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The in Vivo and in Vitro Assembly of Cell Walls in the Marine Coccolithophorid, Hymenomonas Carterae David Charles Flesch Iowa State University

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The in Vivo and in Vitro Assembly of Cell Walls in the Marine Coccolithophorid, Hymenomonas Carterae David Charles Flesch Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1977 The in vivo and in vitro assembly of cell walls in the marine coccolithophorid, Hymenomonas carterae David Charles Flesch Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Flesch, David Charles, "The in vivo and in vitro assembly of cell walls in the marine coccolithophorid, Hymenomonas carterae " (1977). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6115. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6115 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St, John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 78-7183 FLESCH, David Charles, 1944- THE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ASSEMBLY OF CELL WALLS IN THE MARINE COCCOLITHOPHORID, HYMENOMONAS CARTERAE. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1977 Biology University Microfilms international, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48io6 The in vivo and _in vitro assembly of cell walls in the marine coccolithophorid, Hvmenomonas carterae by David Charles Flesch A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. ir the Major Departm Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1977 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION iii INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 RESULTS 49 DISCUSSION 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 190 iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to ny father, Laveme E. Flesch, whose sacri­ fices as a parent and provider should not be allowed to pass unrecognized. 1 INTRODUCTION Present on most, if not all, cells is an extracellular layer comprised of a variety of molecular units; the cell wall is one example of an extra­ cellular coat. In bacteria and plants, these walls become very elaborate; in the latter, cellulose assumes a major role. However, the chemical structure of any higher plant cell wall has not been worked out, nor is it understood how the cell elongates during growth. There is a need to know much more about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved with the cell wall including its chemical structure, its biosynthesis, assembly, and disassembly. It has been our thesis that a primitive form of the higher plant cell might be more accessible experimentally. The unicellular, marine alga Hvmenomonas carterae seemed an excellent choice on the following grounds: (1) its cell wall is assembled as a series of discrete units with the larg­ est of these, the coccolith, being visible with the light microscope so that formation and wall placement can be observed in vivo: (2) sequential assembly of parts in the Golgi can be followed with electron microscopy; (3) it can be grown axenically in large quantities for biochemical studies; (4) its cell division can be synchronized for cell cycle relationships to cell wall growth; and finally (5) protoplast production for following cell wall biosynthesis and assembly seemed feasible since Hvmenomonas cell walls possess cellulose, pectin, and probably hemicellulose just as higher plant cell walls do. This work tells something about how the cell wall is formed, how it grows, how it can sometimes be shed or partially resorbed, how it is held 2 together, what some of its parts look like, and of what it is made. In a real sense, this is a progress report; it includes information about the course of cell wall formation from protoplasts (in vivo cell wall assembly) and about how the cell wall is reassembled from dissociated parts f in vitro cell wall assembly). 3 LITERATURE REVIEW The Organism General features Hvmenomonas carterae is a member of an ancient group of organisms, the coccolithophorids, so named because of their production of calcareous scales called coccoliths. The coccolithophorids have external appendages, flagella, and a haptonema; the haptonema is a bulbous structure found between the two flagella and may serve as an attachment organelle and aid in controlling movement (Manton, 1968). The coccolithophorids' habitat is predominantly marine with samples taken from tropic, temperate, and arctic seas (Pautard, 1970) where they help to make up a substantial portion of the plankton; one fresh water form has been reported (Manton and Peterfi, 1969). They also have made significant contributions to the fossil record (Pautard, 1970). Hvmenomonas has been referred to in the literature by the genus names Crlcosphaera and Svracosphaera (Paasche, 1968); for my work, I will use Hvmenomonas for the genus name following the recommendations of Manton and Peterfi (1969). These phytoflagellates are classified by the International Committee for Botanical Nomenclature as belonging in the order Coccolithophorales, in the class Haptophyceae, and in the phylum Chrysophyta and by the International Committee for Zoological Nomenclature as belonging in the order Coccolithophorida, in the class Mastigophora, and in the phylum Protozoa (Pautard, 1970). It is not the intention of this report to enter into this controversy. Reviews of coccolithophorids and Hvmenomonas can be found in Paasche (1968), Pautard (1970), and Williams (1972). 4 The life cycle of Hvmenomonas and the other coccolithophorids has been investigated by several authors (Brown and Romanovicz, 1976; Leadbeater, 1970, 1971; Lefort, 1971; Manton and Peterfi, 1969; Parke and Adams, 1960; Paddock, 1968; Pienaar, 1976; Rayns, 1962; Stosch, 1967). These authors are in general agreement that there exists a motile and nonmotile phase for these algae. In the motile stage, the cells bear coccoliths, and in the nonmotile, vegetative or benthic stage, the cells lack coccoliths (Leadbeater, 1970, 1971). In this paper coccolith bearing organisms are referred to as Hvmenomonas. and the nonmotile stage is referred to as Pleurochrvsis. These stages can be transformed into one another by amino acid addition or withdrawal (Brown and Romanovicz, 1976). The stages are thought to be linked through meiosis (meiospores) and syngamy (gametes) (Leadbeater, 1971; Rayns, 1962; Stosch, 1967). From a chromosome study of these two stages (Rayns, 1962), the motile stage was reported as diploid and the benthic stage was haploid; these results have been reiterated by others (Leadbeater, 1971; Stosch, 1967) without any additional evaluation. Parke and Adams (1960), working with Coccolithus pelaeicus. have reported that motile stages are haploid and the nonmotile stages are diploid; this information contradicts the previous work. However, a report to be released soon (Safa, A. R., Unpublished report. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, 1977) will show results from chromo­ some squashes and a quantitative measurement of DNA content per nucleus by microspectrophotometry that the motile, coccolith-bearing stages are hap­ loid and nonmotile, noncoccolith-bearing stages are diploid. Thus a unity would be established between the life cycle of Hvmenomonas and the 5 coccolithophorids to the other algae, for example, the green alga Chlamv- domonas (Ebersold, 1963, 1967; Levine
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