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Hermann Paul (Germanist, Neogrammarian) and Georg Von Der Gabelentz (Orientalist, General Linguist)

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Hermann Paul (Germanist, Neogrammarian) and Georg Von Der Gabelentz (Orientalist, General Linguist) Wilfried Kürschner: Two Positions in Early Professional Linguistics: Hermann Paul (Germanist, Neogrammarian) and Georg von der Gabelentz (Orientalist, General Linguist). In: Linguistik International. Festschrift für Heinrich Weber. Herausgegeben von Wilfried Kürschner und Reinhard Rapp. Lengerich, Berlin, Bremen, Miami, Riga, Viernheim, Wien, Zagreb: Pabst Science Publishers. [ISBN-10: 3-89967-332-8, ISBN- 13: 978-89967-332-6] S. 619–629. <a 2006b> Two Positions in Early Professional Linguistics: Hermann Paul (Germanist, Neogrammarian) and Georg von der Gabelentz (Orientalist, General Linguist) Wilfried Kürschner 0 Preliminary remark The following paper was first presented on the Ninth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS IX), which took place at the Uni- versity of São Paulo in August 2002. My main intention was to remind scholars of linguistic historiography of the work of two German linguists whose most influen- tial books, although one of them has been translated into English (Paul’s Prin- ciples ), do not seem to have received1 the attention they deserve outside the Ger- man speaking scholarly community. This is the reason why I thought it appropri- ate to prepare the paper in English. The paper is published in appreciation of Heinrich Weber’s interest in the history of linguistics. It encompasses the work both of Hermann Paul and of Ge- org von der Gabelentz which he treated in detail in his lectures and seminars on the history of the language sciences (cf. his bibliography, in this volume). 1 Hermann Paul (1846–1921) Let me begin right at the outset with a confession. When last year [2001] ICHoLS IX at São Paulo called for papers, I could not help making a pun on the name of the place of our conference, on the one hand, and the topic of my contribution, on the other. The title of my paper contains the name of Hermann Paul, which I think would read “Hermano Paulo” in Brazilian Portuguese, and I thought maybe it would be appropriate to give a talk on Hermano Paulo in São Paulo. This is not to suggest that Hermann Paul’s status is in any way comparable to that of St. Paul – although he really is a prominent figure among Germanists. He is renowned in two respects – as co-founder and intellectual head of the so-called Neogrammari- ans (called “Indo-Germanists” or “Indo-Europeanists” by others) and as the author of three or rather four books. Let me say a few words on the books first. These are a dictionary, two grammars, and a theoretical treatise. The dictionary that comes to Germanists’ minds is the Deutsches Wörterbuch , first published by Hermann Paul in 1897, in part as a reaction to the other “Deut- sches Wörterbuch”, the “German Dictionary” by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm. (The tenth edition of Paul’s dictionary was published in 2002.) 1 The only special study on our subject, Rosenkranz’ (1970) paper (11 pages), was written in German. 620 Wilfried Kürschner Two grammars come to our minds in connection with Hermann Paul: His Middle High German grammar, which first came out in 1881 and is in its 24th edi- tion now (published in 1998 [the 25th edition is scheduled for late 2006]). Se- condly, his Deutsche Grammatik in five volumes, the first of which appeared in 1916, the last one in 1920, reprinted several times. Thirdly there is his famous treatise Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte , first pub- lished in 1880, considered as one of the manifestos of the Neogrammarians. Paul gave it its final form in 1920, one year before his death in Munich. Born in the year 1846, he died in 1921 at the age of 75. The title of the book, “Principles of the history of language”, is somewhat misleading. “Sprachgeschichte” does not simply mean “diachrony”, “yet it implies procedural aspects, namely general prin- ciples of language development, both in history and present-day speech”, as Wer- ner Neumann puts it in his article on Hermann Paul in the Lexicon Grammatico- rum , a “Who’s Who in the History of World Linguistics” (Stammerjohann, 1996). Moreover “Prinzipien” should really read “Prinzipienwissenschaft” or even “Phi- losophie”, as Paul points out in the first chapter of his book. We will come back to this point later. Together with a number of articles and handbooks, these works guaranteed Hermann Paul a solid standing in Germanic studies, all the more so as he not only worked in linguistics, but also produced some literary studies and prepared editi- ons of medieval German literary works such as the Gregorius and the Armer Heinrich by Hartmann von Aue. Moreover, he was the editor of a handbook, the Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie (first edition, 1891–1905). Paul’s fame among Germanists somewhat decreased when, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the so-called “linguistic turn” set in. This the re-orientation of German linguistics – at least in West Germany – from diachronic studies on the history of the German language to synchronic studies on present-day German, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a re-orientation from a so-called idealistic language science in the Humboldt-Weisgerber tradition to modern structural linguistics, soon to be augmented or even replaced by generative transformational grammar. It was at this time that the most famous claim in Paul’s Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte was directed against Paul himself (in my translation): It has been argued that there is another scientific way of investigating language, diffe- rent from the historical method. [Paul refers to Misteli’s review of the first edition of the Prinzipien in the Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie , published in 1882.] I have to deny that. What is considered a non-historical, yet scientific investigation is basically nothing but an incomplete historical investigation,2 incomplete partly due to the in- vestigator, partly due to the material investigated. 2 “Es ist eingewendet, dass es noch eine andere wissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Sprache gäbe, als die geschichtliche. [Footnote: ‘Vgl. Misteli a. a. O. [[Zeitschrift für Völkerpsy- chologie und Sprachwissenschaft 13. 1882]] S. 382 ff.’] Ich muss das in Abrede stellen. Was man für eine nichtgeschichtliche und doch wissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Sprache er- klärt, ist im Grunde nichts als eine unvollkommen geschichtliche, unvollkommen5 teils durch Schuld des Betrachters, teils durch Schuld des Beobachtungsmaterials.” ( 1920: 20) Two Positions in Early Professional Linguistics 621 In the 1960’s and 1970’s this position was no longer taken for granted. The doctri- nes of Saussure, Bloomfield, Trubetzkoy, Hjelmslev, whose reception finally set in in Germany, seemed to contradict Paul’s dogmatic fixation. Structuralism in all of its varieties showed that language could be investigated from a synchronic point of view as well. Adopting this perspective gave way to thorough studies of present-day German, an area of research rather neglected in post-war German language science under the influence of the Neogrammarian dogma. Up to this time, for students studying linguistics had meant learning Gothic, Old High Ger- man and Middle High German, in some cases Early Modern High German, too, the language of Martin Luther. Normally, it had not meant that students worked on Modern High German, the language they themselves were using as native spea- kers. People talked of a scientific revolution and many of the features that accor- ding to Kuhn constitute such a scientific revolution could indeed be observed. Adherents of the new doctrine – which was called “moderne Linguistik” in contra- distinction to “traditionelle Sprachwissenschaft” – took over institutional positi- ons. They seized chairs of linguistics and other academic positions, they took over established journals or founded new ones to promulgate the “moderne Linguistik”, they met at congresses especially founded to discuss their own matters or deman- ded the right to speak at long established congresses – the term in use at that time for these manoeuvres was “Umfunktionieren”. Last but not least, they wrote text- books to replace the older ones that were considered outdated. In the meantime, this revolutionary phase of German linguistics has cooled down to normal working conditions. Language history is back, but it has not regai- ned its former status. As far as the study of the German language is concerned, historical linguistics has to share the field with synchronic linguistics in all its varieties and it seems that its part is much smaller than that of synchronic studies on present-day German. In a way the revolutionary phase of German linguistics I was talking about re- sembled the state of affairs that had been brought about by the Indo-Germanists or Indo-Europeanists, also called Neogrammarians, one hundred years earlier, in the 1870s with the University of Leipzig as starting point and central place. As is well known, Hermann Paul himself was one of these Neogrammarians. I will not dwell upon the details here – quite a few studies in the history of linguis- tics have dealt with the theoretical positions and the practical actions of this group of linguists (e.g. Einhauser, 1989). Suffice it to repeat that Paul’s book Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte was considered then and is still seen as a manifesto of the Neogrammarian movement – besides Karl Brugmann’s foreword to the first vol- ume of the Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der indogermani- schen Sprachen (1878[–1910]), co-authored by Hermann Osthoff. The Prinzipien not only were the manifesto – the book also had the function of a textbook of Neogrammarian thought and methodology. These ideas were implemented fore- most in the grammars of Gothic, of Old High German and of Middle High Ger- man, written by Wilhelm Braune (Gothic [1880 – 20th ed., 2004], OHG [1886 – 15th ed., 2004) and Hermann Paul (MHG [1881 – 24th ed., 2004]), respectively.
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