Blood Detection by Chemical Methods
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Preparation Andspectral Studies of Cr(III), Fe(II) Chelates of Schiff Bases Derived from Benzidine and 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 13, Issue 3 Ser. II (March. 2020), PP 29-35 www.iosrjournals.org Preparation andSpectral Studies of Cr(III), Fe(II) Chelates of Schiff bases Derived from Benzidine and 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde Younis. O.Ben Amer*, Rehab. N. El-daghare, Halima F. Salem, Ahmed N. Hammouda,Rashd. M. El-Ferjani &Fatin M. Elmagbari Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya Corresponding author: Younis. O.Ben Amer Abstract In this paper, we report the synthesis andcharacterisation of Bis(2-nitroBenzylidene)benzidine Schiff base was prepared by the reaction of benzidine and2-nitrobenzaldehyde 1:2 reaction. This ligand was used to form two chelates with Cr3+ and Fe2+ ions. The prepared compounds were analysed using elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy. The obtained results confirmed the formation of proposed compounds,including the free ligand and the two chelates and were found in a good agreement with theoretical values. Keywords: Schiff base; complexes; spectroscopy; 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 09-03-2020 Date of Acceptance: 23-03-2020 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. Introduction Many variously shaped polydentate chelating ligands have been prepared in the past and successfully -
Photography of Bloodstains Visualized by Luminol
J Forensic Sci, Oct. 1973, Vol. 18, No. 4 R. A. Zweidinger, ~ Ph.D., L. T. Lytle, 2 M.S., and C, G. Pitt, ~ Ph.D. Photography of Bloodstains Visualized by Luminol The chemical tests for blood currently in use depend upon the detection of hemoglobin or one of its derivatives [1]. Hemoglobin has several properties which make it suitable for this purpose. The most important, due to its sensitivity, is the peroxidase activity of hemo- globin heme which forms the basis of the benzidine, leuco-malachite green, phenol- phthalein, and luminol tests for blood. The luminol test, which is based on the visual observation of chemiluminescence, is particularly useful forensically because of its sensi- tivity; as a spray reagent, it also permits the detection and observation of the shape and fine structure of the bloodstains which would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye [2-51. While it is obviously desirable to be able to obtain a permanent record of luminol visualized bloodstains for court evidence, photography has previously been of little value because of the low intensity and short duration of the luminescence. However, recent advances in high speed film have justified a reappraisal, and here we describe experimental conditions which have been successfully employed to obtain a photographic record. Modifications of the Luminol Test Prior to photographic studies it was necessary to determine the optimum experimental conditions of the luminol test, in terms of intensity and duration of light emission. The standard luminol spray reagent [1] was taken as a point of reference for evaluating other formulations. -
Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized Cells
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized cells. It also caused many other types of genetic damage in various to Benzidine test systems, including yeast, cultured human and other mamma- lian cells, and rodents exposed in vivo. The damage included mitotic Introduction gene conversion (in yeast), micronucleus formation, DNA strand breaks, unscheduled DNA synthesis, cell transformation, chromo- Benzidine was first listed in theFirst Annual Report on Carcinogens somal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and aneuploidy (IARC (1980), and dyes metabolized to benzidine were first listed as a class 1987). Workers exposed to benzidine and or benzidine-based dyes in the Ninth Report on Carcinogens (2000). The profiles for benzidine had higher levels of chromosomal aberrations in their white bloods and dyes metabolized to benzidine, which are listed (separately) as cells than did unexposed workers (Choudhary 1996). known to be human carcinogens, follow this introduction. Properties Benzidine Benzidine is a biphenyl amine that exists at room temperature as a white to slightly reddish crystalline powder (ATSDR 2001). It is CAS No. 92-87-5 slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, and read- ily soluble in less-polar solvents, such as diethyl ether and ethanol. Known to be a human carcinogen It darkens on exposure to air and light (Akron 2009). Physical and First listed in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens (1980) chemical properties of benzidine are listed in the following table. Also known as 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl Property Information Molecular weight 184.2a Specific gravity 1.250 at 20°C/4°Ca H2N NH2 Melting point 120°Ca Boiling point 401°Ca Log K 1.34a Carcinogenicity ow Water solubility 0.322 g/L at 25°Ca Benzidine is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient ev- Vapor pressure 8.98 × 10–7 mm Hg at 25°Cb idence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. -
Benzidine-Based Chemical Substances
Environmental Protection Agency § 721.1660 (b), (c), and (k) are applicable to manu- the significant new uses described in facturers, importers, and processors of paragraph (a)(2) of this section. this substance. (2) The significant new uses are any (2) Limitations or revocation of certain use other than as a reagent to test for notification requirements. The provisions hydrogen peroxide in milk; a reagent of § 721.185 apply to this section. to test for hydrogen sulfate, hydrogen [65 FR 367, Jan. 5, 2000] cyanide, and nicotine; a stain in mi- croscopy; a reagent for detecting blood; § 721.1660 Benzidine-based chemical an analytical standard; and also for substances. Colour Index (C.I.) Direct Red 28 (a) Chemical substances and significant (Congo Red, CAS No. 573-58-0) as an in- new uses subject to reporting. (1) The dicator dye. benzidine-based chemical substances (b) List of substances. The following listed in table 1 of this section are sub- table 1 lists the benzidine-based chem- ject to reporting under this section for ical substances covered by this section. TABLE 1—BENZIDINE-BASED CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES CAS number C.I. name C.I. number Chemical Name 92–87–5 Benzidine 0N/A [1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine 531–85–1 Benzidine · 2HCL N/A [1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine, dihydrochloride 573–58–0 C.I. Direct Red 28 22120 1- Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 3,3′-[[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diylbis(azo)]bis[4- amino-, disodium salt 1937–37–7 C.I. Direct Black 38 30235 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 4-amino-3-[[4′-[(2, 4- diaminophenyl)azo][1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-5-hydroxy-6-(phenylazo)-, disodium salt 2302–97–8 C.I. -
Chemiluminescence: Determining the Efficiency of Light Production by Luminol
CALIFORNIA STATE SCIENCE FAIR 2004 PROJECT SUMMARY Name(s) Project Number Andre Maranhao S1514 Project Title Chemiluminescence: Determining the Efficiency of Light Production by Luminol Abstract Objectives/Goals In my experiment, I will determine efficiency of light production by luminol in an aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor and iron as a catalyst in the form of potassium ferricyanide. Methods/Materials METHOD: I produced luminol in my high school lab. Then I divided the luminol into 2 equal amounts for two separate reactions. The first reaction took place in a calorimeter and measured the total energy evolved. The second reaction took place in a glass beaker in a totally dark room and measured the illuminescence of the reaction. Once illuminescence was converted to light energy, the light energy was divided by the total energy evolved by luminol resulting in the efficiency of light production. MATERIALS: 3-nitrophthalic anhydride Hydrazine sulfate Hydrated sodium acetate Glycerol Boiling chip Thermometer NaOH (10% solution) Sodium hydrosulfate Glacial acetic acid Potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] Hydrogen peroxide (3%) (commonly obtained) HCl Laptop Vernier Lab Equipment (Lab Pro, digital thermometer, light meter) Results According to my results approximately .0180% of the energy generated by luminol will escape the system as light. There may be more light created, but it will only heat the solution of the system or be absorbed or transformed into heat somehow. Conclusions/Discussion I feel that I learned a lot from this experiment not only about chemiluminescence and light conversion, but also about how to do a better experiment. -
Nomination Background: Ethyl Cyanoacrylate (CASRN: 7085-85-0)
i' ETHYL CYANOACRYLATE CAS Number: 7085-85-0 NTP Nomination History and Review NCI summary of·oata for Chemical Selection Ethyl cyanoacrylate 7085-85-0 NTP NOMINATION HISTORY AND REVIEW A. Nomination History 1. Source: National Cancer Institute 2. Reco~endation: -Carcinogenicity (Inhalation) -Neurotoxicity -Reproductive and developmental effects 3. Rationale/Remarks: -Widespread use as a consumer instant adhesive -Lack of toxicity data -Potential biological activity 4. Priority: High 5. Date of Nomination: 5/91 B. Chemical Evaluation Committee Review 1. Date of Review: 2. Recommendations: 3. Priority: 4. NTP Chemical Selection Principles: 5. Rationale/Remarks: c. Board of Scientific Counselors Review 1. Date of Review: 2. Recommendations: 3. Priority: 4. Rationale/Remarks: D. Executive Committee Review 1. Date of Review: 2. Decision: . \ ,. 7085-85-0 Ethyl cyanoacrylate SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION CAS Registry Number: 7085-85-0 Chern. Abstr. Name: 2-Cyano-2-propenoic acid, ethyl ester Synonyms & Trade Names: 910EM; ACE-EE; ACE-E SO; acrylic acid, 2-cyano-, ethyl ester; adhesive 502; Aron Alpha D; Black Max; CA 3; CA 3 (adhesive); CA 8-3A; CN 2; CN 4; Cemedine 3000RP; Cemedine 3000RP Type-II; Cemedine 3000RS; Cemedine 3000RS Type-11; Cyanobond W 100; Cyanobond W 300; Cyanolite 20 1; Cyan on 5MSP; DA 737S; ethyl Q-cyanoacrylate; ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate; Krazy Glue; N 135; Permabond 105; Permabond 200; Permabond 268; Pro Grip 4000; PTR-E 3; PTR-E 40; Super 3-1000; Superbonder 420; Super Glue; TK. 200; TK 201 Structure. Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight Mol. wt.: 125.13 Chemical and Physical Properties [From Coover eta/. -
Cool Light Chemiluminescence SCIENTIFIC
Cool Light Chemiluminescence SCIENTIFIC Introduction Chemiluminescence demonstrations are popular with students and teachers alike. When light is produced without heat, that’s cool! Concepts • Chemiluminescence • Oxidation–reduction • Catalyst Materials Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, 3%, 15 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 1-L, 2 Luminol, 0.1 g Erlenmeyer flask, 2-L Potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6, 0.7 g Funnel, large Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 5%, 50 mL Graduated cylinder, 50-mL Water, distilled or deionized, 2000 mL Ring stand and ring Safety Precautions Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizer and skin and eye irritant. Sodium hydroxide solution is corrosive, and especially dangerous to eyes; skin burns are possible. Much heat is released when sodium hydroxide is added to water. If heated to decomposition or in contact with concen- trated acids, potassium ferricyanide may generate poisonous hydrogen cyanide. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron. Please review current Material Safety Data Sheets for additional safety, handling, and disposal informa- tion. Preparation 1. Prepare Solution A by adding 0.1 g of luminol and 50 mL of 5% sodium hydroxide solution to approximately 800 mL of distilled or deionized (DI) Large funnel water. Stir to dissolve the luminol. Once dissolved, dilute this solution to a final volume of 1000 mL with DI water. 2. Prepare Solution B by adding 0.7 g of potassium ferricyanide and 15 mL of 2-L 3% hydrogen peroxide to approximately 800 mL of DI water. Stir to dis- Ring Erlenmeyer solve the potassium ferricyanide. Once dissolved, dilute this solution to a stand flask final volume of 1000 mL with DI water. -
Luminol, a Chemiluminescent Substance
Luminol, a Chemiluminescent Substance Some of the most impressive and aesthetically pleasing chemical reactions known are those that result in the phenomenon of chemiluminescence. While exothermic reactions usually release energy in the form of heat, some produce little or no heat and release their energy by the emission of light. These “glowing” reactions are generally oxidations, and a good example is the oxidation of 5-aminophthalhydrazide, or luminol, which produces a brilliant blue-green light. In neutral solution, luminol is zwitterionic: + — NH3 O N NH O When dissolved in a basic solution, luminol becomes dianionic: — NH2 O N N O— The dianion can be oxidized to form a peroxide of unknown structure. This peroxide decomposes, releasing nitrogen gas and producing the 3-aminophthalate ion, which exists in an excited state. As this molecule relaxes to the lower energy (ground) state, a photon of visible light is emitted resulting in the observed chemiluminescence. NH2 NH2 COO— COO— + hν COO— COO— Excited state Ground state Bring this procedure with you to the last lab period In a 150 mL beaker labeled A, dissolve 0.1 g of luminol in 5 mL of 3 M sodium hydroxide solution and 45 mL of water. In a 250 mL beaker labeled B, combine 10 mL of 3% aqueous potassium ferricyanide with 10 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 80 mL of water. Now, in a dark area of the laboratory, pour the solution in beaker A and the solution in beaker B simultaneously into a funnel resting in the neck of a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. -
Maine Remedial Action Guidelines (Rags) for Contaminated Sites
Maine Department of Environmental Protection Remedial Action Guidelines for Contaminated Sites (RAGs) Effective Date: May 1, 2021 Approved by: ___________________________ Date: April 27, 2021 David Burns, Director Bureau of Remediation & Waste Management Executive Summary MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 17 State House Station | Augusta, Maine 04333-0017 www.maine.gov/dep Maine Department of Environmental Protection Remedial Action Guidelines for Contaminated Sites Contents 1 Disclaimer ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction and Purpose ............................................................................................... 1 2.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Consistency with Superfund Risk Assessment .............................................................................. 1 2.3 When to Use RAGs and When to Develop a Site-Specific Risk Assessment ................................. 1 3 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Applicable Programs & DEP Approval Process ............................................................................. 2 3.1.1 Uncontrolled Hazardous Substance Sites ............................................................................. 2 3.1.2 Voluntary Response Action Program -
Luminol Vs. Bluestar : a Comparison Study of Latent Blood Reagents
Luminol vs. BlueStar®: A Comparison Study of Latent Blood Reagents Samantha K. Webb Criminalist Saint Louis Metropolitan Police Department Abstract The luminol test is a presumptive test for blood that many crime labs employ in crime scene investigation. A new product, the BlueStar® Latent Blood Reagent, was tested and compared to luminol in a series of three different studies. The first study was performed to see how age and temperature variance would affect results for various substrates. The second study was done to better understand how bleach cleanup of stains would be visualized with both luminol and BlueStar® on various substrates. The third and final study involved the addition of glycine to both reagents to try to reduce the effects of bleach interference. BlueStar® Background Similar to luminol, BlueStar® utilizes hemoglobin’s peroxidase-like activity. The manufacturer, Roc Imports, claims that BlueStar® is extremely sensitive and that it is long lasting. Also, it can be applied numerous times and still receive DNA typing results. Roc Imports also claims that BlueStar® is the most sensitive presumptive blood test on the market. Luminol and BlueStar® General Application Procedures Luminol (Kits purchased through Doje’s Incorporated) Reagent Preparation: 1. Add 8oz. distilled water to a mixing container. 2. Add one vial of Sodium Perborate to the water. 3. Cover the mixing container and shake for about 15 seconds. 4. Add one vial of Luminol and Sodium Carbonate. 5. Cover the mixing container and shake. 6. Allow the undissolved particles to settle to the bottom. 7. Pour solution into the sprayer. 8. Always mix chemicals just prior to use and do not use after 8 hours. -
The Hazard of Benzidine to Criminal Justice Personnel
NBS Ref Publi cations The Hazard of ubiication Benzidine to 0-21 "in„l 2i;rcati of Standards Criminal Justice A111Q3 mi717 Personnel nmr 19087G QC\0O 051 Law Enforcement Equipment Technology U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards h80-21 7 JUN 1 4 1977 BS Special The Hazard of tiJf : publication Benzidine to loa "^^^ 21 Criminal Justice a, Personnel '^^^ by Harold Steinberg Center for Consumer Product Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 prepared by Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory Center for Consumer Product Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Law Enforcement Assistance Administration U.S. Department of Justice Washington, D. C. 20531 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Issued May 1 977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Steinberg, Harold, 1934- The hazard of benzidine to criminal justice personnel. (Law enforcement equipment technology) (NBS special publica- tion ; 480-21) Supt. of Docs. no. : €13.10:480-21. 1. Benzidine. 2. Criminal justice personnel— Diseases and hygiene. 3. Carcinogenesis. 4. Forensic hematology. L Law Enforce- ment Standards Laboratory. IL National Institute of Law Enforce- ment and Criminal Justice. IIL Title. IV. Series. V. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-21. QC100.U57 no. 480-21 602Ms [364.12'5] 77-608086 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 480-21 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-21, 16 pages CODEN:XNBSAV U.S. -
Luminol in the Forensic Science
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Periódicos UFT (Universidade Federal do Tocantins) 172 Vol. 3, N. 4: pp. 172-177, November 2012 Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2179-4804 and Biodiversity Luminol in the forensic science Luminol na ciência forense Rafaela Rogiski da Silva1, Bruna Carla Agustini2, André Luís Lopes da Silva3, Henrique Ravanhol Frigeri3* 1Graduate Degree in Chemistry; Polytechnic School; Pontifical Catholic University of Parana; 80215-901; Curitiba - PR - Brazil, 2Laboratory of Enzymology and Fermentation Technology; 80210-170; Curitiba - PR - Brazil, 3Health and Biosciences School; Pontifical Catholic University of Parana; 80215-901; Curitiba - PR - Brazil. ABSTRACT In a crime scene, the collection of evidence and a subsequent laboratory analysis compose the fundamental steps to allow the expert to reveal the truth for the final verdict in a jury and to bring back the comfort to the victim’s family. Bloodstains are usually found and sent to laboratories as a vestige to unravel the origin of the material. However, some scenes are modified in order to conceal the real culprit for the criminal act. For these cases, the luminol reagent can be useful. This test is very often used to visualize occult blood. Luminol is considered the most sensitive test once it can identify the blood presence in scale of nanograms. When this reagent comes into contact with blood, the light emission occurs through a phenomenon known as chemiluminescence. This luminescence can be produced by other interfering compounds, leading to a misinterpretation for the presence of blood. Despite this shortcoming, the present review article highlights the indispensability of the reagent luminol on a crime scene.