Sesquiterpenlactone: Neuronale Netze Als QSAR-Modell Sowie Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen Am Beispiel Von

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Sesquiterpenlactone: Neuronale Netze Als QSAR-Modell Sowie Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen Am Beispiel Von Sesquiterpenlactone: Neuronale Netze als QSAR-Modell sowie pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen am Beispiel von Arnica montana Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Steffen Wagner aus Schweina Mai 2006 Dekan: Prof. Dr. A. Bechthold Leiterin der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. I. Merfort Referentin: Prof. Dr. I. Merfort Koreferent: Prof. Dr. R. Schubert Dritter Prüfer: Prof. Dr. M. Jung Tag der Verkündigung des Prüfungsergebnisses: 06. Juli 2006 Teile dieser Arbeit wurden in folgenden Publikationen, Kurzvorträgen und Posterpräsentionen veröffentlicht: Publikationen Wagner, S., Kratz, F. und Merfort, I. (2004): In vitro behaviour of sesquiterpene lactones and sesquiterpene lactone containing plant preparations in human blood, plasma and human serum albumin solutions; Planta Medica 70 227-233 Wagner, S., Suter, A. und Merfort, I. (2004): Skin penetration studies of Arnica preparations and of their sesquiterpene lactones; Planta Medica 70 897-903 Wagner, S., Hofmann, A., Siedle, B., Terfloth, L., Merfort, I. und Gasteiger, J. (2006): Development of a structural model for NF-kappaB inhibition of sesquiterpene lactones using self-organizing neural networks; Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 2241-2252 Wagner, S., Merfort, I. (2006): Skin penetration behaviour of sesquiterpene lactones from different Arnica preparations using a validated GC-MSD method; Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (eingereicht) Wagner,S., Reich,E., Merfort,I. (2006): HPTLC – a useful tool for the quality control of plant extracts of Hedera helix and Capsicum frutescens; (in Vorbereitung) Kurzvorträge Wagner, S., Merfort I. (August 2003): Possibilities of modern HPTLC for the analysis of herbals; als Beitrag im Workshop: International harmonization of TLC- procedures for Herbal Drugs, Herbal Drug Preparation and HMB: Trends and concepts; Annual Congress of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research, Kiel, Deutschland Wagner, S., Suter, A., Merfort, I. (August 2003): Skin penetration studies of Arnica preparations and of their sesquiterpene lactone; Annual Congress of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research, Kiel, Deutschland Wagner, S., Suter, A., Merfort, I. (März 2004): Skin penetration studies of Arnica preparations and of their sesquiterpene lactones; Doktorandentagung der DPhG, Freudenstadt-Lauterbach, Deutschland Merfort, I., Martin, S., Lass, C., Wagner, S., Schempp, C. (April 2005): The allergenic sesquiterpene lactones and the transcription factor NF-κB; 19th Meeting of the ERGECD, Flörsheim, Deutschland Wagner, S., Hofmann, A., Siedle, B., Merfort, I. und Gasteiger, J. (Mai 2005): Neural Networks for the prediction of the NF-κB inhibitory activity of sesquiterpene lactones; BioPerspectives 2005, Wiesbaden, Deutschland Wagner, S., Hofmann, A., Siedle, B., Merfort, I. und Gasteiger, J. (August 2005): Neural networks: Tools for the NF-κB inhibiting sesquiterpene lactones; Annual Congress of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research, Firenze, Italien Posterpräsentationen Wagner, S., Reich, E., Merfort, I. (November 2004): Use of modern HPTLC for the qualitiy control of plant extracts; Statusseminar Phytoextrakte – Produkte und Prozesse, Frankfurt, Deutschland Wagner, S., Hofmann, A., Siedle, B., Terfloth, L., Merfort, I. und Gasteiger, J. (Februar 2006): Development of a structural model for NF-kB inhibition of sesquiterpene lactones using self-organizing neural networks; 18. Irseer Naturstofftage der DECHEMA e.V., Irsee, Deutschland Für Constance und meine Eltern Wir sind Zwerge, die auf den Schultern von Riesen sitzen. Wir können mehr und weiter sehen, nicht, weil wir einen schärferen Blick oder eine stattlichere Gestalt, sondern weil deren Größe bewirkt, dass wir gehoben und getragen werden. Bernhard von Chartres (gest. um 1130) INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I. Einleitung ___________________________________________________ 1 I.1. Sesquiterpenlactone – eine besondere Gruppe von pflanzlichen Sekundärstoffen ________________________________________________________ 1 I.2. Sesquiterpenlactone - Leitstrukturen für antiphlogistische Arzneistoffe? ____________________________________________________________ 4 I.3. Arnica montana L. - Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen über eine traditionelle Arzneipflanze_______________________________________________ 6 I.4. Validierte analytische Methoden ______________________________ 8 II. Ergebnisse ___________________________________________________ 1 II.1. Einblicke in die Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen von SLs und ihrer Hemmaktivität gegenüber von NF-κB ____________________________________ 13 II.1.1. Der Datensatz_______________________________________________ 13 II.1.2. Überlagerungen von 3D-optimierten Strukturen der Sesquiterpenlactone _________________________________________ 16 II.1.3. Betrachtung intramolekularer Abstände mittels RDF-transformierter 3D-Strukturen ______________________________________________ 18 II.1.4. Künstliche Neuronale Netze__________________________________ 22 II.1.5. Betrachtung von Atomeigenschaften und Oberflächenpotentialen im Kohonen Netz ______________________________________________ 31 II.1.6. Die Suche nach dem besten Modell ____________________________ 35 II.1.7. Bewertung des besten Modells „χπ + HBP + χπ(L-RDF)“ __________ 41 II.2. Bindung von Sesquiterpenlactonen an Blutbestandteile_________ 47 II.2.1. Kurzer Überblick über den Aufbau des Blutes___________________ 47 II.2.2. Die Bindung von Parthenolid an HSA steigt bei längeren Inkubationszeiten und zunehmenden HSA-Konzentrationen______ 50 II.2.3. Die Sesquiterpenlactone SL1 bis SL4 und die Arnikatinkturen T1 bis T3 binden in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß an HSA _______________ 52 II INHALTSVERZEICHNIS II.2.4. Bindungsverhalten der Sesquiterpenlactone SL1 bis SL4 und der Arnikatinkturen T1 bis T3 gegenüber Plasma ___________________ 55 II.2.5. Bindungsverhalten der Sesquiterpenlactone SL1 bis SL4 und der Arnikatinkturen T1 bis T3 gegenüber Blut ______________________ 56 II.2.6. Bindungsverhalten von 11β-Glutathionyl-parthenolid (SL5) an HSA56 II.2.7. Betrachtung der Reaktionskinetik von Parthenolid gegenüber HSA 58 II.2.8. Effekt der Sesquiterpenlactone SL1, SL2 und SL4 auf die Thiol-Gruppen des HSA______________________________________ 62 II.2.9. Bestimmung des ungebundenen Anteils an Parthenolid nach Inkubation mit HSA mittels Ausschluß-HPLC___________________ 63 II.3. Penetrationsverhalten von Sesquiterpenlactonen aus Arnica montana L. 65 II.3.1. Überblick über den Aufbau der humanen Haut und Grundlagen der Penetration _________________________________________________ 65 II.3.2. Sesquiterpenlactone penetrieren in und permeieren durch die Hornhaut __________________________________________________ 68 II.3.3. Sesquiterpenlactone in Tinkturen penetrieren besser als isolierte SLs ___________________________________________________________ 71 II.3.4. Ein Thymol-Derivat zeigt nur eine geringe Enhancer-Wirkung ____ 72 II.3.5. Sesquiterpenlactone in Arnikazubereitungen zeigen eine ausreichende Penetration und Permeation ______________________ 73 II.3.6. Eine Erhöhung der SL-Konzentration führt zu einer im gleichen Maßen erhöhten Menge an penetrierten SL _____________________ 75 II.3.7. Längere Inkubationszeiten verschlechtern die Penetration von SLs in dem Gel-Präparat Z4_________________________________________ 77 II.3.8. Bei Verwendung der Salben-Zubereitung Z6 bleibt die Penetration der SLs über 4h konstant _____________________________________ 78 II.3.9. Untersuchung der Penetration nach wiederholter Applikation von SLs in dem Gel-Präparat Z4___________________________________ 80 II.4. Entwicklung und Validierung von quantitativen Analysenmethoden _____________________________________________________ 81 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS III II.4.1. GC-MS-Analytik zur Quantifizierung von Sesquiterpenlactonen aus Arnica montana L.___________________________________________ 81 II.4.2. HPTLC-Analytik zur Quantifizierung von 11β-Glutathionyl- parthenolid _________________________________________________ 88 II.4.3. HPTLC-Analytik zur Quantifizierung von Capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens L. ________________________________________________ 91 II.4.4. HPTLC-Analytik zur Quantifizierung von α-Hederin und Hederacosid C in Hedera helix L. _____________________________ 95 III. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse ____________________________ 103 III.1. Untersuchungen zu Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen von SLs und ihrer Hemmaktivität gegenüber NF-κB __________________________________ 103 III.2. Bindung von Sesquiterpenlactonen an Blutbestandteile________ 104 III.3. Penetrationsverhalten von Sesquiterpenlactonen aus Arnica montana L. 105 III.4. Entwicklung und Validierung von quantitativen Analysenmethoden ____________________________________________________ 106 IV. Diskussion ________________________________________________ 107 IV.1. Untersuchungen zu Struktur-Wirkungsbeziehungen von SLs und ihrer Hemmaktivität gegenüber von NF-κB ______________________________ 107 IV.1.1. Counterpropagation Neuronale Netze als QSAR-Modell ________ 107 IV.1.2. Strukturelle Informationen des Modells für die NF-κB Hemmaktivität __________________________________________________________ 109 IV.1.3. Verwendung des QSAR-Modells zur Aktivitätsvorhersage und zur Leitstruktursuche __________________________________________ 115 IV.2. Bindung von Sesquiterpenlactonen an Blutbestandteile________ 116 IV.2.1. Verhalten der SLs und Tinkturen gegenüber HSA und
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