Diversidad Genética Del Virus De La Imunodeficiencia Humana Tipo I En Panamá

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Diversidad Genética Del Virus De La Imunodeficiencia Humana Tipo I En Panamá UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Departamento de Microbiología I TESIS DOCTORAL Diversidad genética del Virus de la Imunodeficiencia Humana tipo I en Panamá MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Sara Mercedes Ahumada Ruiz Director Miguel Thomson Okatsu Madrid, 2014 © Sara Mercedes Ahumada Ruiz, 2014 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA I DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DEL VIRUS DE LA INMUNODEFICIENCIA HUMANA TIPO 1 EN PANAMÁ CENTRO NACIONAL DE MICROBIOLOGÍA INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III MAJADAHONDA (MADRID) DOCTORANDO: SARA MERCEDES AHUMADA RUIZ DIRECTOR DE TESIS: MIGUEL THOMSON OKATSU DEDICATORIA A Jesús de la Divina Misericordia, por fortalecer mi alma con fe y esperanza, gracias por iluminar cada uno de mis pasos y permitirme terminar esta nueva etapa en mi vida. A mis tres grandes amores, mi madre Zoraida, mi hermosa angelito Sara Alexandra y mi esposo Alex, lo logramos. AGRADECIMIENTO A la Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación y al Instituto para la Formación y Aprovechamiento de los Recursos Humanos (SENACYT-IFARHU) del Gobierno de Panamá por brindarme la beca completa para realizar estudios de doctorado en Madrid, España. Al Centro Nacional de Microbiología del Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Majadahonda, Madrid donde realice la investigación doctoral. A mi Director de Tesis el Dr. Miguel Thomson Okatsu por brindarme la oportunidad de formar parte de su grupo de trabajo, por todo lo que he aprendido de él a lo largo de estos años, por su apoyo, consejos y sobre todo por su bella amistad, mil gracias. Al Dr. Rafael Nájera Morrondo por permitirme realizar la investigación de tesis doctoral en la Unidad de Biología y Variabilidad de VIH. A la Dra. Lucia Pérez Álvarez por toda su colaboración y a todos mis compañeros de laboratorio con quienes compartí buenos momentos, muchos cafés, sonrisas y aprendí mucho, en especial a Mayte, Ana, Aurora, Elena, María, Cristina y Mercedes. Al Dr. Cecilio López Galíndez y la Dra. Concepción Casado de la Unidad de Virología Molecular con quienes inicie mis primeros pasos en este hermoso campo. A la Unidad de Genómica responsables de la secuenciación por aguantar mis interminables listas, gracias a Aurora de Miguel, Pablo García, Ana Parejo, Miguel y la Dra. Alicia Ballester. A todos los pacientes que gentilmente participaron de esta investigación, al personal médico y enfermeras del Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Caja del Seguro Social y el Hospital Santo Tomás de Panamá, en especial a los doctores Iván Toala, Dario Flores, Amalia Rodríguez, Rigoberto Samaniego, Antonio Torres y Miss Esther Puga. A mis hermanos Michelle y Mario por todo su cariño y por animarme a terminar. A mi abuelita Bella y al Sr. Lalo que desde el cielo nos cuidan. A nuestros amigos españoles por brindarnos una familia lejos del hogar, a Denis, Casto, Paula, Leopoldo, Ismaira, Daniel y Farina, gracias. Finalmente a todas las personas que contribuyeron para que esta tesis fuese hoy una realidad. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN ......................................................................................................... 2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................... 11 1.1. HISTORIA DEL SÍNDROME DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA ADQUIRIDA .... 11 1.2. ORIGEN Y PROPAGACIÓN DE LA EPIDEMIA DE VIH/SIDA.................. 15 1.3. TAXONOMIA Y CLASIFICACIÓN ............................................................. 17 1.4. ESTRUCTURA DEL VIRIÓN..................................................................... 18 1.5. ORGANIZACIÓN DEL GENOMA.............................................................. 19 1.5.1. Genes estructurales............................................................................ 22 1.5.2. Genes reguladores y accesorios........................................................ 25 1.6. CICLO DE REPLICACIÓN DEL VIH-1 ...................................................... 28 1.7. ETAPAS DE LA INFECCIÓN POR VIH-1 ................................................. 37 1.8. VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DEL VIH-1 .................................................... 41 1.8.1. Mutaciones ......................................................................................... 41 1.8.2. Recombinación genética..................................................................... 42 1.8.3. Dinámica poblacional.......................................................................... 44 1.9. CLASIFICACIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL VIH............................................. 47 1.9.1. Formas recombinantes ....................................................................... 53 1.9.1.1. Formas recombinantes circulantes ............................................... 53 1.9.1.2. Formas recombinantes únicas...................................................... 55 1.9.2. Distribución geográfica y prevalencia de las formas genéticas del VIH-1 ...................................................................................................................... 56 1.9.3. Superinfección por VIH-1.................................................................... 59 1.10. IMPLICACIONES BIOLÓGICAS Y CLÍNICAS DE LA DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE VIH-1....................................................................................... 61 1.10.1. Pruebas diagnósticas........................................................................ 61 iv 1.10.2. Características biológicas in vitro...................................................... 61 1.10.2.1. Actividad transcripcional del promotor ........................................ 62 1.10.2.2. Utilización de correceptores........................................................ 62 1.10.2.3. Capacidad replicativa in vitro...................................................... 63 1.10.3. Biología viral in vivo .......................................................................... 63 1.10.3.1. Carga viral .................................................................................. 63 1.10.3.2. Progresión clínica ....................................................................... 64 1.10.3.3. Transmisión ................................................................................ 64 1.10.4. Correlaciones de subtipos de VIH-1 con susceptibilidad a respuestas inmunes ........................................................................................................ 65 1.11. FÁRMACOS ANTIRRETROVIRALES..................................................... 67 1.11.1. Resistencia a fármacos ARV ............................................................ 74 1.11.2. Detección de resistencias ................................................................. 81 1.12. EPIDEMIOLOGÍA MUNDIAL DE VIH-1................................................... 85 1.13. SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DE LA EPIDEMIA DE VIH/SIDA EN PANAMÁ .... 92 1.14. INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO ... 99 1.14.1. Modelos de sustitución de nucleótidos ........................................... 102 1.14.2. Estructura de un árbol filogenético.................................................. 103 1.14.3. Métodos de detección de recombinación genética ......................... 105 1.14.4. Métodos de datación molecular ...................................................... 107 2. OBJETIVOS............................................................................................... 109 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS...................................................................... 111 3.1. Muestras de pacientes infectados por VIH-1........................................... 111 3.2. Separación de plasma y extracción de ARN ........................................... 112 3.3. Amplificación parcial de los genes gag, env y pol .................................. 112 3.3.1. Amplificación del gen gag (p17)........................................................ 112 v 3.3.2. Amplificación del gen env (C2-C4).................................................... 113 3.3.3. Amplificación del gen pol (PR-TI)...................................................... 114 3.4. Purificación de los productos de PCR ..................................................... 114 3.5. Secuenciación ......................................................................................... 116 3.6. Corrección, ensamblaje y alineamiento de las secuencias ..................... 118 3.7. Clonaje de los productos de PCR ........................................................... 119 3.8. Amplificación y secuenciación del genoma completo del VIH-1.............. 120 3.9. Análisis filogenéticos ............................................................................... 125 3.9.1. Construcción de árboles filogenéticos .............................................. 125 3.9.2. Análisis de recombinación ................................................................ 126 3.10. Análisis de datación molecular .............................................................. 127 3.11. Análisis de resistencia a medicamentos antiretrovirales ....................... 128 3.12. Análisis estadístico................................................................................ 129 4. RESULTADOS........................................................................................... 131 4.1. Análisis filogenético de las secuencias de los genes gag, env y pol ....... 131 4.2. Datación molecular del origen de los clusters identificados en PR-TI ..... 143 4.3. Análisis filogenético de las secuencias
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