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Hunting The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge hosts two of Oklahoma's most popular controlled hunts, the annual elk and deer hunts. The hunts are 2 1/2 days of exhilarating scenery and are known as some of the best-managed hunts in the country. While the white-tailed deer herd is native to the area, the elk herd started with introductions in 1911-1912 when Rocky Mountain elk were reintroduced from Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The original herd had been wiped out by indiscriminate hunting before this area was protected as a wildlife refuge. Today, careful management insures their survival, controls their numbers, and allows a portion to be harvested. The elk and deer hunts on the Refuge are a cooperative effort between the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation.

Recent Hunt Results:

The 2007 deer hunts resulted in a 53% overall success. Seventy nine hunters participated in the hunt out of 100 permits issued. Of the 37 buck hunters participating, 25 filled their permits, resulting in a 67% success rate. Of the 42 doe hunters participating, 16 filled permits, resulting in a 38% success rate. Overall, 79 hunters removed 42 animals, resulting in a 53% success rate.

The 2007 elk hunts resulted in an overall 58% success rate. A total of 206 permits were issued for the hunt and 167 hunters actually participated. Twenty eight permits for bulls were issued and 27 hunters filled their permits, resulting in a 96% success. One hundred thirty nine (139) hunters participated in the cow hunt, and 70 of them were successful in filling permits, resulting in a 50% success. The elk hunt is an once-in-a-lifetime hunt and, once drawn, hunters may not reapply for this hunt.

Fishing There are 13 Public Use Lakes and many small ponds on the Refuge which provide ample fishing opportunities for both bank and boat anglers. Largemouth bass, sunfish, crappie, and channel catfish are likely to be caught in Refuge lakes.

While the primary purpose of the lakes is to provide a perennial water source for Refuge wildlife and serve as the beginnings of the watershed for many surrounding creeks, the Refuge lakes are also intended to provide a quality family fishing experience within serene surroundings. To accomplish these goals, regulations have been set for the lakes to ensure an enjoyable fishing adventure, maintain water quality, and minimize adverse impacts on wildlife species.

Only an Oklahoma State fishing license is required to fish on the Refuge. Fish may be taken with poles and lines or rods and reels. Since wading is permitted when fishing, fishermen may use tube type floaters, life jackets or buoyant vests. Obtaining any type of bait from Refuge lands or waters is prohibited, as is taking of frogs and turtles.

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Hand-powered boats are permitted only on Jed Johnson, Rush, Quanah Parker, Elmer Thomas, and French Lakes. Electric trolling motors are permitted on boats 14' or less in length on Jed Johnson, Rush, Elmer Thomas, and Quanah Parker Lakes.

Lake Elmer Thomas is located on the boundary between Fort Sill Military Reservation and the Refuge, and therefore enjoys cooperative management. The lake was drained for dam replacement in 1988, with the new dam completed in 1993. The lake was reopened to fishing in 1995 and all regulations apply to the entire surface area of the lake. Boats of any size are permitted on Lake Elmer Thomas, but a "no wake" speed limit is enforced lake-wide. Personal water craft, such as Jet Skis, Sea-Doos, and Wave-Runners etc are prohibited.

Elmer Thomas has been stocked with both Florida and Northern largemouth bass, as well as smallmouth bass and a variety of other fish species. The Refuge portion of Lake Elmer Thomas features two fishing piers, a double-lane boat ramp with floating boat dock, and multiple artificial fish structures. Information on Fort Sill's recreational facility, Lake Elmer Thomas Recreation Area (LETRA), can be obtained by contacting the Fort at (580) 442-5541, or by mail at: 7453 Deer Creek Canyon Road, Lawton, OK 73503.

Boating A great way to see more of the Wichita Mountains is by taking to the water. Boating allows visitors to get great views of cliff faces and the unique topography. Many visitors enjoy this relaxing past time within the refuge and surrounding lakes throughout the region including Lake Lawtonka.

Hand powered boats are permitted on Jed Johnson, Rush, Quanah Parker, and French Lakes, and sailboats are permitted on Elmer Thomas. Electric trolling motors are permitted on boats 14’ and less in length on Jed Johnson, Rush, French, and Quanah Parker Lakes. Any size boat or motor is permitted on Lake Elmer Thomas, but there is a no-wake rule across the entire surface of the lake.

Tours and Special Programs The Wichita Mountains offers many unique programs and tours, some of which venture into the Special Use Area of the refuge. A current schedule of programs is available at the refuge headquarters and visitor center.

Auction The Wichita Mountains conducts annual public auctions of excess Texas longhorns and American bison in order to maintain appropriate numbers of the animals within the confines of the Refuge.

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The Texas longhorn auction is held at 12:00 noon on the third Thursday of September annually. The number of animals to be auctioned varies from year to year, but generally consists of cows or bulls which are no longer needed for reproduction within the WR herd, older steers, and excess calves of the year.

This year, the Refuge will start their 65th annual public auction of Texas Longhorns at noon on September 18, 2008. The auction will be located at the Refuge corrals immediately north of the Refuge headquarters, 12 miles northwest of Cache, Oklahoma off highway 49 (get a refuge map).

Buyers or their agents must attend the auction in order to bid on animals. Personal checks, cashier’s check, traveler’s check or cash will be accepted for payment for cattle following the auction.

In order to reduce the possibility of transmitting infectious animal diseases, all vehicles and trailers which have previously hauled livestock must be thoroughly cleaned of all manure and used hay prior to entering the Refuge. Failure to comply will result in denial of entry to the sale until the vehicle or trailer is removed from the Refuge and cleaned.

Spirit of Survival Marathon This is a U.S. Track and Field sanctioned race which is held annually in October. The marathon is also the only race that goes through a national wildlife refuge. Running enthusiasts from across the country travel to the region to partake in the event. The race follows the Wichita Mountains Byway through several communities and the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. The race is organized and sponsored by the Comanche County Memorial Hospital and is becoming a premier marathon in the southwestern United States.

Thunder in the Wichitas This annual charity motorcycle ride travels along the byway taking participants through the various communities along the byway route. The event routinely draws motorcycle enthusiasts from a five state area to travel this unique route and explore the natural and scenic beauty of the byway and the corridor.

3.4 Cultural Intrinsic Quality Overview

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Cobblestone Architecture During the 1910’s through the 1930’s buildings throughout the corridor were built using the abundant cobblestone rocks found in many of the waterways. This architecture style called cobblestone or cannonball gives the area a rustic and strong sense of place. During the 1990’s the building style gained renewed interest and many of the historic structures as well as new ones embraced this architecture style.

Medicine Park The town of Medicine Park is probably best known for its cobblestone buildings. During the 1920’s the town became Oklahoma’s first resort community bringing many celebrities of the time. Today the unique cobblestone architecture is a major tourist draw.

Rainy Mountain This landmark is significant both naturally, scenic and culturally. The Kiowa who were relocated to the region during the late 19th century embraced the site as sacred ground. Near the base of the mountain is a historic cemetery. The site was also home to a boarding school that taught Kiowa children and banned traditional ways of life and language. The cultural significance of this landmark continues today as a sacred sight and for remembrance of history.

Texas Longhorn Cattle The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge's objective for the Texas Longhorn Cattle is one of protecting and preserving a significant cultural and historical resource. Specifically, the management objective, as set by the U.S. Congress states, "To maintain and preserve under reasonably natural conditions, with as little change and as true to type as is possible, a herd of historically significant Texas Longhorn cattle for the enjoyment and study by present and future generations."

Differences of opinion prevail as to just what constitutes a "longhorn." The following type characteristics were gathered by Forest Service officials from ranchmen, trail riders, historical accounts, and other sources of information in the early 1900's and were used as guidelines in making the original and subsequent selections.

Fairly large-boned and rangy, short coupled. Average weight for cows ranges from 800 pounds up to 1200 pounds, steers at 4 to 5 years should weigh 1000 to 1200 pounds when fat. Fairly smooth in conformation but narrow and "slab-sided." Long legs with forelegs seemingly shorter than usual, due, doubtlessly, to heavy forequarters with somewhat arched shoulders merging to the hollow of the neck and loin, particularly in aged steers, slightly swaybacked with sloping hips and bony, fish-shaped prominence along the top of the rump just back of the line across the hip bones. Not a beefy animal. Eyes wide apart, appear more so on account of length of

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Characteristics of bulls are similar to those of cows and steers except: Horns extend outward then sweep forward and upward to provide functional weapons. Rather long dewlaps; black points; inclined to be mean in disposition; hair tends to be coarse and thick on their necks, crowns and ears.

Horns of cows and steers extend outward and exhibit a prominent twist. Although similarly shaped, cows’ horns are much smaller than those of steers. Tips of steer horns are often black with a 6 year-old steer often having horns of five feet, tip-to-tip. Horns over seven feet are rare and over eight feet are extremely scarce.

Traditional colors were earth tone shades of red, dun and brown. However, they may be any color, speckled, roan, pied, brindle, etc., with fawn colors or yellows and light reds in conspicuous proportions. Too many blacks or whites in the herd would not be advisable. A "line-back" animal should not be turned down for there were many in the old herds. These were mostly red, black, or brown with a white line down the backbone. Some are brown with a light brown or red streak down the back.

The bulls and cows of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge longhorn herd born prior to 2002 are registered with the Texas Longhorn Breeder's Association of America (TLBAA), the International Texas Longhorn Association (ITLA), and the Cattlemen's Texas Longhorn Registry (CTLR). As of 2002, the animals will no longer retain individual number brands and will therefore not hold pedigrees. The TLBAA and CTLR will register the animals as "WR Texas Longhorns" without pedigree information. Please see our Changes to Longhorn Management Page for further information, or contact the Refuge Manager.

Cultural Resources The land toward the southern end of Mountain View’s trade area extends into the slick hills, limestone hills that are the foothills of the Wichita Mountains. In this are especially there are cattle ranches, but in all the area around Mountain View you will find cattle in varying stages and types of production. If you expect to see cowboys who sit the saddle all day long every day, you will be disappointed. Some of our cowboys still ride horses in their work but not all do. There are many facets in the cattle operations of today, and all those involved perform any or all those facets. It may be fence building or repair, barn or shed construction or repair, veterinary medicine administration etc. But they are still cowboys.

Many men and women of the area are veterans of military service. We have no military installation in our community, but almost did some fifty years ago when Fort Sill wanted to expand its borders to take in much of Kiowa County. A grassroots effort by locals who went even to Washington D.C. to plead their case to their representatives and Senators finally caused the expansion to be abandoned.

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3.5 Historical Intrinsic Quality Overview

Historic resources encompass legacies of the past that are distinctly associated with physical elements of the landscape, whether natural or manmade, that are of such historic significance that they educate the viewer and stir an appreciation for the past. The historic elements reflect the actions of people and may include buildings, settlement patterns and other examples of human activity. Historic features can be inventoried, Figured, and interpreted. They possess integrity of location, design, setting, material, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Historic resources are the physical embodiment of the past. These resources located throughout the Wichita Mountains enable visitors and residents alike a portal to a bygone era. The historic sites cover a large span of time from pre-Columbian human habitation through the creation of Indian Territory and up to early statehood. These features are of both regional and local significance and help create an image of the past that is tangible and vital part of the visitor’s experience.

Saddle Mountain Store The Saddle Mountain Store, established in 1907, is an example of the cobblestone construction commonly seen in the region. These stones, unique to the area, are found along gullies and creek beds. The Saddle Mountain Store, restored in 1997, is a familiar sight to travelers along the byway.

Meer’s Store The Meers store has long been a favorite attraction for travelers along the Wichita Mountain Byway. Longhorn hamburgers have become a trademark of their business and visitors from all across the country come to enjoy a meal as they travel the route. In 1985, the Oklahoma Geological Survey installed a seismograph station to monitor the nearby Meers Fault. Known as “MEO” Meers Observatory, it is manned by volunteers from the store. It has recorded tremors from as far away as the Indian Ocean (10,300 miles away). The Meers Store is also the location of the once busy mining town of Meers, Oklahoma. The town boomed after gold and other materials were discovered in the area. However, like most boomtowns, Meers couldn’t maintain the momentum and gradually faded into the structures seen today.

History of the Tribes The Wichita Indians seem to have been among the earliest of the tribes recorded in the area. On July 21, 1834, U. S. Dragoons under the command of Lt. Colonel Henry Dodge escorted government officials to a peace conference at the Wichita village on the prairie at the confluence of Devil’s Canyon and the North Fork of the Red River.

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The Comanche were in the area of New Mexico-Texas Panhandle-Western Oklahoma at least by the early 1700s, and ranged as far north as the Arkansas River.

It is not clear just where the Kiowa came from or just when they came. Kiowa tradition suggests that they came to southwestern Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle from perhaps Montana. The language they speak suggests a possible New Mexico Pueblo origin. Perhaps they began in the New Mexico-Arizona area and migrated northward. Stories told by the “old ones” say that they migrated in all directions. In some of the stories they tell about monkeys and parrots that could only be found far to the south. Other stories tell of snow and ice for many moons. By the mid 1700s they had moved south across the Platte River basin to the Arkansas River and into the land occupied by the Comanche. Although they were enemies at the beginning, by 1790 and following a bloody war, the Kiowa and Comanche reached a permanent peace.

Arrival of Europeans and United States Expansion As with most plains Indians of the area they traded with the Spanish in the Rio Grande settlements and in a limited measure with the French.

On October 21, 1867, the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek was signed by both the Kiowa and Comanche that required them to give up more than 60,000 square miles of traditional tribal territories in exchange for a 3 million acre area in the southwest corner of Indian Territory (Oklahoma) most of it lying between the North Fork of the Red River and the North Canadian River. They had often been in the area before in their wanderings following the buffalo herds and their raids against other tribes.

Reservation life for the Indians was a complete departure from the life they had lived before. They had no wish to be confined to a designated area called a reservation where they were compelled to ask permission for all they did, when always before they had come and gone as they pleased where they pleased. The U.S. government promised them food but they would have much rather been allowed to hunt or gather their own. They had no desire to send their children to a school operated by “white men” teaching the white man’s way and compelling their students to accept their teachings. They did not want to be de-Indianite.

As the “white men” had brought their schools to teach the Indian children the white man’s way, the Indians were also exposed to the “white man’s religion. The Baptists established the Rainy Mountain Mission five miles southwest of Mountain View, Oklahoma in 1893 and on April 9, 1896 the Saddle Mountain Mission 17 miles southeast of Mountain View. Of course, Mountain View did not exist then.

The Native American Tribes had no concept of private ownership of land. It had taken years of living on a reservation before they had accepted that land could even be owned by the tribe. They had always used the part of the land they could control and when someone stronger than they would come along, they either fought them and died or relinquished the use of the land to them and moved to another place. When the Dawes Act was passed by the U. S. legislature that

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The Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation was opened for non-Indian settlement in a fashion much more civil than the Land Runs that preceded it. A land lottery system was used with those wishing to participate in the drawing being allowed to register during the period from July 9 through July 28, 1901. Two places were chosen where the prospective participants could register, El Reno and Fort Sill. Roughly 170,000 people registered for the lottery that would determine the winners of some 13,000 parcels of land. On Monday, July 29, the envelopes containing the names of all who had registered were brought to a platform in El Reno in packages consecutively numbered. They were in paste board boxes, each box containing four hundred. The envelopes bearing the first numbers were placed in one of the two large drawing boxes and well distributed and this course was continued until all the envelopes had been placed in the boxes. After which the boxes were revolved for a sufficient length of time to insure a thorough mixing of the envelopes. The first envelope drawn was to be numbered one, it was opened at once and the identification slip which it contained was given a corresponding number and the name and residence which appeared on this slip would be publicly announced. This course was pursued, numbering each envelope, until twenty-five numbers had been drawn from one box, when an equal number was drawn from the other box in a similar manner. The drawing was to proceed in this manner until every envelope in both boxes had been drawn out. After the names had been drawn, they were to be recorded and a notice prepared and mailed to those whose names were drawn giving them the number of the order they had drawn. The drawing winners numbered 1 through 13,000 also received notification which gave the date upon which the recipient must appear at the office of his respective land district and file his claim for his chosen plot of land.

Quanah Parker This was the most famous and last chief of the Comanche Tribe. He is entrenched in the folk lore and history of the Wichita Mountains for his unrelenting courage and for leading a successful campaign against the U.S. Army during the last days of the American West.

3.6 Archaeological Intrinsic Quality Overview Archeological Quality resources involve those characteristics of the scenic byway corridor that are physical evidence of historic or prehistoric human life or activity that are visible and capable of being inventoried and interpreted. The scenic byway corridor’s archeological interest, as identified through ruins, artifacts, structural remains, and other physical evidence have scientific significance that educate the viewer and stir an appreciation for the past.

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Regionally Significant There are no Archeological Resources of regional significance.

4.0 Roadway Characteristics

This chapter will provide a detailed analysis of the roadway characteristics within the right-of- way located along the Wichita Mountains Byway. Details pertaining to the general design characteristics, roadway history, lane age, safety/crash analysis, functional classification, traffic volumes, level of service (LOS), median type, and bridges along the Wichita Mountains Byway will be addressed. Bicycle/pedestrian facilities and accessibility, as well as potential roadway/corridor improvements will also be discussed.

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4.1 Assessment of the Impact of Proposed Construction Projects to the Intrinsic Qualities of the Wichita Mountain Byway

Maintenance and care of roads and bridges along the route is the responsibility of the Oklahoma Department of Transportation. For roads within the boundaries of the Wildlife Refuge, the responsibility for road maintenance rests with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Design and construction of sections of the route follow normal Department guidelines with regard to environmental review, including Section 106 assessment, right of way purchases, utility relocation, design and construction. Design disciplines utilize American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) design guidelines, and construction and maintenance activities follow the FHWA approved Department of Transportation Standard Specification for Highway Construction, latest edition.

The following list of projects was taken from the Department of Transportation’s 2009-2016 Eight Year Work Plan, and reflects current information for projects proposed along roadways included in the Wichita Mountain Byway designated route. Cost estimates do not include right- of-way acquisition or utility relocation costs, and reflect 2009 estimates not adjusted for projected cost increases. Projects constructed within the Refuge limits are not included in this assessment.

Comanche County

1. Project 2171604 SH 115 Reconstruction from the Meers Store 1.25 miles north (Grading, drainage, and surfacing) Cost estimate: $3,984,820 Projected Date: 2011

Impact on the Byways Intrinsic Qualities: None. Project provides widening and shoulders for substandard section of SH 115.

Caddo County

2. Project 2441404 SH 19 Reconstruction 1.0 mile east of the Kiowa County Line (curve correction) Cost estimate: $ 2,500,000 Projected Date: 2013

Impact on the Byways Intrinsic Qualities: None. The current roadway alignment includes a sharp curve that restricts site distance and presents a significant safety hazard. Realignment of the curve will result in safer operation and reduced potential for collision.

4.2 Signage Plan

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Signage and Byways During the Corridor Management Plan development and related public meetings, the issue of signage was consistently identified as the method most needed to assist travelers in locating and following the Byway. The consensus of the communities involved that signage should be simple and consistent. Signage for the sake of installing signs was considered counter- productive, and the communities agreed that the sign locations should be consistent with wayfinding for travelers.

Current Signage efforts

Wichita Mountain Refuge Efforts Placement of signage along the Wichita Mountain Byway is currently a mixture of State DOT directional signage and Refuge signage. All are oriented at directing Byways travelers along the State Highway system leading to and through the Byway and through the Refuge.

Department of Transportation Statewide Signage The Department utilizes standards for sign design and installation that are consistent with Federal requirements for sign installation along federal-aid routes. The Oklahoma Transportation Commission has adopted the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) as the State’s standards for sign design and installation.

The Department has developed a signage guideline for Tourist Oriented Directional Signage (TODS). The TODS program follows the MUTCD requirements for signage and has met with great success in Oklahoma by providing signage for travelers that are consistent in content and provide important information for out-of-state travelers. The intent of the TODS system is to provide consistent information in a recognizable format. Some of the highlights of the TODS system include:

The signs are designed specifically for out-of-area visitors and “point out cultural, historical, recreational, educational, or entertainment activities”, as well as, other commercial activities that visitors use such as gas, lodging, food, and motor vehicle repairs. The signs are designed to assist economic development Businesses have to conform to very specific rules to obtain signage, the most important of which is the major portion of a business’s income must be derived from motorists not

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living in the area. Typical examples would be a bed and breakfast, inn, campground, or a museum. The signs may only be used in rural areas The signs are officially sanctioned by the State of Oklahoma and can be placed in the highway right of way To obtain a sign, a business must not be visible from the road. A business must have regular and established business hours, have rest rooms, drinking water, and a public phone Businesses must pay an application and rental fee, and for the sign itself Trailblazer signs or route markers to a TODS business are defined LOGO signs are incorporated into the TODS system where appropriate

Future Signage Efforts

The Department is currently evaluating an initiative to provide Byways signage statewide. The proposed Byways signage design will be based on current MUTCD sign criteria for visibility and size. The signage will be consistent for all Byways, and will provide an instantly recognizable symbol for signage wayfinding in the State. Signage location will be consistent with requirements in the MUTCD, and will allow for simultaneous installation of National Byways signage. Estimated implementation of this project is anticipated in late spring, 2009.

4.3 Outdoor Advertising

Federal Regulations on Outdoor Advertising National Scenic Byways criteria {23 U.S.C. 131(s)} prohibits the erection of new signs along a State or Nationally Designated Scenic Byway/Highway not in conformance with 23 U.S.C. 131(c), which addresses outdoor advertising (see Appendix C). The specific U.S. Code is as follows:

As provided at 23 U.S.C. 131(s), if a State has a State scenic byway program, the State may not allow the erection of new signs not in conformance with 23 U.S.C. 131(c) along any highway on the Interstate System or Federal-aid primary system which before, on, or after December 18, 1991, has been designated as a scenic byway under the State’s scenic byway program. This prohibition would also apply to Interstate System and Federal-aid primary system highways that are designated scenic byways under the National Scenic Byways Program and All-American Roads Program, whether or not they are designated as State scenic byways. (Source: National Scenic Byways Guide, September 2005)

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Oklahoma Outdoor Advertising Regulations Oklahoma has followed the mandate from the Federal Highway Beautification Act of 1965 in which states were required to pass legislation to “effectively control” outdoor advertising adjacent to certain categories of highways (scenic included). The specific provisions of the Oklahoma State Statutes, Title 69, 1271 is as follows:

For the purpose of promoting the public safety, health, welfare, convenience and enjoyment of public travel, to protect the public investment in public highways, and to preserve and enhance the scenic beauty of lands bordering public highways, while recognizing that outdoor advertising is a legitimate use of private property, it is hereby declared to be in the public interest to control the size, number, spacing, lighting, type and location of outdoor advertising devices, as hereinafter defined, in all areas within six hundred sixty (660) feet from the edge of the right-of- way of interstate and federal-aid primary highways located within urban areas, as hereinafter defined, in the State of Oklahoma and in all areas visible from the main traveled way of interstate and federal-aid primary highways located outside of urban areas in the State of Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Department of Transportation shall have the authority to implement and enforce this act, and may prohibit outdoor advertising devices in the control areas, and may regulate and permit certain outdoor advertising structures and devices in the control areas, within the limitations of this act and according to the standards and definitions set forth in this act. (Source: Oklahoma Public Legal Research System, October 2008)

Oklahoma Enforcement of 23 U.S.C. 131(s) For Oklahoma, Outdoor Advertising (OA) is regulated by the Permits and Registrations Branch of the Department of Transportation’s Right of Way Division. Permits for OA requests are filed through the Permits Branch, which reviews each permit to ensure that the licensee meets federal and state requirements for installation of an OA sign.

Byways Program involvement with 23 U.S.C. 131(s) Personnel from the Oklahoma Byways Program meet with potential Byway member communities to discuss the Byways Program, and the OA prohibition on controlled routes is

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Prior to any designation of a State Byway, the Byways Program requires that communities submit resolutions or other documentation acknowledging the OA restriction. While communities are not required to enforce the restriction, it is important that they are aware that the prohibition exists and that no new OA signage will be permitted once the route is designated.

Once a Byway is designated, Byways Program personnel provide the Permits Branch with maps depicting the route and with a written description of the Byway route. At that time, the Permits Branch then enforces the prohibition on any controlled route on the Byway. Any subsequent permit requests on controlled routes are returned by the Permits Branch.

Questions Concerning 23 U.S.C.131(s) Questions related to the enforcement of 23 U.S.C. 131(s) are addressed by Oklahoma Byways Program personnel specifically related to the Byways Program and designation. Questions related to technical matters or specific OA requirements are forwarded to the Permits Branch for resolution.

4.4 Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan

Wichita Mountain Byway Bicycle / Pedestrian Development Plan

A New Approach The nation has recently experienced revitalization in alternate forms of transportation, including bicycling and walking. The reasons for the new emphasis are varied and include such issues as health and recreation. The term “intermodal” has come to represent all forms of transportation, to include bicycles, pedestrians, rail, and waterways. In order to accommodate these modes of transportation, agencies and organizations must embrace new philosophies in planning and design. The bicyclist and the pedestrian must be integrated at the beginning stage of the design process, and the requirements for these modes of transportation must be incorporated at the same level of those for vehicles. The facilities that are designed and built must reflect the varied forms of transportation that our nation now enjoys.

Agency Responsibilities Agencies that are charged with developing transportation infrastructure for our nation have embraced the philosophy of intermodal design, in which all facility users are accommodated to the maximum extent feasible. This begins at the Federal level, with the U.S. Department of

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Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration providing policy and guidelines to ensure that the intermodal approach is applied consistently.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has provided the initial impetus for intermodal planning and design. The FHWA has provided guidance on intermodal issues that state:

“The non-motorized modes are an integral part of the mission of FHWA and a critical element of the local, regional, and national transportation system. Bicycle and pedestrian projects and programs are eligible for but not guaranteed funding from almost all of the major Federal-aid funding programs. We expect every transportation agency to make accommodation for bicycling and walking a routine part of their planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities.” (FHWA memorandum on Guidance on Bicycle and Pedestrian Provisions of the Federal-aid Program, February 24, 1999)

The Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) supports the implementation of intermodal systems within the State. The ODOT Roadway Design Manual includes chapters on Bikeway Path Design (Chapter 17.3) and Accessibility for Individuals with Disabilities (Chapter 17.4). The Department utilizes current American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) “Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities”, AASHTO, 1999 for design of bicycle and pedestrian facilities. To date, the Department has utilized in excess of $ 84m in Federal funds to construct or rehabilitate bicycle and pedestrian facilities in the State.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the Federal agency responsible for conserving wildlife and their habitats. Currently administering over 93 million acres of Wildlife Habitat, the Fish and Wildlife Service is considered the world’s foremost authority on wildlife and habitat preservation.

Bicycle Related Initiatives The Department supports bicycle related planning and construction throughout the State. Utilizing federal funding from various programs, the Department has programmed in excess of $ 44m in funding for bicycle and shared-use path projects.

For the Wichita Mountain Byway, bicycle travel is limited primarily to state and county roads along the Byway. Most roadways contain shoulder width adequate for bicycle travel. The Wildlife Refuge restricts bicycle traffic through the Refuge, but a 3 mile long recreational trail between the Meers and Medicine Park Gates permits the use of bicycles.

The Department is currently partnering with Comanche County to construct a trail leading from the town of Cache to the Wildlife Refuge for an estimated $600,000. Construction for this project is programmed for spring, 2009.

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Pedestrian Related Initiatives Pedestrian facilities within the public right of way are required to comply with Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The Oklahoma Department of Transportation utilizes guidelines developed by the U.S. Transportation and Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board) to ensure facilities constructed in the public right of way are accessible to those with disabilities.

The Department administers several programs that emphasize accessibility in new construction and altered facilities:

Transportation Enhancement Program Oklahoma Byways Program Safe Routes To School Program

To date, the Department has invested in excess of $ 40m in funding for pedestrian related projects statewide with emphasis on accessibility for those with disabilities.

The Refuge provides numerous opportunities for pedestrians to enjoy the Byway and surrounding viewshed. Hiking is encouraged along designated trails, to include:

Baldy Trail (.83 miles) Quanah Parker Trail (.36 miles) Narrows Trail (.7 miles) Kite Trail (1.2 miles) Bison Trail (5.7 miles) Longhorn Trail (2.4 miles) Elk Trail (.6 miles) Charon’s Garden Trail (2.4 miles) Elk Mountain Trail (1.1 miles)

Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan Recommendations

To fully accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians, the Byway should: Develop a bicycle / pedestrian master plan to identify locations for intermodal connections and to maximize available funding Continue coordination efforts with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop additional bicycle / pedestrian opportunities Providing off-road routes or separated trails within the ROW, whenever possible Provide for signed bike lanes, paved shoulders or widened curb lanes for bicycle commuters and faster cyclists Provide appropriate trail signage to identify the accessibility level of the trail or path Minimize street crossings for bike/pedestrian paths

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Create a barrier between separated trails and roadway Provide alternate signed routes for bicyclists, to lessen conflicts and make accessible greater scenic variety Establish a “Share the Road” campaign that educates residents, visitors, bus drivers and others about bicyclists using the roadway Provide signage with area maps and location finders Provide logical, accessible connections to area trails Provide direct and accessible connections to local destinations (schools, parks, retail) Provide smooth transitions from pedestrian trails to local sidewalks Ensure that all facilities are accessible to those with disabilities Provide bicycle / pedestrian connections to bus routes

5.0 Implementation Responsibilities This chapter provides a summary of the implementation entities and a timeframe/schedule for the implementation of the Wichita Mountains Byway CMP goals and strategies in an effort to achieve the Corridor Vision. Future management strategies are also summarized and discussed.

5.1 Stakeholders List A Stakeholder is a person, group, or organization that has a direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives, and policies. Key Stakeholders of the Scenic Byway are residents, businesses, government entities at all levels, and travelers/visitors to the corridor.

A Stakeholder Committee was formed during the early stages of the Wichita Mountains Byway CMP development. The Stakeholder Committee is an ever-changing group and should always be in flux to add members that are involved and interested in the efforts and goals that the group is trying to achieve. The Stakeholder Advisory Committee will act as an advisory committee to the corridor and the Wichita Mountains Committee will assist in research, implementation, and be caretakers of the Scenic Byway.

5.2 Implementation of Corridor Strategies and Goals

The key to long-term success and achievement of the Corridor Vision is the implementation of the Goals and Strategies. The following table outlines each of the Goals and Strategies from the Corridor, Vision, Goals and Strategies chapter of this CMP and assigns the potential responsible entities that will ensure each Goal and Strategy is fulfilled. In addition, a timeframe (short, medium and long-term) is assigned to each Goal and Strategy to provide some guidance and direction of importance. Once designated as a National Scenic Byway the Wichita Mountains Byway Committee will focus on tourism promotion to continue to draw from national markets. A multi-lingual plan will also be developed to create an environment that is accommodating to international travelers.

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Implementation of the Corridor’s Goals and Strategies Coordinators Public Offices Not-for-Profits Private Implementation Wichita Oklahoma Mountains University Land Utility Term (Short, Byway Town County State Federal Environmental Historic Business Byways Owners Co. Medium, Long) Stakeholder Program Group GOAL 1 - PRESERVATION OF INTRINSIC RESOURCES Preserve and protect the valuable intrinsic resources along Wichita Mountains Byway that give the roadway its character. STRATEGIES: 1.1 Identify key Wichita Mountains Byway resources, including the road itself, and develop          Short strategies for preservation and protection of these resources. 1.2 Enhance working relationships with resource management agencies and property      Short owners along Wichita   Mountains Byway to preserve and protect the intrinsic resources. 1.3 Work with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife and other wildlife agencies to      Short encourage the   preservation of resources and sites.

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