DOCSLIB.ORG

The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark By KPMG Digital Delta In collaboration with Faethm February 2020 KPMG.com.au 2 The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark Foreword Since industrialisation in the 18th Piers Hogarth-Scott century, humankind has experienced Partner four technology-led revolutions. Each KPMG Digital Delta has had a profound impact on society: 1 The First: Shane O’Sullivan Steam enabling Partner mechanical production KPMG Digital Delta 2 The Second: Electricity enabling mass production 3 The Third: Computers and digital systems 4 The rapid acceleration in the And now the Fourth: capabilities, usage and effects of Convergence of the physical, these advanced technologies, and digital and biological worlds their impact economically, has come enabled by advanced and disruptive to be referred to as ‘The Fourth technologies including Artificial Industrial Revolution’ (4IR). Intelligence, the Internet of Things, The 4IR represents a fundamental Blockchain, robotics, 3D printing, change in the way we live, work, nanotechnology, augmented reality, and relate to one another. virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, digital twins, cloud computing and 5G. Technological advances are merging the physical, digital and biological spheres to create a new epoch in © 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark 3 Key themes and issues: For example, the combination of AI and IoT has the potential to • Business disruption: The dramatically accelerate the benefits foundations of business as we of digital transformation for consumer, know it are being challenged enterprise, industrial, and government • Innovation and productivity: market segments. AI adds value to The impact of new technologies IoT through machine learning and on productivity is not being decision-making, and IoT adds value captured by traditional tools to AI through connectivity and data • Security and conflict: 4IR is exchange. changing the nature of conflict The Fourth Industrial Revolution • Ethics and identity: Innovations represents a multi trillion dollar are redefining what it means opportunity for the Australian to be human market. That said, while awareness • Inequality: Wealth inequality is of the underlying technologies is worsening, and new technologies high among Australian executives, threaten to aggravate it their readiness is low. In contrast, • Disruption to jobs and skills: China and USA has a significant 4IR is shifting job roles and skillsets strategic focus on investing in these • Agile technology governance: technologies. Australia risks being New technologies are outpacing left behind over the next decade regulatory frameworks unless it addresses issues relating to awareness and intent to invest. • Fusing technologies: Collaboration between disciplines is opening In this environment, staying human development that will bring new frontiers competitive begins with a clear view immense opportunities and serious of the landscape. This is why we have threats. Nations, organisations Understanding the rate of adoption developed The 2020 Fourth Industrial and policy-makers face a tipping of technologies from the 4IR – Revolution Benchmark in collaboration point as the speed and depth of the how broadly new technologies are with our partners Faethm. We aim to 4IR redraws our understanding of being used and in what ways – help Australian leaders understand the how to create value for economies is a challenge for many business rate of adoption of 4IR technologies, and people. To succeed, we must leaders. AI, IoT, machine learning, and the ways they are transforming embrace technologies – and the robotics, virtual and augmented businesses, investments and people synergies between them – to drive reality, and other emerging into the future. the development of more inclusive technologies such as quantum societies with human values at computing are advancing significantly the core. faster than many anticipated just a few years ago. The scale of this acceleration can be difficult to grasp. © 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. 4 The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark Impact on jobs for specific technical skills changes Michael Priddis, Rapid advances in emerging too fast and the shelf life of these CEO technologies, such as AI and skills is too short. Any job that involves Faethm robotics, will significantly transform innately human qualities (such as the workforce. Some jobs will be care, compassion, communication, automated, while others will be dealing with ambiguity, imagination augmented through the changing of and creativity) will typically be safe work tasks, required knowledge and in-demand. This means many and skills. people will need to retrain for new jobs that require these robot-proof These technology advances, and capabilities. the corresponding consequences of workforce reallocation, are happening Closing the skills gap now. Governments, firms and Australian companies are not alone employees need to act to guarantee in having to respond to the growing the preparedness and agility of a skills gap. Many countries are not workforce that is able to make job prepared to deliver life-long learning transitions quickly and avoid potential at scale. Australian corporations can structural unemployment. take a lead in identifying the jobs that As firms automate and augment work are changing and the skills needed tasks, employees need to continually for future employability. Australia up-skill to remain relevant and stay has a vibrant and effective education employed. However, focusing on industry, which will prove invaluable gaining technical or discipline-related in helping Australian firms capture the skills alone is inadequate. Demand value of new emerging technologies. For example, bridging the skills of an accountant into those of a cyber analyst is an easily trainable knowledge gap. If over the course of two or three years, firms are automating back-office accounting roles with Robotic Process Automation (RPA), but at the same time needing to hire more cyber analysts, they could transition accountants into new cyber analyst roles through learning and development (L&D) programs. The business case for L&D over hire-and-fire is self-evident. © 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark 5 © 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. 6 The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark Key Findings Key 1 While the concept of the Many business leaders 4IR is known to most – are not well informed business leaders lack about the 4IR concept. a deep understanding or experience with the Four in 10 feel they have However, the remainder technologies. either an ‘excellent’ (12%) know only little (47%) or ‘good’ (32%) understanding or have not even heard of the concept. of the concept (9%). The majority of organisations are considering 4IR technology but have not yet implemented these. On a five-point maturity adoption assessment, leaders rate their Maturity score out of 5 organisations’ maturity of most associated technologies below 3.9 Cloud services is the three (i.e. siloed and inconsistent gateway technology in implementation). (maturity score 3.9) 2.7 followed by IoT (2.7) 2.6 AI (2.6) 2.5 RPA (2.5) 2 Many business leaders do not feel prepared 46% for change associated Less than half (46%) feel their with the 4IR – with organisation is strongly prepared staff skills a key barrier. for technological change. 47% 38% Building necessary staff/skill Only four in 10 (38%) feel they capability is the top challenge have staff with the necessary in adopting 4IR technologies skills to implement new (47% rate this in top three). technologies. © 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. The 2020 Fourth Industrial Revolution Benchmark 7 Research Background 3 An online survey was conducted by KPMG in
Recommended publications
  • What Is That Thing Called Philosophy of Technology? - R

    What Is That Thing Called Philosophy of Technology? - R

    HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – Vol. IV - What Is That Thing Called Philosophy of Technology? - R. J. Gómez WHAT IS THAT THING CALLED PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY? R. J. Gómez Department of Philosophy. California State University (LA). USA Keywords: Adorno, Aristotle, Bunge, Ellul, Feenberg, Habermas, Heidegger, Horkheimer, Jonas, Latour, Marcuse, Mumford, Naess, Shrader-Frechette, artifact, assessment, determinism, ecosophy, ends, enlightenment, efficiency, epistemology, enframing, ideology, life-form, megamachine, metaphysics, method, naturalistic, fallacy, new, ethics, progress, rationality, rule, science, techno-philosophy Contents 1. Introduction 2. Locating technology with respect to science 2.1. Structure and Content 2.2. Method 2.3. Aim 2.4. Pattern of Change 3. Locating philosophy of technology 4. Early philosophies of technology 4.1. Aristotelianism 4.2. Technological Pessimism 4.3. Technological Optimism 4.4. Heidegger’s Existentialism and the Essence of Technology 4.5. Mumford’s Megamachinism 4.6. Neomarxism 4.6.1. Adorno-Horkheimer 4.6.2. Marcuse 4.6.3. Habermas 5. Recent philosophies of technology 5.1. L. Winner 5.2. A. Feenberg 5.3. EcosophyUNESCO – EOLSS 6. Technology and values 6.1. Shrader-Frechette Claims 6.2. H Jonas 7. Conclusions SAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary A philosophy of technology is mainly a critical reflection on technology from the point of view of the main chapters of philosophy, e.g., metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. Technology has had a fast development since the middle of the 20th century , especially ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – Vol. IV - What Is That Thing Called Philosophy of Technology? - R.
  • Neil Postman

    Neil Postman

    Five Things We Need to Know About Technological Change by Neil Postman Talk delivered in Denver Colorado March 28, 1998 … I doubt that the 21st century will pose for us problems that are more stunning, disorienting or complex than those we faced in this century, or the 19th, 18th, 17th, or for that matter, many of the centuries before that. But for those who are excessively nervous about the new millennium, I can provide, right at the start, some good advice about how to confront it. …. Here is what Henry David Thoreau told us: “All our inventions are but improved means to an unimproved end.” Here is what Goethe told us: “One should, each day, try to hear a little song, read a good poem, see a fine picture, and, if possible, speak a few reasonable words.” Socrates told us: “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Rabbi Hillel told us: “What is hateful to thee, do not do to another.” And here is the prophet Micah: “What does the Lord require of thee but to do justly, to love mercy and to walk humbly with thy God.” And I could say, if we had the time, (although you know it well enough) what Jesus, Isaiah, Mohammad, Spinoza, and Shakespeare told us. It is all the same: There is no escaping from ourselves. The human dilemma is as it has always been, and it is a delusion to believe that the technological changes of our era have rendered irrelevant the wisdom of the ages and the sages. Nonetheless, having said this, I know perfectly well that because we do live in a technological age, we have some special problems that Jesus, Hillel, Socrates, and Micah did not and could not speak of.
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution: How the EU Can Lead It

    The Fourth Industrial Revolution: How the EU Can Lead It

    EUV0010.1177/1781685818762890European ViewSchäfer 762890research-article2018 Article European View 2018, Vol. 17(1) 5 –12 The fourth industrial © The Author(s) 2018 https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685818762890DOI: 10.1177/1781685818762890 revolution: How the EU journals.sagepub.com/home/euv can lead it Matthias Schäfer Abstract The fourth industrial revolution is different from the previous three. This is because machines and artificial intelligence play a significant role in enhancing productivity and wealth creation, which directly changes and challenges the role of human beings. The fourth industrial revolution will also intensify globalisation. Therefore, technology will become much more significant, because regions and societies that cope positively with the technological impact of the fourth industrial revolution will have a better economic and social future. This article argues that the EU can play an important role in developing an environment appropriate for the fourth industrial revolution, an environment that is vibrant and open to new technologies. Member states would profit from an EU-wide coordinated framework for this area. The EU has to establish new common policies for the market-oriented diffusion and widespread use of new technologies. Keywords Fourth industrial revolution, Technology policy, Industrial policy, Leadership Introduction Historically there have been four industrial revolutions (see Schwab 2016). The first began in the early nineteenth century, when the power of steam and water dramatically increased the productivity of human (physical) labour. The second revolution started almost a hundred years later with electricity as its key driver. Mass industrial production Corresponding author: M. Schäfer, Department Politics and Consulting, Head of the Team for Economic Policy, Konrad-Adenauer- Stiftung, Berlin, Germany.
  • Technology, Development and Economic Crisis: the Schumpeterian Legacy

    Technology, Development and Economic Crisis: the Schumpeterian Legacy

    CIMR Research Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 23 Technology, development and economic crisis: the Schumpeterian legacy by Rinaldo Evangelista University of Camerino Piazza Cavour, 19/F, 62032 Camerino (IT) +39-0737-403074 [email protected] June 2015 ISSN 2052-062X Abstract This contribution aims at highlighting the complex, non-linear and potentially contradictory nature of the relationships between technological progress, economic growth and social development, in particular within the context of market based economies. The main (provocative) argument put forward in the paper is that the recent neo-Schumpeterian literature, while providing fundamental contributions to our understanding of innovation, has contributed to the rising of a positivistic reading of the relationship between technology, economy and society, with technology being able to guaranty strong economic growth and (implicitly) social welfare. This is confirmed by the fact that, contrary to other influential heterodox economic schools and Schumpeter himself, in the recent neo- Schumpeterian literature technology is only rarely associated to macroeconomic market failures such as systemic crises, structural unemployment, and the growth of social and economic inequalities. It is also argued that the emergence of a “positivistic bias” in the neo-Schumpeterian literature has been associated to the dominance of a supply-side and micro-based view of the technology-economy relationships. Key words: Technology, Innovation, Schumpeter, Development, Crisis JEL codes: B52, O00, O30. 2 1. Introduction There is no doubt that the last economic crisis, with its depth, extension and length, could have, at least in principle, the potentiality of shaking at the fundamentals the dominant neo-liberal economic thinking and policy framework.
  • Taking Technology Seriously: Introduction to the Special Issue on New Technologies and Global Environmental Politics • Simon Nicholson and Jesse L

    Taking Technology Seriously: Introduction to the Special Issue on New Technologies and Global Environmental Politics • Simon Nicholson and Jesse L

    Taking Technology Seriously: Introduction to the Special Issue on New Technologies and Global Environmental Politics • Simon Nicholson and Jesse L. Reynolds* Human beings are at once makers of and made by technology. The ability to wield tools was an essential ingredient in propelling an otherwise unremarkable ape to a position of dominance over ecological and even planetary affairs. This dominance has been attained through a remaking of the physical world and has produced a planet fundamentally altered. Technology, this is to say, has been central to history and human-induced environmental change. Our earliest significant environ- mental impacts appear to have been mass extinctions of megafauna, especially in North and South America, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, enabled by hunting and trapping tools and techniques. These were followed by large-scale land use changes from the rise of agriculture, another early set of technologies that were key to Homo sapiens’ success (Boivin et al. 2016). Technology presents a paradox. Existing, emerging, and anticipated technol- ogies offer remarkable possibilities for human well-being and the environmental condition. Since 1900, global average life expectancy has more than doubled and continues to rise (Roser et al. 2013). Most people can access information and educational opportunities that in the not-too-distant past were restricted to a tiny elite. The growth of farmland—which may be the leading direct driver of change in nature (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019)—has recently been reversed through agricultural intensification (World Bank, n.d.). Ozone-depleting substances have been largely replaced by synthetic substitutes.
  • Industrialisation

    Industrialisation

    1 Foreword ndustry has always played a vital role in development. It boosts economic activity INDUSTRIALISE I along value chains, from raw materials to finished products. It lifts productivity by introducing new equipment and new AFRICA techniques, increases the capabilities of the workforce, and diffuses these improvements into the wider economy. Industry also tends to generate formal employment, which in turn creates social stability. It improves the balance of trade by creating goods for export and replacing imports. Industrialisation, including the encouragement of manufacturing and processing capability, makes for strong and sustainable economic development, creating wealth in the economy. It is a prerequisite to Africa’s sustainable and inclusive growth, achievable through adding value by processing, packaging and marketing its raw materials. Africa must not miss opportunities for such linkages whenever and wherever they occur. There is a golden opportunity over the next few years as African economies pick up the pace. Africa is home to 5 of the 10 fastest-growing economies in the world, but this growth is unsustainable and non- inclusive since it is mostly driven by the export of unprocessed commodities with little value addition. We are starting from a low base. On average, industry generates merely $7001 1 `$` indicates US dollars throughout this text 2 of GDP per capita in Africa, less than a third of Latin America’s output ($2,500 per capita) and barely a fifth of East Asia’s ($3,400 per capita). To industrialise Africa, the African Development Bank is committed to mobilising capital, de-risking investments for the private sector, and leveraging capital markets.
  • Jeremy Baskin, “Paradigm Dressed As Epoch: the Ideology of The

    Jeremy Baskin, “Paradigm Dressed As Epoch: the Ideology of The

    Paradigm Dressed as Epoch: The Ideology of the Anthropocene JEREMY BASKIN School of Social and Political Sciences University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Anthropocene is a radical reconceptualisation of the relationship between humanity and nature. It posits that we have entered a new geological epoch in which the human species is now the dominant Earth-shaping force, and it is rapidly gaining traction in both the natural and social sciences. This article critically explores the scientific representation of the concept and argues that the Anthropocene is less a scientific concept than the ideational underpinning for a particular worldview. It is paradigm dressed as epoch. In particular, it normalises a certain portion of humanity as the ‘human’ of the Anthropocene, reinserting ‘man’ into nature only to re-elevate ‘him’ above it. This move pro- motes instrumental reason. It implies that humanity and its planet are in an exceptional state, explicitly invoking the idea of planetary management and legitimising major interventions into the workings of the earth, such as geoen- gineering. I conclude that the scientific origins of the term have diminished its radical potential, and ask whether the concept’s radical core can be retrieved. KEYWORDS Anthropocene, ideology, geoengineering, environmental politics, earth management INTRODUCTION ‘The Anthropocene’ is an emergent idea, which posits that the human spe- cies is now the dominant Earth-shaping force. Initially promoted by scholars from the physical and earth sciences, it argues that we have exited the current geological epoch, the 12,000-year-old Holocene, and entered a new epoch, Environmental Values 24 (2015): 9–29.
  • THE POLITICAL ECONOMY of SINGAPORE's INDUSTRIALIZATION: National State and International Capital

    THE POLITICAL ECONOMY of SINGAPORE's INDUSTRIALIZATION: National State and International Capital

    THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SINGAPORE'S INDUSTRIALIZATION: National State and International Capital The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization: National State and International Capital GARRYRODAN Leclurer in Politics Murdoch University, Australia Pal grave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-19925-9 978-1-349-19923-5 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-19923-5 © Garry Rodan, 1989 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1989 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1989 ISBN 978-0-312-02412-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rodan, Garry, 1955- The political economy of Singapore's industrialization: national state and international capital/Garry Rodan. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-312-02412-3:$35.00 (est.) 1. Industry and state-Singapore. I. Title. HD3616.S423R64 1989 338.9595'7--dcI9 88-18174 CIP Dedicated to my parents, Betty and Ken Contents Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix List of Tables xi Prefatory Notes xii Preface xiii 1 Theoretical Introduction 1 2 Pre-Industrial Singapore: General Structural Developments up until 1959 31 3 The Political Pre-Conditions 50 4 Export-Oriented Manufacturing 85 5 Second Industrial Revolution 142 6 Singapore's Future as a NIC 189 7 Conclusions: Singapore and the New International 207 Division of Labour Notes 216 Bibliography 244 Index 258 VII Acknowledgements In their different ways, and to varying degrees, numerous people have contributed to the realisation of this book. The detailed critical comments and encouragement of my colleagues Richard Robinson and Richard Higgott have, however, made a special contribution.
  • A Systematic Review of Methods for Health Care Technology Horizon Scanning

    A Systematic Review of Methods for Health Care Technology Horizon Scanning

    AHRQ Health Care Horizon Scanning System A Systematic Review of Methods for Health Care Technology Horizon Scanning Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850 Contract No. 290-2010-00006-C Prepared by: Fang Sun, M.D., Ph.D. Karen Schoelles, M.D., S.M., F.A.C.P ECRI Institute 5200 Butler Pike Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC104-EF August 2013 This report incorporates data collected during implementation of the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Health Care Horizon Scanning System by ECRI Institute under contract to AHRQ, Rockville, MD (Contract No. 290-2010-00006-C). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its content, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. No statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The information in this report is intended to identify resources and methods for improving the AHRQ Health Care Horizon Scanning System in the future. The purpose of the AHRQ Health Care Horizon Scanning System is to assist funders of research in making well-informed decisions in designing and funding comparative-effectiveness research. This report may periodically be assessed for the urgency to update. If an assessment is done, the resulting surveillance report describing the methodology and findings will be found on the Effective Health Care Program website at: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov.
  • The Effect of Technological Change on Firm

    The Effect of Technological Change on Firm

    The Effect of Technological Change on Firm Survival and Growth - Evidence from Technology Standards Justus Baron∗ Daniel F. Spulbery Northwestern University Northwestern University April 21, 2017 Abstract We analyze the effect of technological change on firm exits, establishment entry and exit, and the creation and destruction of jobs. We make use of a novel measure of technological change: technology standards. Replacements and withdrawals of standards provide information about technological obsolescence, whereas references among standards signal new uses for existing technologies. Relating standards to firm cohorts using the date of publication, we find that the withdrawal of standards induces a significant increase in the rates of firm deaths, establishment exits and job destruction in the firms associated with the replaced standards. New standards building upon existing standards however have the opposite effect, as firms associated with the technological vintage being referenced create new establishments at a higher rate. JEL-Classification: L15, L16, O33 Keywords: creative destruction, business dynamics, technological change, tech- nology standards ∗Corresponding Author. Research Associate, Searle Center on Law, Regulation, and Economic Growth, Northwestern University Law School, 375 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail: [email protected]. yElinor Hobbs Distinguished Professor of International Business, Department of Strategy, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, and Research Director, Searle Center on Law, Regulation, and Economic Growth, Northwestern University Law School, Chicago, IL. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Introduction Technological change has long been recognized as an important driver of economic growth (Solow, 1957). Business dynamics, including the entry and exit of firms, and the reallocation of labor through the creation and destruction of jobs in different firms, are another important driver of economic growth (Jovanovic, 1982).
  • Fundamental Principles of Law for the Anthropocene?

    Fundamental Principles of Law for the Anthropocene?

    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Pace Law Faculty Publications School of Law 2014 Fundamental Principles of Law for the Anthropocene? Nicholas A. Robinson Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty Part of the Energy and Utilities Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Nicholas A. Robinson, Fundamental Principles of Law for the Anthropocene?, 44 Envtl. Pol’y & L. 13 (2014), http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/964/. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Environmental Policy and Law, 44/1-2 (2014) 13 Normative Aspects of Sustainability Fundamental Principles of Law for the Anthropocene? by Nicholas A. Robinson* In May of 2013, the atmospheric monitoring station the Anthropocene represents. Many of our “business-as- atop Mauna Loa, the volcano in Hawaii, recorded carbon usual” assumptions no longer are reliable. Nations are dioxide at 400 parts per million for the first time since it reacting to the new demands by promulgating substantive began operating in the 1950s. From analysis of Antarctic environmental rights and procedural means to enforce ice cores, Earth has not seen a concentration this high in those rights. Environmental rights seek to shift society 400,000 years.1 As Svante Arrhenius determined in 1896, toward attaining societal wellbeing, or happiness, and not along with water vapour, carbon dioxide retains the sun’s economic growth as such.
  • TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE and OPPORTUNITIES for DEVELOPMENT AS a MOVING TARGET Distr

    TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE and OPPORTUNITIES for DEVELOPMENT AS a MOVING TARGET Distr

    TD(X)/RT.1/9 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD X High-level Round Table on Trade and Development: Directions for the Twenty-first Century TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AS A MOVING TARGET Distr. GENERAL TD(X)/RT.1/9 20 December 1999 Original: ENGLISH UNCTAD X High-level Round Table on Trade and Development: Directions for the Twenty-first Century Bangkok, 12 February 2000 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AS A MOVING TARGET* Paper prepared by Carlota Perez Independent Consultant, Caracas, Venezuela Honorary Research Fellow, University of Sussex, United Kingdom * The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat. GE.99- Executive Summary This paper provides an interpretation of development as a process of accumulation of technological and social capabilities in developing countries that is dependent upon their ability to take advantage of different and successive windows of opportunity. The nature of such windows would be determined by evolving technologies in the leading countries of the world system. The interplay of continuity and discontinuity, which characterizes technical change, would open successive spaces of possibility – some narrower, some wider, some only sufficient for initiating development processes, and others for allowing significant leaps forward. The shifts in the direction of technical change associated with each technological revolution would provide the best opportunities for catching up. At each stage, it would be vital to identify the changes in industrial power structures and the interests of firms in the advanced world in order to negotiate complementary strategies and establish positive-sum games.