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Bilim Ve Yaratılışçılık Amerikan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisinin Görüßü

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Bilim Ve Yaratılışçılık Amerikan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisinin Görüßü Bilim ve Yaratılışçılık Amerikan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisinin Görüßü ULUSAL AKADEMİLER Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi • Ulusal Mühendislik Akademisi • Tıp Enstitüsü • Ulusal Araştırma Konseyi ULUSAL AKADEMİLER BASIMEVİ Washington,D.C. 1999 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 ii A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi özel,kar amac› gütmeyen,kendi kaynaklar›na dayanan ve kendi kendini sürdüren bilimsel bir kurulußtur.Bilim ve teknolojiyi gelißtirme ve toplumun yararlar›na sunmay› amaç edinmiß bilim ve mühendislik dallar›ndan seçkin araßt›rmac›lardan olußmaktad›r. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Science and Creationism:a view from the National Academy of Sciences p.cm Includes bibliographical references (p) ISBN 0-309-06406-6 (paperbound) 1. Evolution (Biology).2.Creationism.3.Cosmology.I.National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) QH366.2S425 1999 99-6259 576.8-dc21 Printed in the United States of America Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences.All rights reserved. Science and Creationism:A View from the National Academy of Sciences,Second Edition Türkiye’de bas›m ve yay›n haklar› National Academy of Sciences (US) taraf›ndan Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA)’ya verilmißtir. This is a translation of Science and Creationism:A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Steering Committee on Science and Creationism, National Academy of Sciences © 1999 National Academy of Sciences. First published in English by National Academy Press.All rights reserved. B‹L‹M VE YARATILIÞÇILIK YÜRÜTME KOM‹TES‹ iii Francisco J.Ayala (Baßkan) Donald Kennedy Donald Ben Professor of Biological Sciences Bing Professor of Environmental Sciences Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Stanford University Biology Stanford, California University of California Irvine,California Ralph J.Cicerone Joseph D. McInerney Chancellor Director Aldrich Professor of Earth System Science Biological Sciences Curriculum Study University of California Colorado Springs, Colorado Irvine, California M.T. Clegg John A. Moore Professor of Genetics Professor Emeritus of Biology College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Biology University of California University of California Riverside, California Riverside, California G. Brent Dalrymple Jeremiah P.Ostriker Dean Provost College of Oceanic and Athmospheric Sciences Princeton University Oregon State University Princeton, New Jersey Corvallis, Oregon Richard E.Dickerson George Rupp Molecular Biology Institute President University of California Columbia University Los Angeles, California New York, New York Stephen J. Gould * Eugenie Scott Professor of Geology Executive Director Agassiz Professor of Zoology National Center for Science Education Harvard University El Cerrito, California The Agassiz Museum Cambridge, Massachusetts Barbara Schulz Lakeside School Dudley R. Herschbach Seattle Washington Professor of Science Department of Chemistry Steven M. Stanley Harvard University Professor of Paleobiology Cambridge, Massachusetts Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland PERSONEL Donna M.Gerardi, Director, Office of Public Understanding of Science, National Academy of Sciences Paul Gilman, Executive Director,Commission on Life Sciences,National Research Council (through September 1998) Alvin Lazen, Associate Executive Director, Commission on Life Sciences,National Research Council (through September 1998) Kit Lee, Senior Project Assistant Steve Olson, Consultant Editor Erika C. Shugart, Research Associate, Office of Public Understanding of Science, National Academy of Sciences *Vefat etti 20 May›s 2002 Bu yay›nda yer alan görüßler, bulgular, sonuçlar ve öneriler yazarlar›n kendilerine aittir iv ve bu projeye maddi destek sa¤layan kurumlar›n görüßlerini yans›tmamaktad›r. THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON,DC www.nas.edu Bilim ve Yarat›l›ßç›l›k ile ilgili daha fazla bilgi için ziyaret ediniz www4.nas.edu/opus/evolve.nsf TEÞEKKÜRLER v A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi aßa¤›da ad› geçenlere katk›lar› için teßekkür eder: The Esther A.and Joseph Klingstein Fund,Inc. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Konseyi Ulusal Bilimler Akademi’sinin 1997 ve 1998 y›ll›k fonlar›. Bu fonlar Akademi üyeleri ve bilimle ilgilenen di¤er kißiler taraf›ndan ba¤›ßlanm›ßt›r. TÜBA TÜRKİYE BİLİMLER AKADEMİSİ ÇEV‹R‹ ED‹TÖRLER‹ vi Aykut Kence Þevket Ruacan Biyoloji Bölümü Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi ve Orta Do¤u Teknik Üniversitesi Onkoloji Enstitüsü Ankara Ankara Hacettepe Üniversitesi ÇEV‹RENLER Reßit Akçakaya Iß›k Bökesoy Applied Biomathematics T›bbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dal› Setauket,New York Ankara Üniversitesi T›p Fakültesi U.S.A. Ankara Engin Akkaya Aykut Kence Kimya Bölümü Biyoloji Bölümü Orta Do¤u Teknik Üniversitesi Orta Do¤u Teknik Üniversitesi Ankara Ankara Can Bilgin Ümit Say›n Biyoloji Bölümü Department of Neurology Orta Do¤u Teknik Üniversitesi University of Wisconsin Ankara Madison,Wisconsin U.S.A. Bilim ve Yaratılışçılık vii Amerikan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisinin Görüßü ‹çindekiler ix Türkçe Çeviriye Önsöz xi Önsöz 1 Giriß 3 Evrenin, Dünyan›n ve Yaßam›n Kökeni 9 Biyolojik Evrimi Destekleyen Kan›tlar 23 ‹nsan›n Evrimi 25 Sonuç 27 Ek: S›kl›kla Sorulan Sorular 31 Önerilen Kaynaklar 33 Ba¤›ms›z ‹nceleyiciler 34 A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Konseyi 36 Notlar BİLİM VE YARATILIŞÇILIK viii BİLİM VE YARATILIŞÇILIK Türkçe Çeviriye Önsöz ix a¤daß bilimin en temel yap›taßlar›ndan birisi olan evrim ayn› zamanda en fazla sald›r›ya u¤rayan kuram olmußtur. Canl› yaßam›n ortak bir geçmiße sahip oldu¤u Çve tüm canl›lar›n zaman içinde de¤ißime u¤rad›¤› görüßlerini ortaya süren evrim kavram› günümüzde say›s›z bilimsel gözlemle do¤rulanm›ß ve tüm sayg›n bilimsel çevrelerce benimsenmißtir. Ancak özellikle A.B.D.’nde baz› kilise çevrelerince baßlat›lan evrim karß›t› propaganda son y›llarda di¤er ülkelere de taß›nmaya çal›ß›lm›ß ve evrime karß› “Yarat›l›ßç›l›k” ad› verilen bir doktrin ortaya at›lm›ßt›r. Temelini ‹ncil’den alan “Yarat›l›ßç›l›k” bilimsel gözlemlere dayanmaks›z›n yeryüzünün ve canl› yaßam›n bugün varoldu¤u ßekilde yarat›ld›¤›n› ve hiçbir de¤ißim göstermedi¤ini savunmaktad›r. Yarat›l›ßç›lar›n kamuoyunu yan›ltmak için kulland›klar› en büyük propaganda ise evrim kuram›n›n art›k bilim taraf›ndan çürütüldü¤ü ve yanl›ßl›¤›n›n kan›tland›¤› yönündeki yay›nlar›d›r. Son y›llarda Türkiye’de de yo¤un bir biçimde evrim kuram›n› sorgulayan ve yarat›l›ßç›l›¤› savunan bir kampanyan›n baßlad›¤› görülmektedir. Bilim d›ß› çevreler taraf›ndan yürütülen ve H›ristiyan-Yarat›l›ßç› doktrinin çevirilerinden olußan bu kampanya, evrimin e¤itim programlar›ndan d›ßlanmas›, evrimi benimseyen bilim insanlar›na sald›r›lmas› ve evrim yanl›s› yay›nlar›n engellenmesi çabalar›yla kendisini göstermektedir. Oysa baßta A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi olmak üzere birçok sayg›n bilim kurulußu, Nobel kazanm›ß bilim insanlar›, hatta Papa II. John Paul evrimin yads›namaz bir biyolojik olgu oldu¤unu belirtmektedirler. Günümüzde ça¤daß bilimin en önemli kurulußlar›ndan A.B.D Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi taraf›ndan ilk bask›s› 1985’de, ikinci bask›s› ise 1999 y›l›nda yap›lan bu kitapç›k, evrimin bilim dünyas› taraf›ndan reddedilmiß bir kuram oldu¤unu iddia eden kesimlere verilmiß çok kesin bir yan›tt›r. Bu de¤erli kitap盤›n telif hakk›n›n al›nmas›nda bizlere yard›mc› olan A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Baßkan› Bruce Alberts’a, National Center for Science Education Baßkan› Eugenie Scott’a, çeviri çal›ßmalar› d›ß›nda yorulmaz çabalar›yla da bu yay›n›n gerçekleßmesinde rol oynayan Say›n Ümit Say›n ve Aykut Kence’ye, büyük bir özveriyle çevirileri titizlikle yapan sayg›de¤er bilim insanlar›na teßekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz. Çeviri hakk› A.B.D. Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi taraf›ndan Türkiye Bilimler Akademisine karß›l›ks›z olarak verilen bu yap›t› Türk kamuoyuna sunmaktan mutluluk duyuyoruz. Prof.Dr.Þevket Ruacan Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Asli Üyesi BİLİM VE YARATILIŞÇILIK x BİLİM VE YARATILIŞÇILIK Önsöz xi u kitap盤›n 1984’te yay›nlanan ilk bask›s›nda benden önceki Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi baßkan› Frank Press ön ve arka kapaktaki resimlerin benzerlerine dikkat Bçekmißti. Bu kitab›n ön kapa¤›ndaki resim yeryüzünün uzaydan görünüßüdür. Andrew kas›rgas›n› bütün ayr›nt›lar› ile gösteren bu foto¤raf, GEOS 7 uydusu 1992 y›l›nda dünyan›n üzerinden geçerken çekilmißtir. Arka kapaktaki resim ise 7. yüzy›lda Sevil’li ‹sidor taraf›ndan çizilmiß bir dünya haritas›d›r. Press’in de vurgulad›¤› gibi her iki resim de insan›n do¤al dünyay› anlama çabas›n›n sonucudur. Ayn› yaz›da Press ßu ßekilde devam ediyor: “O zaman nas›l bu iki resim bu kadar farkl› olabiliyor? Yan›t, bilim dedi¤imiz çal›ßma sisteminin özündedir.”yönündeki yay›nlar›d›r. Bu sözcükler yaz›ld›ktan sonra, yeryüzünün haritaland›rma çal›ßmalar› bilimin ve bilime ba¤l› teknolojilerin nas›l ilerledi¤inin yeni örneklerini olußturmußtur. 1990’lar›n baßlar›ndan itibaren uydulardan olußan bir a¤, elde taß›nabilen bir al›c› ile dünya üzerindeki konumumuzun bir metrelik bir hata pay› ile belirlenebilmesine olanak tan›m›ßt›r. Global Konumlama Sistemi (GPS)* denilen bu sistem bugün art›k denizde kaybolan gemileri bulmakta, tabaka tektoni¤inin çal›ß›lmas›nda kullan›lmakta, kalabal›k ßehir caddelerinde aç›k yollar› bulmakta ve yerin yüzeyini incelemekte kullan›lmaktad›r. Ancak bu teknoloji gerçekte tümüyle bilimsel bir nedenle baßlat›lan bir projeden kaynaklanm›ßt›: ilk hedef, Einstein’›n görecelik kuram›n› s›namak için ola¤anüstü derecede hassas saatler yapmakt›. Bilimin do¤al olgular› aç›klamakta ve teknolojik yenilikleri do¤urmaktaki büyük baßar›s›, do¤rulanabilir verilerden elde edilen aç›klamalar üzerine odaklanm›ß olmas›ndan kaynaklanmaktad›r. Bilim adamlar› do¤al olaylar› baßka do¤al olaylara ba¤lay›p, aradaki neden-sonuç ilißkisini anlamaya çal›ß›rlar. Böylece mevsimlerin de¤ißimi, güneßin ve y›ld›zlar›n hareketi, maddenin yap›s›, da¤lar›n ve vadilerin olußumu, k›talar›n zaman içindeki konum de¤ißiklikleri, yeryüzündeki yaßam›n tarihi ve baßka pek çok do¤al olgu için aç›klamalar gelißtirilmißtir.
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