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Chinese Marine Materia Medica Resources: Status and Potential

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Chinese Marine Materia Medica Resources: Status and Potential marine drugs Article Chinese Marine Materia Medica Resources: Status and Potential Xiu-Mei Fu 1,2,†, Meng-Qi Zhang 1,3,†, Chang-Lun Shao 1,3,*, Guo-Qiang Li 1,3, Hong Bai 1,3, Gui-Lin Dai 2, Qian-Wen Chen 2, Wei Kong 2, Xian-Jun Fu 4 and Chang-Yun Wang 1,3,* 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; [email protected] (X.-M.F.); [email protected] (M.-Q.Z.); [email protected] (G.-Q.L.); [email protected] (H.B.) 2 College of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] (G.-L.D.); [email protected] (Q.-W.C.); [email protected] (W.K.) 3 Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China 4 School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-L.S.); [email protected] (C.-Y.W.); Tel.: +86-532-8203-1381 (C.-L.S.); +86-532-8203-1536 (C.-Y.W.); Fax: +86-532-8203-1536 (C.-Y.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Keith B. Glaser Received: 18 August 2015; Accepted: 18 February 2016; Published: 3 March 2016 Abstract: Chinese marine materia medica (CMMM) is a vital part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Compared with terrestrial TCM, CMMM, derived from specific marine habitats, possesses peculiar chemical components with unique structures reflecting as potent pharmacological activities, distinct drug properties and functions. Nowadays, CMMM appears to be especially effective in treating such difficult diseases as cancers, diabetes, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, immunodeficiency diseases and senile dementia, and therefore has become an important medicinal resource for the research and development of new drugs. In recent years, such development has attracted wide attention in the field of medicine. In this study, the CMMM resources in China were systematically investigated and evaluated. It was found that the historic experiences of Chinese people using CMMM have continuously accumulated over a period of more than 3600 years, and that the achievements of the research on modern CMMM are especially outstanding. By June 2015, 725 kinds of CMMMs from Chinese coastal sea areas have been identified and recorded, covering 1552 organisms and minerals. More than 3100 traditional prescriptions containing CMMMs have been imparted and inherited. However, the number of CMMMs is less than the 8188 terrestrial TCMs, from more than 12,100 medicinal terrestrial plants, animals and minerals. In the future, the research and development of CMMM should focus on the channel entries (TCM drug properties), compatibility, effective ingredients, acting mechanisms, drug metabolism and quality standard. This study reveals the high potential of CMMM development. Keywords: Chinese marine materia medica; marine medicinal bioresources; investigation; evaluation; drug development 1. Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its unique theories of Chinese medication and medical practices, plays an essential role in the entire history of world medicine, and has made notable contributions to the health of Chinese nationals and people of the world for thousands of years. As an important part of TCM, Chinese marine materia medica (CMMM), based upon oceanic medical Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 46; doi:10.3390/md14030046 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 46 2 of 25 Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 46 2 of 27 years. As an important part of TCM, Chinese marine materia medica (CMMM), based upon oceanic medical materials, plays a vital role in preventing and treating diseases [1–4]. Marine materia medica materials,(MMM) derived plays a vitalfrom rolemarine in preventing environments and treating possessing diseases distinct [1–4 ].drug Marine propertiesmateria medicaand functions(MMM) derivedappears fromto be marine especially environments effective possessingwhen treating distinct difficult drug properties diseases, andsuch functions as cancers, appears diabetes, to be especiallycardio‐cerebrovascular effective when diseases, treating immunodeficiency difficult diseases, such diseases as cancers, and senile diabetes, dementia cardio-cerebrovascular [5,6]. Currently, it diseases,has become immunodeficiency an important medicinal diseases resource and senile for dementia the development [5,6]. Currently, of new it drugs has become used for an preventing important medicinaland treating resource difficult for diseases the development [7]. In recent of new years, drugs the usedresearch for preventingand development and treating for CMMM difficult is diseasesattracting [7 ].extensive In recent attention years, the in research the field and of developmentmedicine. It has for CMMMalso become is attracting a major extensive strategic attention demand infor the innovative field of medicine. drug development It has also become in China a major [8]. strategic As China demand boasts for rich innovative marine drugbioresources development and inunique China traditional [8]. As China Chinese boasts medicine rich marine theories, bioresources CMMM andmay unique become traditional a feature Chinese in research medicine and theories,development CMMM of marine may become drugs ain feature China. in For research this reason, and development research and of development marine drugs of in modern China. ForCMMM this reason,based on research the TCM and theories development are very of important modern CMMM and practically based on significant. the TCM theoriesIn this study, are very we importantconducted anda systemic practically investigation significant. and In evaluation this study, of we the conducted CMMM resources a systemic in China investigation to ascertain and evaluationthe status ofof the the CMMM CMMM resources resources in Chinain China to ascertain and provide the status resources of the CMMMand databases resources for in Chinafuture andresearch provide and resources development and databasesof CMMM. for future research and development of CMMM. 2.2. Results Results and and Discussion Discussion WithWith institutionalinstitutional reviewreview boardboard (IRB)(IRB) approvalapproval andand informedinformed consent,consent, CMMMCMMM categoriescategories werewere investigatedinvestigated mainlymainly inin thethe TCMTCM nationalnational markets of China, includingincluding Anguo TCM Market in Hebei, BozhouBozhou TCMTCM MarketMarket inin Anhui,Anhui, QingpingQingping TCM Market in Guangdong,Guangdong, and Yulin TCMTCM MarketMarket inin Guangxi.Guangxi. TheThe investigation investigation was was also also conducted conducted in coastal in coastal drug marketsdrug markets and marine and productmarine markets.product Diversemarkets. ways Diverse and ways methods and methods [9–11] were [9–11] applied were applied for the investigation,for the investigation, such as such studying as studying the drug the markets,drug markets, questionnaire questionnaire surveys, surveys, interviewing interviewing pharmacists, pharmacists, inspecting inspecting medicinal medicinal material factories,material literaturefactories, surveyliterature (more survey than (more 500 pieces than 500 of ancient pieces medicalof ancient literature medical and literature over 20,000 and over pieces 20,000 of modern pieces literature),of modern andliterature), network and information network information searching (10 searching databases). (10 databases). 2.1.2.1. Backtracking the ProgressProgress ofof CMMMCMMM ByBy literatureliterature retrieval retrieval and and study, study, we we found found that that the the history history of of using using marine marine organisms organisms as as drugs drugs in Chinain China could could be tracedbe traced back back to the to Shangthe Shang period, period, about about 3600 3600 years years ago. ago. Ancient Ancient coastal coastal residents residents first startedfirst started investigating investigating the edibility the edibility and medical and medical use of marineuse of organisms,marine organisms, marking marking a starting a point starting for thepoint clinical for the practice clinical of marine practice drugs. of marine By knowledge drugs. accumulationBy knowledge through accumulation long-term through practices, long Chinese‐term ancestorspractices, learnedChinese toancestors directly learned use some to marinedirectly organismsuse some marine and minerals organisms as drugs. and minerals These medicinal as drugs. experiencesThese medicinal gradually experiences accumulated gradually in the accumulated form of classical in writingsthe form during of classical the past writings Chinese during dynasties, the especiallypast Chinese in the dynasties, form of especially medical books in the (Figure form of1)[ medical12]. books (Figure 1) [12]. FigureFigure 1.1. Developmental trend trend of of Chinese Chinese marine marine materia materia medica medica (CMMM) (CMMM) in in different different dynasties dynasties of ofChina. China. Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 46 3 of 27 According to ShanHaiChing [13], marine organisms were recorded in Xia and Shang dynasties (approximately1600 B.C.), concerning eight kinds of CMMMs, such as Takifugu, Heterodontus, and Prognichthys et Cheilopogon et Exocoetus. By Qin and Han dynasties (about 1800 years ago), more knowledge of marine medicines was acquired. Especially, Shennong Bencaojing (Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica)[14]—an ancient book of Chinese herbology—mentioned 13 kinds
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