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A Late Antique Vegetation History of the Western Mediterranean in Context

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A Late Antique Vegetation History of the Western Mediterranean in Context A late antique vegetation history of the Western Mediterranean in context José-Antonio Lopez-Saez, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, Didier Galop, Francisca Alba-Sanchez, Daniel Abel-Schaad To cite this version: José-Antonio Lopez-Saez, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, Didier Galop, Francisca Alba-Sanchez, Daniel Abel- Schaad. A late antique vegetation history of the Western Mediterranean in context. Late Antique Archaeology, 2018, Environment and society in the long late Antiquity, pp.93-114. hal-01869981 HAL Id: hal-01869981 https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01869981 Submitted on 7 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A Late Antique Vegetation History of the Western Mediterranean in Context José Antonio López-Sáez, Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, Didier Galop, Francisca Alba-Sánchez and Daniel Abel-Schaad Abstract article will thus review the existing environmental evi- dence for the western Mediterranean from 300 BC to AD Fossil pollen records from 70 sites with reliable chronologies 1000, and will compare it with relevant archaeological and high-resolution data in the western Mediterranean, were and historical data. synthesised to document Late Holocene vegetation and cli- The western Mediterranean is an enormously com- mate change. The key elements of vegetation dynamics and plex territory from an orographic, biogeographical and landscape construction during Late Antiquity are clear in historical point of view, and it is therefore extremely the light of the fossil pollen records. These are: fire events difficult to present a detailed synthesis without taking (natural or anthropogenically induced); grazing activities in into account the uniqueness of each of the concerned high-mountain areas; agriculture; arboriculture; and human territories. Therefore, in this article, we have decided to settlement in the lowlands. In terms of anthropogenic pres- consider certain geographical areas separately, and ulti- sure, the differences recorded between highlands and low- mately discern possible asynchronism or synchronism lands suggest an imbalance in land use. Such practices were between vegetation evolution and anthropic dynamics.2 related to three main types of activities: wood exploitation Through land-use change, human activity could have and management, cultivation, and pastoralism. In lowland brought about synchronous or asynchronous changes in areas there seems to be some synchronism in vegetation dy- vegetation composition, depending on the particulari- namics during the late antique period, since most of the ter- ties and possibilities of exploitation of each territory. ritories of the western Mediterranean had been deforested by However, available pollen records from the western the Early Roman period. However, in mountainous regions, Mediterranean have been primarily focused on the pollen records document a clear asynchrony. Pleistocene-Holocene transition, or on the potential impact of Prehistoric communities, or rapid climate changes, on the environment during the Mid Holocene.3 Introduction In contrast, high-resolution and continuous pollen se- ries, which extend over the last two millennia, are Knowledge of the impact of climate change on social vi- limited. In this review, we used 70 fossil pollen records cissitudes, and associated human responses, can provide from the western Mediterranean (fig. 1). Our review an historical reference point for dealing with current and synthesis differ from earlier published reviews,4 as and future global climate change. The impact of climate we applied a uniform set of site-selection criteria, and change is the result of interactions among a variety of mostly used recent pollen data. The objectives of this factors in both natural and social systems, and at multi- paper will be to assess regional vegetation patterns by ple spatial and temporal scales.1 During recent decades, synthesising fossil pollen records, and to evaluate and the western Mediterranean region has aroused great in- understand vegetation response to climate change and/ terest in the study of Late Quaternary landscapes, as this or human impact. region is very sensitive to climate change. It has also wit- nessed strong human influence, through polyculture, in- tensive grazing and deliberate use of fire, for millennia. Fossil pollen data from lakes and peat bog deposits have been frequently used in vegetation and climate recon- structions, as they tend to reflect vegetation and climate 2 De Beaulieu et al. (2005); Giesecke et al. (2011); Luterbacher et al. changes at a regional scale. In this sense, reconstruction (2012). 3 Carrión et al. (2010); Carrión et al. (2012); Fletcher and Zielhofer of past vegetation has become important in order to (2013); Carrión et al. (2015). understand environmental and land use changes. This 4 Hernández-Beloqui (2011); Hernández-Beloqui et al. (2015). The synthetic nature of this review means that only the most useful and relevant pollen data will be shown and discussed, so some 1 Gil-Romera et al. (2010); Dearing et al. (2015). collected types will be omitted. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi:10.1163/22134522-12340054 Adam Izdebski and Michael Mulryan (eds) Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity (Late Antique Archaeology 11 – 2018) (Leiden 2018), pp. 93–114 LAAJ_011_06-Lopez-Saez et al.indd 93 8 Aug 2018 17:00:19 94 López-Sáez et al. figure 1 Pollen records mentioned in the text: 1, Cruz do Bocelo; 2, Pena da Cadela; 3, Borralleiras da Cal Grande; 4, Penido Vello; 5, Braña Rubia; 6, Alto de la Espina; 7, Monte Areo; 8, Sotombo; 9, Culazón; 10, Zalama; 11, Fuente del Vaquero; 12, Randulanda; 13, Arreo; 14, Almenara de Adaja; 15, Villafáfila; 16, Lanzahíta; 17, Serranillos; 18, Pozo de la Nieve; 19, Redondo; 20, Tiemblo; 21, Ojos Albos; 22, Peña Negra; 23, Fuente de la Leche; 24, Fuente del Pino Blanco; 25, Labradillos; 26, Charco da Candieira; 27, El Payo; 28, Maíllo; 29, La Meseguera; 30, Rascafría; 31, Peñalara; 32, Somolinos; 33, Tablas de Daimiel; 34, Patateros; 35, Siles; 36, Ojos de Villaverde; 37, Gádor; 38, Cañada de la Cruz; 39, Borreguil de la Caldera; 40, Zóñar; 41, Castelló; 42, Sobrestany; 43, Portlligat; 44, Montcortès; 45, Pla de Soulcem; 46, Pla de Labinas; 47, Estanya; 48, Prats de Vila; 49; Estanilles; 50, Redon; 51, Basa de la Mora; 52, Pélissié; 53, Col d’Ech; 54, Pla de l’Orri; 55, Pradell; 56, Gabarn; 57, Quinto Real; 58, Sourzay; 59, Artxilondo; 60, Orri de Théo; 61, Palavas; 62, La Calade; 63, Fifi; 64, Aanasser; 65, Maison Forestière; 66, Dayet M’Had; 67, Sidi Ali; 68, Tifounassine; 69, Taguelmam n’Harcha; 70, Tigalmamine. Methodological Considerations without a documented depositional hiatus. A total of 70 lake and peat sites are included as they fulfill these cri- The geographical area considered in this review cov- teria. There are no satisfactory records for south-western ers the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), south- Iberia and south-western France, and for the northern western and south-eastern France, and north-western and southern Iberian plateaus there are only a few re- Africa (Morocco). Abundant pollen records of various cords. Therefore, we have included two sequences with time spans and data quality are available for this area, a lower resolution when we discuss the general vegeta- however, many records tend to have low temporal reso- tion and climate history. Pollen data were obtained from lution and can be discontinuous. In this study, we se- the original authors or digitised from pollen diagrams in lected pollen sites based on three criteria: (i) a reliable published material. chronology with a minimum of three dating control Radiocarbon dating was the geochronological tech- points over the last 2,300 years; (ii) high sampling reso- nique used for all pollen records in this synthesis. All lution with a minimum of 50 years per sample; and (iii) dates for the reviewed sequences have been calibrated a continuous record covering most of the Late Holocene or recalibrated to calendar years BC (before Christ) LAAJ_011_06-Lopez-Saez et al.indd 94 8 Aug 2018 17:00:19 A Late Antique Vegetation History of the Western Mediterranean in Context 95 or AD (anno Domini), using the latest IntCal13 calibra- de la Espina-La Molina (650 masl)7 peat bogs, show the tion dataset.5 An age-depth model was produced for permanence of dense deciduous forests (Quercus robur each site using Clam 2.2 software. The best fit was ob- type, Corylus, Betula, Alnus) and heathlands (Erica) dur- tained by applying a smoothing spline to the available ing the Late Iron Age (fig. 2–top). At higher altitudes, the radiocarbon dates. The confidence intervals of the cali- Sotombo pollen record (1290 masl)8 shows a similar situ- brations and the age-depth models were calculated at ation, namely dominant mixed forests of hazel, oak and 95% (2σ), with 1,000 iterations. Pollen percentages were beech, heaths and grasslands, below a belt likely consist- calculated from the count data, and were based on the ing of high-mountain pine forests (Pinus sylvestris type). sum of all terrestrial pollen excluding aquatic taxa, Coprophilous fungi and Cerealia are attested at this time spores and non-pollen palynomorphs. in Sotombo, suggesting transterminant-grazing activi- For discursive convenience, we organised the sites ties (fig. 2–bottom). into seven geographical areas, as described below. We During the Early Roman period (ca. 20 BC–AD 240), present and discuss 13 summary pollen diagrams, that deciduous Quercus and Corylus are still the most abun- are representative of the vegetation changes in these re- dant trees in the lowlands, although cultivated ones such gions of different vegetation types.
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