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Unveiling the Health Related Biological Activities of Sarcocornia Quinqueflora, Atriplex Nummularia and Apium Prostratum

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Unveiling the Health Related Biological Activities of Sarcocornia Quinqueflora, Atriplex Nummularia and Apium Prostratum Unveiling the Health Related Biological Activities of Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Atriplex nummularia and Apium prostratum A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY By Phitchakorn Norchai School of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering April 2019 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname/Family Name : Norchai Given Name/s : Phitchakorn Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar : Master of Philosophy Faculty : Engineering School : Chemical Engineering Unveiling the Health Related Biological Activities of Thesis Title : Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Atriplex nummularia and Apium prostratum Abstract Australian native plants have a long history of being used for nutritional and medicinal purposes; however, the scientific foundation of such uses is not well established. In this thesis, three native Australian plants, namely samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and sea parsley (Apium prostratum), were investigated for their phenolic compositions, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory activities on four enzymes: α-glucosidase, α-amylase, pancreatic lipase and hyaluronidase, for the first time. These enzymes are closely related to disorders such diabetes, overweight, obesity and inflammation. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds in sea parsley were identified and quantified by a combination of high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HDMS) analyses. Phenolic compounds in the plants were extracted with methanol 80% (v/v) and purified with XAD-7 Amberlite® resin. The three plants contained relatively high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities as well as enzyme- inhibition activities that are comparable with other Australian native plants. Of the three plants, sea parsley had the highest total phenolic content, exhibited the largest ABTS and DPPH free-radical scavenging capacities, and was the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase. Samphire had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and was the most potent inhibitor of hyaluronidase while saltbush had the lowest phenolic content, displayed the lowest antioxidant capacity and was the least potent inhibitor of all the enzymes. Purification of the extracts resulted in a significant concentration of the phenolic compounds (1.43-2.67 times) with corresponding increases in the bioactivities. Seven phenolic compounds were identified in sea parsley, with the main ones being apiin (48.2%), apigenin (24.8%), caffeic acid (6%) and ferulic acid (2%), while the minor compounds were ρ-coumaric acid, luteolin and catechin which were present at trace levels (<1%). Significantly, catechin was identified for the first time in the Apium genus. The high levels of health- related bioactivities and the presence of several phenolic compounds known to have disease-preventing effects indicate that the consumption of these native Australian plants could bring significant health benefits to the consumer. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). …………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………… Signature Witness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE Date of completion of requirements for Award: ONLY i ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. ii COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted，I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed ……………………………………………....................... Date ……………………………………………........................... AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed …………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor Associate Professor, Jian Zhao, for providing me with the opportunity to conduct research in the Food Science and Technology group at the School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, and for his guidance, gigantic knowledge and patience. With the spirit of a ‘true supervisor’ he devoted a great deal of his time to help me. His valuable advice and enthusiastic supervision throughout the course of this study are much appreciated. To Dr. Izabela Konczak, I would like to send my thanks for her inspiration and support. Thank you very much to both of them for their supervision and invaluable advice. I am grateful to Mr. Camillo Taraborreli for his continued technical assistance and support in the laboratory throughout my Master's degree. Sincere thanks also to Mr. Lewis Alder from the Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility for providing expert advice on Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. My sincere gratitude goes to my parents for their continuing encouragement and beliefs in me. I also would like to especially thank my sister for her unconditional love and prayer throughout my study. I wish to express my profound appreciation and thanks to Dr. Chatchaporn Uraipong for her advice, ongoing encouragement, and beliefs in me. Finally, thanks also to all of my friends, especially Julia Ratna Wijaya. Their supportive and friendly manner has created a stress-free working environment. iv INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: The student contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the “primary author”, ie. the student was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication The student has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not. This thesis contains no publications, either published or submitted for ☒ publication Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has ☐ been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) ☐ incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I declare that: I have complied with the Thesis Examination Procedure Where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Name Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) Phitchakorn Norchai Postgraduate Coordinator’s Declaration I declare that: the information below
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