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ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN : 2349-8684
CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH & PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS) www.crrps.in
ROOTS
ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The Journal is assigned by National Science Library / NISCAIR, New Delhi and powered & published by Center for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu - India. The journal provides a valid space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and advancements in Multidisciplinary Subjects. It aims to foster the exchange of ideas on a range of important international subjects and to provide stimulus for research and the further developments and updating of international perspectives. The international perspective is further enhanced and enriched by the geographical spread of the aspiring contributors.
There are many practical reasons to publish the research articles. We don’t really understand what we have discovered until we write it up, when we submit an article for publication, we get back reviews and criticisms from colleagues and readers which undoubtedly can often be very helpful and sometime point our mistakes or shortcomings in the applied logic therein.
When we share the results of our efforts through publication, we become a part of the scientific community. We benefit from the exchange of ideas and learn about what others have already done. We can often establish valuable collaborations with people on the other side of the planet even without seeing them. If everybody kept their results and ideas secret, the progress of science would slow to a crawl. If we want to benefit from the work others have done before we, it’s only fair that we contribute our bit too. The process of research publication creates a mindset that is vital for research progress.
The scope of the Journal is to facilitate the researchers, scholars, resource persons and practitioners to come on a strong potential platform and to share their findings of the research with the rest of the world. So that intellectual decisions can be instilled to enrich societies as a whole with attitude of magnanimity and openness.
Dr. S. Balakrishnan Publisher and Managing Editor [email protected] www.crrps.in 09944212131
ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684, www.rootsjournal.com
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Publisher and Managing Editor
Dr. S. BALAKRISHNAN Founder Director Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services Tamil Nadu, India
Editor in Chief
Dr.J. SURESH Principal & Associate Professor of Physics The Madura College, Madurai – Tamil Nadu, India
Associate Editor
Dr. MANIMANGAI MANI Senior Lecturer, Department of English Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Editorial Board
Dr.S. THEENATHAYALAN Member of Syndicate, MKU, Madurai Associate Professor of Economics, The Madura College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr.G. VALLI Former Vice-Chancellor, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal & Associate Professor of Chemistry, SFR College, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr.S. PAUL MARY DEBORRAH Controller of Examination, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal & Associate Professor of Physics, The American College, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. MAMTA BRAHMBHATT Associate Professor of Commerce, B.K. School of Business Management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat– India
Dr.K. UTHAYASURIYAN Professor and Head, Department of International Business (School of Management) Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.J. HELEN RATNA MONICA Associate Professor of Chemistry, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.J. JOHN SEKAR Head & Associate Professor of English, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.J. BALASUBRAMANIAM Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Journalism and Science Communication Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr. PRADEEP D. WAGHMARE Assistant Professor of History, Ramanarain Ruia College, Mumbai– India
Dr.V. DARLING SELVI Assistant Professor of Commerce, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.B.J. GEETHA Assistant Professor of English, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.T. SUDHA Assistant Professor of Economics, Annamalai University, Chitambram, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.S. DIRAVIDAMANI Assistant Professor of English, Periyar University College of Arts & Science, Salem, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.K. KAVIARASU Assistant Professor of English, Bishop Heber College, Trichirappalli, Tamil Nadu – India
Dr.M. VASIMALAI RAJA Associate Professor, College of Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India
ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed & Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684 | www.rootsjournal.com | 0452-4395131
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ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684
Aim & Objectives Academic Excellence in research is CONTENTS continued promoting in research support for young Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating Page. all aspects of encounters across disciplines and S.No. Title research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by No. assembling research groups and consequently 1 Thematic Concern of Asif Currimbhoy’s 1 projects, supporting publications with this Selected Plays inclination and organizing programmes. M. M. Gopi & Dr. M. Sambaiah Internationalization of research work is the unit 2 System of Temporality and 6 seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research Social Verity through quality of publications. And visibility of Sushant Kumar Dubey research is creating sustainable platforms for 3 Eco-Criticism Facet Dealt by 13 research and publication, such as series of Books; Dilip Chitre in motivating dissemination of research results for ‘The Felling of Banyan Tree’ people and society Dr. T. Menaka & Dr. G. Karthiga 4 Myths in The Thousand Faces of Night 17 Disclaimer P. Melvina Evelin Rani Contributors are advised to be strict in 5 An Ecocritical Reading on 19 academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment Shiela Gujral’s ‘The Sting of Modernity’ of the original ideas borrowed from others. The and Pranob Kumar Majumder’s Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for ‘Water the Trees’ any such lapse of the contributor regarding M. Kanika Priya plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their 6 Application of Carnatic Mela Ragas 24 manuscripts. All submissions should be original and in South Indian Film Music must be accompanied by a declaration stating your R. Priyadarshini research paper as an original work and has not 7 Comic Books and the Blending of 30 been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Pictures and Text responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any S. Manoj on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. 8 Community and The Individual: A Note 35 on Rohinton Mistry’s Family Matters Communication P. Eshwara Murthy & Papers / Enquires should be mailed to Dr. B. Krishnaiah [email protected] 9 English Language for Occupational 39
Purpose Mrs. V. Usha
10 Student's Usage on E–Books - A Study 44 22 fhe;jpabfspd; Nfhl;ghLfs; 113 with Special Reference to KidtH ,uh. Kj;jkpo; Coimbatore City P. Duraisamy & M. Yamuna Devi 11 Matriarchal Zealotry: A Masculine 50 Re-Reading of Bharathi Baskar’s Works A. K. Selvaraja & Dr. V. David Arputha Raj 12 East-West Encounters in the Novels of 54 Kamala Markandeya and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Dr. N. Jayanthi 13 Influence of Self Esteem and 57 Emotional Intelligence on the Performance of Women Leaders of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Madurai District M. Nisanth & Dr. M. Kannan 14 Teaching English in India 70 M. Senjudar 15 The Importance of Teaching Grammar 74 for College Students from Rural Background K. Sharmila Jane 16 The Role of Dynamic and 77 Cultural Theories Portraying the Viability of International Strategic Alliances: Emphasis on Indo-French Alliance Antoinette Daniel, T. P. Saravanan & Jyotsana Singh 17 Customer Satisfaction towards Cellular 83 Service - With Special Reference to Airtel at Palani Town M. Yamuna Devi & P. Duraisamy 18 Static Visuals as Supporting Aids to 87 Listening Comprehension: A Case Study Dr. J. Anbazhagan Vijay 19 Self Help Groups and Empowerment of 93 Scheduled Caste Women in Tamil Nadu P. Mariammal 20 kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; tho;f;if 100 tuyhWk; mtupd; nghd;nkhopfSk; KidtH ,uh. Kj;jkpo; 21 mupf;fNkL Kjy; RNkupak; tiu 109 RLkz; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghLfs; kh. NrfH
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M. M. Gopi Assistant Professor of English Siddharth Institute of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous) Puttur, Andhra Pradesh
Dr. M. Sambaiah Assistant Professor and HOD, Department of HSS JNTUA College of Engineering Pulivendula, YSR Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract Postmodern literary writers have been exceedingly influenced by various movements and ideas taken from postmodern philosophy. It tends to conceptualize the world as being impossible to strictly define or comprehend. Many writers have contributed and show cased copious techniques of post modernism in Indian English Literature. Asif Currimbhoy contributes his best in the forms of his topnotch plays to the cosmos of Indian English Drama. He belongs to the first generation of Indian English dramatists after independence and has given the first authentic voice of Indian English theatre by his works. Albeit he has been approached through postcolonial, social and other thematic aspects by academic critics and research scholars yet more number of academicians can be of the same opinion that the approaches applied to his plays are based mostly on themes in his plays. Moreover, he has been profligately studied under the mark of conventional dramaturgy. Therefore, the justification by these approaches either defends him partially or often brings him to the stage of gloom by claiming that the playwright is more or less interested in producing just exhilarating events rather than the routine. The present paper of the researcher is an attempt to study his valuable association to the arena of Indian English drama. Keywords: approaches, aspects, drama, plays, Post modernism, social, thematic
Asif Currimbhoy has contributed a humanistic outlook. Moreover, he has vast variety of plays to the cosmos of been studied under the tag of Indian English drama. He belongs to the conventional dramaturgy. Therefore, the first generation of Indian English justification by these approaches either dramatists after independence and is defends him partially or often brings him therefore called ―the first authentic voice to the stage of obscurity by claiming that of Indian English theatre‖. Although he the playwright is more or less interested has been approached through in producing just thrilling events rather postcolonial, social and other thematic than ―in the thought-process which aspects by academic critics and research shaped them. The result is sheer scholars yet a number of academicians reportage…‖ as Naik writes in his book can agree that the approaches applied to History of Indian English Literature his plays are based mostly on themes in (1982:271). M. K. Naik further criticizes his plays and are justified from a in this way, ―unless Currimbhoy realizes
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that drama is something more than of farmers during the drought in simply plays of lights, plethora of sounds Maharastra. Most of the farmers and parade of violence, all his enviable migrated to towns and other states for industry and enthusiasm are unlikely to survival. It is a remarkable event in produce viable and worthwhile plays‖ Maharastra history. The sufferings of the (1982:273). Nevertheless, the dramatic people are endless. People‘s needs are not art and the plays of this versatile fulfilled though the government and other dramatist, deserve to be analyzed private organizations have provided through a more critical but liberal possible things. People are expecting a approach. kind of miracle to solve their problems. A few writers focus social events in Ram‘s family reminds the famine which their work. Every writer has his/her own happened sixteen years ago. Ram‘s perception to present societal events in daughter Savitri was born with vocal their collection. In Nineteenth century, defect during the drought. It brings a the approach was born to introduce social great disappointment to the entire family. correspondence in the name of Realism in It is an example of how the nature has literature. It has been popularized there shown effect on people‘s life. Malti is after in literature. Realism reflects carrying a baby but she has given a society so readers/audience can get as promise to her husband not to lose the much as awareness about different social child. The expression of Malti ―Don‘t events like law, tradition and culture, worry, my husband, don‘t worry. I won‘t custom, ethics and moral, life of people, lose this child. I‘ll never lose this child. issues etc. In connection to realism, And it will grow strong like you. I promise writers like dramatists, novelists, (1973:16).‖ The scene reminds how people essayists, poets have been presenting suffer mentally during the famine. realism in their collections. A few Ram‘s family is also to fight to solve playwrights have popularized social the problems when Laxman, nephew, realism in their works. Particularly, Asif enters Ram‘s house. He has grown up Currimbhoy has applied realism without father and mother. He stays at approach in Indian English Literature. Bombay. His arrival brings a sort of He began his journey as a dramatist in happy to Ram‘s family. Everyone receives Post-independence era. Most of his plays him warmly. He too interacts with reveal a quest for truth and strong everyone in the family the same. The compassion for humanity. The present interaction between Laxman and play‘ The Miracle Seed‘ represents a Grandfather reveals the old and young picture of drought and starvation during relationships in the society. It is observed 1972 in Maharastra. The drought affected that how the old always direct the young a lot on people‘s life in the society. generation in the name of guidelines or The play begins with Ram‘s family suggestions towards young for their worries about their life because of betterment. Asif Currimbhoy has monsoon failure in the consequent years. projected this realism through the The family sufferings reflect the position characters in the plays. Lakshman‘s
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arrival gives a new hope to all in the however he suggests Laxman not to family except Ram. Laxman presents his addict smoking. It reveals the gentleness mother‘s bracelet to Malti because his of Grandfather. The greatness focuses all mother says the same to Laxman. the old people in the society. The words of Further, he sees his mother in Malti. Grandfather ―You can‘t smoke away While receiving the bracelet, she gets something so expensive. Why, it‘s like tears from her eyes. The scene reveals the burning money. Have you even seen attachment of Mother and Son. Though anyone burn up money? (1973:17).‖ Ram Laxman is young, he has such kind of doesn‘t like Laxman‘s attitude that attitude in his mind. He has grown up interacts with everyone in the family. without father and mother however he is Laxman presents a gift everyone in the highly mature in nature and attitude. He family like bracelet for Malti and cheroot requires affection from the people. He for Grandfather. Laxman brings out proves himself as a gentle. Malti is hundreds of full grown oversized seeds impressed by his nature. She too treats that are made in the Green revolution. him her son. Asif Currimbhoy‘s narrative The Revolution refers to a significant technique presents reality in the family. improvement in agricultural production. The same appears everywhere in the It occurred as a result of the adoption of society. The affectionate expression the ―new agricultural strategy‖ in 1964- between Malti and Lakshman: 65. The new strategy forecast raising LAXMAN: (solemnly) It was my farm output through the use of High- mother‘s last dying wish that I give to Yielding Varieties (HYV) seeds, chemical you….(lets it sink in) fertilizers, pesticides, modern implements And every time you wear it, it remind and machinery, multiple cropping, me of my dear departed mother…..(looks irrigation facilities and agricultural from the corner of his eye to check the credible. The necessity for new effect ……his voice a little choked agricultural strategy arose out of the need now)…..whom you do resemble in so to increase agricultural production in the many different….so many little, touching face of stagnation of production and ways. (Sure enough, Malti has tears in rapidly increasing demand. This her eyes. She takes the hedge of her sari programme was an intensive effort for and begins to dab her eyes). immediate increase in agricultural MALTI: Poor boy. Oh poor boy. production in selected areas where, LAXMAN: (gravely, bending his head irrigation and assured rainfall, made low as though not wanting to show his conditions favourable. It also included the tears) It was a long time ago. One learns provision for the supply of inputs like …..in the harshness of the city……to credit, fertilisers, seeds, plant protection forget (1973:16) and minor irrigation. The seeds give an The old are wise in knowledge, astonishment of Ram however he doesn‘t character, attitude etc. It is proven by believe the words of Laxman. The words Grandfather‘s character in the play. of Laxman towards Ram are in the play: Laxman presents Cheroot to Grandfather
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Do you know what it is, Mamu, listen slowly. Don‘t hurry. We have all the to me and listen well. This is no time in the world. And don‘t panic. smoke……………it won‘t curl and I‘m not going to eat you up. Now try vanish……This is the seed that has it….Correct! Now say it without the created the Green revolution in Punjab. stone. No, don‘t get worried. It‘s easy. Have you ever heard of the green Try it. Slowly now….and revolution? It‘s fields of gold, for as far as again………faster the can reach. Quick growing, full and now……Wonderful! Wonderful! healthy, well fertilized……There is It…..is …… a stone (1973:22-23) nothing like this on earth… (1973:19) Then the play moves into the regretful Ram suspects Laxman words though situation. The seeds don‘t grow in the it is a fact. Ram dislikes the city people. land. The failure of the seeds increases Ram believes that city type blames other Ram‘s suspicion towards Laxman. It people through crookedness. Human creates an argument between Ram and perception is different from one other. It Laxman. The facts of failure are no is proven by Ram‘s attitude which reveals rainfall, lack of water storage however everywhere in society. Currimbhoy‘s Ram doesn‘t believe the words of Laxman. realism visualizes every moment of life It reflects Ram‘s narrow mindedness. In which reflects in the society. Laxman‘s the moment, Savitri brings the decayed interaction with Savitriseems to be a kind vegetables that are grown in the field. of affection. Savitri who affects with vocal The scene turns out the play in the form defects by birth. Her defect brings a great of hope towards future. The grown worry to Laxman so he closely approaches vegetables have given a hope for their with her. Moreover, he wants to clear the future. The same scene proves defect of Savitri. In that He gives vocal Lakshman‘s words and his nature. Ram therapy practice continuously. Finally, he realizes his mistakes by changing his gets success in it. Savitri gets perfection attitude. Finally, everyone feels very in her speech. It seems to be a kind of happy about their future and shows miracle in her life because she has been gratitude to Laxman who changes the suffering with vocal defect for fifteen family life in the form of miracle. years. The entire family feels very happy with Savitri‘s perfection of speech. Here, Conclusion Asif Currimbhoy has displayed the Asif Currimbhoy‘s narrative greatness of a person who helps others to techniques are highly recognized. He has solve their problems. Such kind of people projected societal events very practically who work for welfare of mankind in the in most of his plays. The reader/audience society. The same is observed in the can reveal such events in their life. He character of Laxman. The encouragement not only brings social issues for words of Laxman to Svitri during vocal awareness of the audience/readers but therapy practice: also makes them the right solution for all Now say, ―What is it? ‖ clearly and the social issues. Currimbhoy‘s approach slowly. Wait, I said clearly and is what he sees around the society the
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same is made as a play. It is observed 4. Iyengar, Srinivas. Indian Writing that he is highly influenced by social in English.5th edition (reprint). events. Furthermore, he wants to all the New Delhi: Sterling issues in the society so he presents them 5. Publishers Private Limited, 2002. in his plays. Each of his plays reflects 6. Meserve, Ruth & Walter Meserve. different aspects in society. A writer ―Foreword.‖The Hungry Ones. influences a lot of people in order to bring Calcutta: Writers possible changes in their minds or 7. Workshop, 1992. activities. He proves as a master to reflect 8. Naik, M.K. A History of Indian the society through his plays. English Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1982. References 9. Rajinder, Paul & Jacob Paul. 1. Currimbhoy, Asif. 1973. The Enact. Interview with Miracle Seed. Calcutta: Writers Currimbhoy. December, 1970. Workshop. 10. Reddy, P. Bayapa. The Plays of 2. —–. The Refugee. Calcutta: Asif Currimbhoy. Calcutta. Writers Workshop, 1971. Print Writers Workshop, 1985. 3. —–.The Hungry Ones. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1965. Print
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Sushant Kumar Dubey Assistant Professor, French, Department of English Studies, NLBS 1 Central university of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur
Abstract For the sociologist, the perception of several matters (such as those link to everyday life, life cycles or relationships between generations) is disciplined by the close interweaving of the structure of transience and social reality. Sometimes arduous to understand, such a "coupling" reacts to preferences or orientations commonly implicit, well highlighted by the Durkheimian school at the beginning of the century then by the American tradition of the thirties, whether George Mead or Pitirim Sorokin. More recent inputs refine the dialogue and make it possible to better characterize the dynamics of the transformations, that we privilege the register of the symbolic (Elias, 1996), the systemic perspective (Luhmann and Sehors, 1982) or the paradigm of the structuring (Giddens, 1987). We would like, in this article, to deepen some of these tracks by relying on a triple lighting: ontological, methodological and thematic. Keywords: Temporality, ontological, methodological, thematic
Ontological perspective and segmented - is that of the pure now: Let us bethink the famous message to be not yet (or to be no longer) always that St. Augustine addressed to us in means not to be not yet (or no Book XI of his Confessions: "What is longer) now . the Physics Aristotle time? If no one asks me, I know it; if I remains, in this regard, the common want to explain it to whoever questions source of most conventional formulations me, I do not know. "(Schaff 48) The innate based on the immediate experience of the awareness of death, our daily life, well ontological dimension (5) Which refers to bring some food for thought but make the "number of movement according to little reference to an instance" pre-Mière prior ..The movement of the stars and "or" authentic ". This requires another planets, the succession of day and night, approach synthesizing this "mysterious the inexorable flow of the hourglass, the and indescribable moment" from which ticking of the clocks or the resonance of everything else will flow (Husserl, 1964), the atoms (Brague, 1982). the study of the transformations of our If the usual language is never environment cannot ignore this precious absolutely wrong, it can be confusing "anchorage". when it claims to erect such images into The being is time, the time being: the concepts. Real temporality, in fact, is not persistent identity of the pre - sense only that in which all phenomena occur, successively thought as being and as the medium of all things and the time, is likely to provide an adequate receptacle of all occurrences; it is also - basis for the instruction of the process of and more deeply - what all that is can be temporality "vulgar" or "worldly" Fluid, and we appear as such. The temporary of circular and improperly spatialized, this our history being explained only by time of the world - primitively perceived the temporal of our being, time - in his as the time of nature, both articulated Heideggerian conception - acquires, from
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then on, a new stature: it neither rolls nor maintenance of codified procedures, but runs, but comes back, illuminates and ex- very frequently concerns the content and sists. Because it embodies the figure of legitimacy of the established rules, which the possible, it is the means given to what can be modified, changed or amended to a is to be in order to be no more. greater or lesser extent. Function of A proposition illustrated many times by strategies and power relations (Reynaud, Henri Bergson (duration goes hand in 1989). hand with invention, creation of forms Philosophically, the very word and "continuous development of the "institution" covers perfectly the absolutely new"), Henri Hubert indissociability of the two previously (importance of "sacred" and "operative") glimpsed aspects: on the one or Castoriadis (rehabilitation of hand, permanence or stability (the Hippocratic texts (6) structure that has just been created A mobile frame intended to bring subsists by itself, the root stare being events under the watchful eye of qualified very suggestive); on the observers, the calendar time - other, contingency (this creation could innumerable repetition of ideally have occurred at another time). Although congruent presents - is part of a logic of this provision may remain formally identity and obeys only the imperatives of identical over long periods of time, it is identification. Incompleteness, neither examined nor understood in the indeterminacy or unpredictability are, for same way according to the particular this reason, largely obscured or circumstances which, in each case, marginalized. For its part, the "full" or "justify" its application. "original" time is not and can never be a Preceding any reconstructive sophisticated version or a refined synthesis and surviving any thoughtful extension of this "trivial" or "functional" analysis, Tradition - in its most vivid temporality. What he "broods" or form - constitutes, from this angle, a "prepares", of which he is "fat" or principle of unity, continuity and fertility: "annunciator", does not lead to a far from considering with sufficient past succession of uniform instants totally centuries as an intangible deposit, it gives arithmetic but to a "ceaseless production rise to a whole series of possible of otherness". The nun Here explosion split reinterpretations which, in return, and fracture(7) maintain, consolidate, update or renew However, in view of the radical nature it [8]Thus, through a work of exegesis, of such an upsurge, it should not be the basic mission of Bible teaching is to concluded that there is only change in a make accessible to the younger paroxysmal mode. On the other hand, generations an ever more penetrating even if - in appearance - a society only understanding of the Word and the "conserves itself", the equilibrium Scriptures. Effective morality, for its part, obtained can be the result of a very is not only regulation and determination: complex institutional dynamic. In this it is also momentum and surpassing sense, all collective bargaining is not (Gautier, 1988). limited to ensuring the respect and
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The development of a certain number reality" itself) is of another fabric and of ethnological works tends to show how integrates within it a corpus of norms, false is the denial of the historicity of so- prescriptions and representations, called "archaic" societies, the "static", combinations or arbitrations between "repetitive" or "atemporal" character of incitement and coercion, persuasion and these societies being that a modality like activation of commitments... any other to take into account and manage more or less efficiently various Methodological way parameters. The "arrangements" that are After reminiscence of the main emerging are specific to each culture differences concerning historicism (and (Zerubavel, 1981). What defines a one of its corollaries: determinism), we community, therefore, is not, essentially, will focus on the rediscovery of "clean the unmistakable recognition - by the times". totality of its members - of the local Let us explore, first of all, the Leibnitzian irreversibility of the physical time in postulate: omne presens gravidum est which it evolves, but the way in which futuro. In this respect, we are confronted this irreversibility is internalized. Stage with an intellectual construction which, "and management (Conche, 1992). It is on from the outset, may seem this "shoring" that can rest, "fascinating". However, although the By creating its own temporality, each arguments put forward are subtle and human group reveals itself to itself and endowed with a significant power of assumes, by taking advantage of the seduction, the overall logic underlying assets at its disposal, the historical path this analysis remains disappointing. His it has set for itself or imposed upon "irremediable weakness" or his "cardinal it. Exile for Jews in the Diaspora, trial error" are obvious if one is to admit, and hope for Christians, progress and following Karl Popper, that the accumulation for Westerners bear witness interpretations retained are endowed to what we might call destiny with a clearly excessive predictive epoch. Brought from the magma of power (9)Succumbing to this "emotional imaginary instituted meanings, these appeal", the "utopian engineer" will be singular destinies permeate the temporal convinced that only plans that follow the flow of "affects" and "moods" (Castoriadis, "course of history" will yield optimal 1975: 290-291). results. "Activism" and "totalism" are Even if it is to affirm that historicity thus linked (Popper, 1956). It will be is the "attribute" of society, or society the possible to make some reservations as to "presupposition first" of history, it is the choice of the substantives used or to proving increasingly difficult to maintain judge these too controversial a distinction very decided between these positions; nevertheless, the indictment two entities. We can no longer separate, if presented to us, even if it goes against not arbitrarily and forced by the linearity convictions commonly accepted, is able to of speech, a "space", a "time" and "what" win the adhesion. Faced with a growing unfolds there. The "space-time" in which disaffection vis-à-vis the "great stories of we situate all "reality" (and "social emancipation" (10) Maybe it's time
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came - as have shown Reinhart Koselleck, could oppose them with several counter- Ervin Lazlo and Edward Lorenz (11) to examples) and insufficiently specified to depart from a double mythology: that (what do we mean by "individualisation"? of a "radical origin of events", and that of "), While keeping a heuristic interest, not a "sabbath of knowledge" or a "Sunday of insignificant because of the preliminary the spirit". orientations and provisional More generally, and in line with a approximations that they arouse critique of the problematic of the (Simmel, 1984). It must therefore be seen, foundation, the relevance of the as Merton wrote in his Elements, not the "nomological program" deserves to to be culmination of knowledge but rather a questioned. In particular, the extent to point of departure or transition (Merton, which the use of a "strong" explanatory 1965). ideal is fully justified. In the line of sight: Viewed from this angle, the social the search for a mobile primum, which we sciences are not intended to establish value demographics, technical progress or nomothetic utterances but to produce, in ideologies. Many companies, inattentive a not "substantialist" but "formal" (this to the "motley of the world" thus qualifier must be taken in its simmelian believed in the existence of a sense), theories medium -range philosopher's stone from which theories). The forms of authority everything - or the most important - could identified by Max Weber, whether have been explained. But the adoption of charismatic, traditional or office, do not such views has many more disadvantages meet as they are every day. These are than advantages because, by applying just "ideal-types". The paradox of without discernment - If the formula "If collective action is also part of this type of A, then B", we expose ourselves either to questioning. If each individual seeks to invent concepts that are meaningless or maximize his preferences, the most to be quickly contradicted by the facts. It appropriate course of action may be will be argued that industrialization withdrawal or disengagement. But, on necessarily leads to the nuclearization of other occasions, protest, loyalty or apathy the family institution; in the same way, are not to be dismissed. If determinism we will associate modernization with an retains a meaning, Raymond Boudon inevitable regression of religious values argues, it can only be in plates. Beyond or we will proclaim that violence and the these limits, the "speculative illusion" "rise to extremes" depend only on the imposes its domination (Boudon, 1984: intensity of the discontent. Rejected by chapter VI). experience or made obsolete by new Just as there is no "axis" of history discoveries, this way of proceeding is not but a variety of pathways likewise there most satisfactory. Other approaches, is no is it not "a" standard trajectory but more "contextual", they have no right of periodicities and very fluctuating city? rhythms? The growths or regressions we Note, however, that some "laws" (of observe This reappraisal of the "own the type: "Individualization is bound to times" (which, in itself, and contrary to strengthen") may seem ill-assured (we the teachings of past centuries, no longer
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dissociates energy expenditure and order reality can only be equivocal and creation) has operated through the inexhaustible. By ambiguity, says gradual transition of mechanical Raymond Aron, we must understand, time (Newtonian model) with evolutionary besides the "plurality of spiritual time(dissipative structures). It is universes through which our existence precisely, adds Henri Atlan, between two unfolds", the "diversity of interlocking in extreme representations of death - which ideas and elementary acts take the crystal, image of the order frozen in place", the qualifier of inexhaustible its perfection, and the smoke, symbol of designating for its part the "set of dispersion and incoherence - that is the determinations attached to a word or "whirlwind" random designer "in which posture", any work or language practice come to draw the auto organisateurs with a "fringe of incompleteness" (Aron, systems These find in this crucible not 1938: 147 et seq.). their destruction but the substance of their perenniality (Atlan, 1979). Thematic path The signs or messages addressed to us The sociology of everyday life offers a or that we capture carry with them a first perspective. The most common meaning whose content is never teleological interpretations, whether or completely determined; they are thus not they emanate from the Marxist "haunted" by meanings of which no tradition, promised the "supreme exegesis - whether "divinatory", conciliation of meaning and existence," a "comparative" or "discursive" - can deliver goal that can only be attained by the the keys of intelligibility. The text of the "final redemption of contradictions." On social, by its "whites", its gaps and its the other hand, the reappraisal not of erasures, is not clear to anyone, not even waiting but of attention restores to to those who are its privileged authors or the nûn all its authenticity; could interpreters (Gras, 1979). The necessary creation, as an event category, emerge re-creation of the past in each of us does without such support? Therefore, rather not imply, however, that certain than wanting at all costs to look for a "declensions" are not able, when the time privileged way of passage between a more comes, to win the assent of the greatest or less idealized past (nostalgia for number by raising enthusiasm and the Grund) and the singing tomorrows passion. (cult of constructivism, in the Hayekian At the same time, one and multiple, vocabulary), would it not be more succession and coexistence, history is an appropriate to affirm without reserve "the "adventure of conscience" which capacity to live the existence as it is, in capitalizes like a treasure and about the reality of its presence and of his which it is advisable to distinguish, as repetition "(Crespi, 1983: 43), out of all Paul Ricoeur invites us, the plan of traces finalism or achievements, and that of decisions If the assumptions and behaviours of and events where everything seems to the actors can usually be identified start from scratch (Ricœur, through the conjunction of several 1955). Because it is human, the historical variables such as political affiliation, the
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training course or the PCS, the "values of routes". These, in direct contact with intimacy" that make up our everyday developments in the family unit (arrival universe are left untouched. of a child, break-up, widowhood ...), can Unfortunately not apprehend with the be "voluntarist" (homeownership) or same ease. In spite of some rather recent "forced" (expulsion, conflicts of advances much remains to be done, the neighbourhood) and correspond to an poverty of the testimonies and the acquisition or an exchange, a permutation fragmentation of the documentary or an "annexation" access channels sources being able to constitute a heavy combining - within networks more or less handicap. Are we, under these conditions, extensive relational information circuits condemned to a history "impression-nist", and self-help mechanisms occupancy, "porous" and "lacunary"? It would be to we see, are not only dictated by the forget that beyond these inadequacies are characteristics of housing but incorporate finally taken seriously acts and gestures many other elements: career and hitherto neglected because catalogued as promotion prospects, heritage minor, trivial or derisory (tears, eyes, endowments and expected financial gains, sleep How could one thus approach the size of the household and possible trials of witchcraft without questioning modifications of its components, degree of this "circle of fear and anguish" which attachment to the soil and risks of envelops all the protagonists: sorcerers, degradation of the environment, inquisitors, judges, witnesses opportunities likely to be offered on the ...? Similarly, does demographic analysis real estate market, possibility in more or have to (and can it) be limited to purely less short term of recomposition of the quantitative considerations without ever territorial solidarities ... considering the "level of existential hope" This spatiotemporal dimension of individuals of childbearing age? combines, in very variable proportions, The emphasis on the different figures effects of age, period and taken by the "daily imaginary" should not cohort. If age indicates the position in the be equated with any celebration of the life cycle, the period refers to a particular area of the absurd, of the irrational or socio cultural context, the cohort confused What is meant by assigning a representing the "set of slags left by the status to registers that - previously - were filter of history". The identification and lacking (think of materials, noises or empirical estimation of these different colours), is basically our own experience elements are however not without as it is expressed before its problem, the debates surrounding the conceptualization by logical thought. Here respective weight of the "date of birth" we find the contributions of Gaston and the "environment of origin" being far Bachelard, Henry Corbin, Gilbert Durand from settled and Michel Maffesoli. The difficulties encountered should Another compelling area to explore is not make us lose sight of the need to the study of biographical trajectories carry out other investigations such as and relationships between generations. those relating to: Consider, for example, "residential
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time-budgets and structuring The stakes are high because, in of activities accordance with the precepts of critical medium- and long-term trade- rationalism, it is necessary to give offs between savings and sociology of action adequate consumption, work and leisure methodological bases capable of (Grossin, 1994); responding case by case to the complexity to the articulation between of the issues studied tradition and modernity the collective memory, the References functions it fulfills and the 1. ATTIAS-DONFUT Claudine, 1988, values it conveys (Namer, Sociology of the generations. The 1987); imprint of time, Paris, PUF. flexibility constraints 2. ATTIAS-DONFUT Claudine (eds.), (Cellier et al. , eds., 1996) 1995, Solidarity between and Kan-ban or just in time generations. Old age, families, techniques (Stankiewicz, State, Paris, Nathan. 1999); 3. AYMARD Maurice et alii the globalization of trade, with (eds.), 1993, The Time to its procession of "disjunctions" Eat. Food, time and social and "mediations", its rhythms, Paris, Ed. of the House of "crossbreeds" and its "folds" the sciences of the man. (Featherstone, ed., 1990). 4. BARRÈRE-MAURISSON Marie- Agnès, 1992, the Family Division "Social life," Gurvitch stressed, "flows of Labor. Life in doubles, Paris, in multiple times, always divergent, often PUF. contradictory, and whose relative 5. BIRAULT Henri, 1978, Heidegger unification, linked to a precarious and the experience of thought, hierarchy, represents a problem for any Paris, Gallimard. society" (Gurvitch, 1969, vol. II: 325.) 6. BOUDON Raymond, 1984, The Faced with a fragmented universe, full of Place of Disorder. Criticism of singularities and potential surprises, theories of social change, Paris, such a plurality offers a guarantee: that PUF. of respect for the autonomy of the 7. BRAGUE Rémi, 1982, Time in local. Apparently trivial result, Plato and Aristotle, Paris, PUF. sometimes even felt as tautological, but 8. CASTORIADIS Cornelius, 1975, which, if it is placed within the most The Imaginary Institution of current scientific practices, should not be Society, Paris, Seuil. depreciated but strengthened.
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Dr. T. Menaka HOD-Department of English Sri Vidya Kamachi College of Arts and Science for Women Mecheri, Salem
Dr. G. Karthiga Assistant Professor Department of English Sri VidyaKamachi College of Arts and Science for Women Mecheri, Salem
Abstract Dilip Chitre was a well influenced and renowned poet, who contributed himself with translation of Marathi and English works. His reputation as an Indian English poet falls mainly on his major work Travelling in a Cage. Eco-criticism is not only about the affiliation between literature and the environment, but also about how the environment is echoed in literature. It observes various ecological issues that are referred to in literary works. Eco- criticism looks back on a long convention of criticism that moves towards nature as an aesthetic object and not as subject logical study. Literature and environment studies together forms the term „Eco-criticism‟. It has been long ago argued problem of conserving ecology. It has also long been a threat by human society towards nature exposed by their activity. The behavior of human causes vast extinctions of both animals and plants. Even though there are lots of pains taken, biodiversity is incessantly lost. In India there is a great claim for products made out of wood and for this purpose, people endlessly cut down trees. Population increase also demands land space for survival which further leads to annihilation of trees. This also additionally leads to heavy loss of natural possessions. They also contribute major portion for global warming. English literature from prehistory plays a vital role with the help of the authors who bring environment concern into their works. Dilipchitre in the modernage has observed deforestation as a menace due to technological development, urbanization, progress in science and which had its effect on both, nature and human beings. This paper elucidates how Dilip Chitrein his work, „The felling of Banyan tree‟ has brought out the significance of trees and how they are tortured by human beings without making them to take a second life. He also explains how the tree under duress is taken out from earth.
Dilip Chitre, a valued and literary awards. He is a poet of nature. In multitalented artist, poet and film-maker, the poem ‗The felling of Banyan tree‘, he is known as one of India's most popular reveals the quest for the dead tree. The modern writer in both English and poem shows his extreme significance Marathi. His work is featured in most towards ecology and his feeling for serious Indian collected works. The poem nature. He deals with conservation of ―The Felling of the Banyan Tree" is from nature. His consciousness has brought his ―Travelling In Cage", a collection of the two features of ecology and literary poems which is a best known work in criticism together. His purpose lies in English. He has also achieved a lot of restoring the Earth‘s health, which was
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lost due to man‘s unlawful activity. The love for tree from critical point of view. insight study of deep ecology stresses the The author lives near a hill along with role of individual who is provoked to the tenants as neighbors. His father has behave as a citizen of the Earth and to asked the tenants to vacate from the take the responsibility to conserve the houses as they were about to leave to nature. their native place. Later after the tenants Study of environment is a recent vacated their houses, the house of the exploration in English literature. Every author and the trees surrounded part of life is included in literature hence remained in solitude. The entire houses environmental elements are not after being emptied were destroyed one exception. With the help of literature by one. There was a Banyan tree which many environmental issues can be dealt was about 200 years old. The father also with real time situations. When Poets decided to destroy the tree completely. deal with nature in their works, they This felling of the old tree created a sense discover the knowledge of approaching of loss for the author. The banyan tree is nature with different ideas. This study of a symbol for his life and for the family's environment was designated with upheaval. The older home was connected different names such as Eco-poetry, with reminiscence and mounting of Green studies and literary criticism of ancestral generations settlement. environment. Just like other criticisms The author also evokes memory about such as biographical or feminist criticism the words of his grandmother that killing which deals with the lives of the author the tree is also a crime because trees were and the gender issues in the works of the dearer to her. Chitre correlates the word authors, Eco-criticism deals with ‗felling‘ with ‗killing‘ from the title as the environmental concerns with life or latter is considered to be the crime among human beings. They also deal with sense human beings. With the help of the word of place and how taboos play an he creates awareness among men by important role in the environmental revealing that felling is also identical to concerns. In 1960s and 1970s eco-critical crime as man uproots the tree from its works were related with survival, mother earth which protected the tree for pastoral or regionalism but from 1980s many years. It is like detaching the child scholars and writers went into depth from its mother. Even though the words research to bring out Eco-criticism as a of grandmother appear to be old it separate genre. emerges as new word in every generation The author, Dilip Chitre deals about of human life. slaughtering a tree in his poem „The Trees are sacred my grandmother felling of Banyan tree‗. The author shows used to say his love towards nature with specific Felling them is a crime but he massacred concern to a tree. He brings about his own them all (TFBT 6) sensation and sympathy for the tree when The sheoga, the oudumber and the it is being destroyed. Dilip Chitre in ‗The neem all were cut down. The narrator‘s felling of Banyan tree‘ expresses the deep father is not ready to hear the words of
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his mother which he rejects and circumference and has strong hanging annihilates the tree. Once again the roots to the ground. Fifty men with axes author uses the word ‗massacre‘ which started to cut the tree and chopped it into also literally means killing people. He pieces. The strength that the men put to compares the ‗human murder‘ with cut the tree exhibits the aversion of men ‗cutting the trees‘. All the trees were cut towards nature. As the tree was cut down except the Banyan tree which stood down, the living things like insects and very strong and had deep roots. It shows birds left the branches. The ecological the link of the narrator‘s father with the forte is now destroyed where the food Baroda. He was deracinated from Baroda chain gets disturbed. The tree that gave to the city then called Bombay which is shelter and food is now extinguished. The now modern day Mumbai. The shape of narrator along with the family watched the banyan resembles the figure of family with fear and enthrallment. It takes itself, the great entrenched tree seven days for them to cut. represents centuries of living, of The great tree revealed its rings of association between earth and heaven. two hundred years Grandmother also emphasizes the We watched in terror and fascination importance of the tree by telling that it is this slaughter (TFBT 6) sacred and it is to be worshipped. The narrator along with the family Grandmother represents the feminine shifted to Bombay where there was no world that fights against the assault of tree, as people in that place cut down tree technology on nature. The father is very for surviving and expansion of technology. stubborn with his male authoritative The annihilation of the tree haunted the character and cuts the tree for material narrator and the family in the later days. possession. Patriarchal dominance over His disgust for the Banyan tree was due matriarchal theme is the essential part of to the fear of the next generation where the poem; the poet favours the latter but the decedents may not enjoy the beauty of is helpless to stop the predictable thrust the trees or nature. The speaker is filled of progress, as applied by the father. with emotions of fear and allure. Fear is Father, stands for all that is masculine, based on unhappiness and frights for the governing, bold looking and vicious. future generations those who will miss Contrast to the father‘s traditional the beauty of memories from the banyan knowledge is the grandmother‘s; tree, the latter on the grand sight of a representing all that is feminine - the massive tree that come roaring to the precedent, fostering, religious and ground, revealing its hard trunk rings conventional. and ancient history. The banyan tree was three times as Dilip Chitre‘s ‗The felling of the tall as our house Banyan tree‘ depicts the poets‘ excessive Its trunk had a circumference of fifty involvement in ecology and concern for feet( TFBT 6) nature. Urbanisation and technological The narrator explains that the tree advancement has led to deforestation was strong with 50 meters in bringing up ecological catastrophe. Trees
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are stronger and deeper roots and they where in Hindu religion, banyan tree is are not easily chopped by materialistic represented as Lord Vishnu which is human beings. Both the poems insist that represented in the form of the bark, it takes much time to kill a tee. Trees are Brahma is represented by the roots and impartial and are never unkind to the Lord Shiva represents the branches. planet as the human beings are always benefited by their yielding like shadow, References fruits, boughs and leaves. Even a minute 1. Chitre, Dilip, ‗The felling of part of the tree will be the most useful Banyan tree‟. Ed. Mehrota. The part for human beings. Even the chopped Oxford India Anthology of Twelve tree teaches us the spirit of confidence Modern Indian poets. New Delhi, and preservance when the green twigs 2003. Print. emerge courageously from the bleeding 2. Daruwala, Keki. ―Land‘s Truth‖, A bark. When one plants a sapling, one has review of Chitre‘s As Is, Where Is, sought a treasure for the future The Hindu, Feb. 2008. Web.16 generation. The author asserts his eco- Jul.2011. concern in the poem. If the trees are 3. Kashikar, Yogesh Sumantrao. removed cruelly, human beings can only ―Dilip Chitre's ―The Felling Of The dream of planting trees in an unseen Banyan Tree": A Caution For Eco- paradise. Felling trees is no more seen a Concern.‖, Indian Streams crime and jabbers see the trees as in Research Journal, Vol 3, Issue: 12, animated objects. Truly a tree is like a Jan 2014. pp. 2. Online & Print mother who provides support and 4. Jones, G. et al.: Collins Dictionary strength to those who seek her refuge. of Environmental Science, Trees are always selfless and renew hope Glasgow: Harper Collins and brightness in lives of human beings. Publishers, 1990. Print The poem also has a religious significance
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P. Melvina Evelin Rani M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of English Bishop Heber College, Trichy
GithaHariharan is an Indian author back to Bheeshma and asks him to marry and editor. Her debut novel is The her. Bheeshma refuses as he had vowed Thousand Faces of Night published in to remain celibate. Amba is insulted and 1992. She won the Commonwealth taunted for being rejected by men. She Writer‘s Prize for Best First Book for this blames Bheeshma to be the reason of her novel in 1993. Her other works are The insults. She sat in deep penance and as a Ghosts of Vasu Master, In Times of Siege, result Lord Shiva gave her a garland Fugitive Histories etc. saying that any warrior who adorns the The novel uses mythology as a tool garland will defeat Bheeshma. Amba goes and theme to portray the plight of Indian in search of the warrior but none helps women in the present society. Mayamma, her in fear of Bheeshma. With the Sita and Devi are the three prominent repeated defeats, Amba loses her will and women characters in the novel belonging dies. Amba was later reborn as Shikhandi to three generations. to King Drupad and was raised as a man. In the Kurukshetra battle she defeated Myths Bheeshma thereby avenging her insult in 1. Damayanthi her previous birth. The story of Nala- Damayanthi is an In the novel, Devi‘s cousin Uma, who eternal love story in the Indian context. was tortured by her husband and his Damayanthi chooses Nala as her husband parents, leaves her husband and comes in her swayamvara rejecting even the back to her grandmother‘s house. The Gods. grandmother says that when even a Devi‘s grandmother says this scene to princess was tortured, it is no use Devi to show that every woman has to go mourning over Uma‘s fate. This through the phase of choosing her comparison also makes Devi tremble with husband. the intense range of the female avenger. 2. Amba 3. The Girl and a Snake Amba is the princess of Kashi and had A Brahmin couple is blessed with a two younger sisters Ambika and snake as a son after their long penance. Ambalika. During their swayamvara, the The woman accepts the snake as her child three sisters were abducted by inspite of the warnings of the society. Bheeshma. They were abducted so that Later the couple choose a girl for their they could marry his step-brother, snake son and get them married. The girl Vichitravariya. But Amba refuses stating also accepts the snake as her husband that she is in love with someone else. She and lives with it. Later one night the is let to live her life but is thrown out but snake transforms into a human and the her lover and also her father. She goes girl lives happily with her husband.
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When the maidservant, Gauri, leaves wrong- doers. Kali is a goddess of terror her husband due to the tortures and who is not graceful like Durga and has a returns to the grandmother, Devi is told thirst for war and is a threat to the evil. the above story implying that a woman Devi thinks about these Hindu must not leave her husband even if he is goddesses. Like Sati and Parvati, a evil or venomous like the snake. woman must sacrifice herself and bear 4. Gandhari every pain for her husband. Like Gandhari is a character in the Haimavati and Gauri a woman must Mahabharatha. When she gets to know change herself and accept everything for that her husband is blind, she ties a piece the husband. Like Durga and Kali, a of cloth around her eyes in a fit of rage woman must be brave and strong. and vows to remain blind forever. 7. Shantanu and Ganga Sita is compared to Gandhari. Sita Shantanu was the King of was initially praised for her skill in Hastinapur. He was smitten by a woman playing veena. Later her husband‘s when he strolled by the river Ganga. family taunts her to be an imperfect wife Later he asks for her hand in marriage and daughter-in-law. In a spurt of anger, and she accepts on two conditions: Sita cuts the strings of her veena. Like a) Shantanu must not ask her name. Gandhari, Sita lets go of her passions to b) Shantanu must not question her be the ideal Indian woman. activities. 5. Yudhishthira Shantanu accepts these conditions Yudgishthira is the eldest of the and they get married. The woman gives Pandavas. During his exile, he is birth to a son but later kills it by questioned by an invisible power to which drowning the baby in the river. She he gives his answers. Yudhishthira is repeats the same for the next six babies asked, ―What is heavier than earth?‖ and and Shantanu remains silent due to the he replies, ―A mother.‖ conditions. But when she tries to kill the This statement makes Devi realise eighth child, he intervenes and so the that a child defines a woman as she was woman, revealing herself to be the river not able to bear children. Ganga, leaves the child with Shantanu. 6. Sati, Parvati, Haimavati, Gauri, This story is told to make Devi realise Durga and Kali that motherhood is an inevitable quality Sati is the first consort of Lord Shiva of a woman. The good and bad of who burns herself to death when her motherhood are not much important. husband is insulted. Parvati is the These are the myths used in the novel reincarnation of Sati and attained Lord to show the plight of Indian women in a Shiva as her husband after painful patriarchal society. penance. Haimavatiafter a long penance changes her black skin into a golden Reference beauty. Gauri gains a bountiful harvest 1. Hariharan, Githa. The Thousand as she embraces the linga. Durga is Faces of Night, Haryana: Penguin beautiful goddess who is born to kill; Books, 2014. Print. destroys evil and creates fear among the
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M. Kanika Priya Assistant Professor of English Saradha Gangadharan College, Velrampet, Puducherry
Earth provides enough to satisfy everyman‟s needs, but not everyman‟s greed -Gandhiji
Nature has always captured the of nature? To what extent does literature imagination of man; literature has found reflect the concerns that torment us? This its muse in nature at all points of history. paper tries to answer these questions, by The beauty of nature has been eulogised drawing on the broader theme of nature, in the works of poets and artists, looking at the changing relationship especially Romantic and between man and the nature that transcendentalist poets. When we read sustains him, through the lens of eco- Wordsworth‘s description of daffodils criticism. The central argument of the dancing in the breeze or Keats‘ paper is that the poems, develop a social description on song of the nightingale, our eco-criticism, as they deal with the hearts get filled with extreme emotions. discourse of environmental crisis. Nature is often hailed as Mother Nature, Ecocriticism, also called as drawing on the way in which she has ‗environmental criticism‘ or ‗green sustained and sheltered the human kind studies‘ defines the critical writings in her lap .In ancient days men which ―explore the relations between worshipped Nature and had a strong literature and the biological and physical bond with his surroundings. environment, conducted with an acute With the dawn of industrialisation awareness of the devastation being and globalisation, on dreaming about wrought on that environment by human space and stars, human beings started activities‖ (Abrams, 81). Ecocritics deal transforming earth, his seat of existence with the environmental issues, cultural into a graveyard. But often this truth is issues concerning the environment and forgotten; they exploit nature, when their human attitude towards the ―foster need turns to greed. The over exploitation mother‖- Nature, as mirrored in of nature results in ecological imbalance. literature. With the advent of This has become a great threat to our globalisation, humans became more existence. From age old times, the profit-oriented and they began to plunder representation of natural environment the treasures in the nature. Depletion of can be seen in literature. Can the forests, environmental pollution, over language of poetry be a strong voice of population, etc. has increased in a large reason and bring men back into the folds scale. So being close to nature, poets try
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to reflect these issues in their poems. also a social activist. Shiela Gujral These ideas have profound implications in absorbs the impact of her social this paper as it seeks to unsettle the environment and transforms it with the issues that ensue the change in crystal clarity of her inner perceptions in association between modern man and her poems. In ‗The Sting of Modernity‘ ecology that he is a part of. she talks about the rapid depletion of This paper carries out a close natural resources. The very title of the readingof the two poems, Shiela Gujral‘s poem is important to be noticed. The title ‗The Sting of Modernity‘ and Pranob itself is unambiguously cloaked with the Kumar Majumder‘s ‗Water the Trees‘, metaphor of ―poisonous reptile‖. She from an ecocentric perspective. If Shiela gently uncovers the irrationalities of Gujral talks about the ―savage assault‖ of urban man who approaches Nature with human beings on natural environment, a greedy mind, because of modernisation. Majumdar‘s poem reflects his love for The opening lines of the poem show the Nature and his anguish about the general poet‘s discontentment with city life and callous nature of human beings towards love for nature. She introduces three ecological issues. Gujral points out how people, including her and calls them modern civilization destroys the ―tranquil ―nature-lovers‖. They are comforting hermitage‖ and transmutes it as a themselves in the lap of nature, away ―ramshackle habitat‖. Majumdar glorifies from the ―din of city life‖. The first stanza nature and calls trees ―the best itself traces the contrast between urban neighbours‖. While these poems differ in life and rural life. their style and content, what unites both We, three nature-lovers of them is a preoccupation with anxieties seeking respite from regarding the deteriorating relationship the din of city life, between man and nature. These poems reached a desolate valley, are reminders for us and call for green nestled in the lap of hills. preservation and ecological conservation. The ―din of city life‖ contrasts with the This paper endeavours to focus on the ―desolate valley‖, where the poet and her environmental issues and need for friends find peace. She says that the ecological conservation discussed in the Nature comforts them and provides them poems, ‗The Sting of Modernity‘ and a peaceful mind. They are now free from ‗Water the Trees‘. Both the poems are all their tensions. They enjoy ―the simple, but they talk about the ecocentric murmur of brooks/the rustling of concepts such as ―growth and energy, wind/the display of colourful peacock balance and imbalance, symbiosis and wings‖ and ―chirping of birds on trees‖. mutuality, sustainable and unsustainable They enjoy the ―harmonious hymns‖ and uses of energy and resources‖ (Barry, the silence of the rocks. Poet says that all 254). these worked like a ―soothing balm/to Shiela Gujral‘s poems deals with the cure our tensions. Here the poet tells her themes of communal harmony, ecological readers about the magnificent miracle balance and family relationships. She was Nature can do in human‘s mind.
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The flow of the poem is disturbed in shedding tears of remorse the third stanza where the poet for my imprudent folly, introduces some more people to the I succumbed context. A group of city dwellers come to back to tension! the milieu ―carrying all the comforts of On watching the ―ramshackle habitat‖ city life‖. They carried the poet feels guilty and sheds tears; he radio, TV, cassette, tapes, might be weighed down by the remorse all eatables- for being a part of this cruel actions. She the tinned fruits and sweets, calls this action ―my imprudent folly‖, coke. lemon, beer, whiskhy. which stands for everyman‘s recklessness. lots of snacks wrapped in plastic, The poem begins by showing the restless and loaded in jeeps, mind of poet, who lives in an urban area. umpteen tents, She finds solace in the lap of nature. But invaded the forest around us. with the actions of her fellow beings she All the things above described stand is again taken back to the world of for city life. The silence and the peace tensions and strains. The poem ends with pervaded in the first two stanzas is a pessimistic note. disturbed in the third stanza. This While Gujral brings in a comparison indicates the cruel invasion of human between uraban and rurallife, Majumdar beings on Nature. In the following does not resort to comparisons to express stanzas the poet demonstrates how this his thoughts on nature. Pranob Kumar invasion creates chaos. She calls this Majumder creates the cool shade of trees human action as ―savage assault‖. Not in his poems. With a slight change in the only the people but also all the creatures rhyme scheme he adheres strictly to the are disturbed by ―this savage assault‖. conventional sonnet pattern. Majumder‘s Scared by the noise herds of animals ran poems demonstrate how the multifaceted away, birds flew away ―to seek new network of environmental issues, the shelter‖. Those people who invaded the dominance of science and technology, forest clogged the ―free-flowing‖ rivers deterioration of moral values and human with ―heap of wastes‖ and took away the indifference to aesthetics is accountable life of ―multi-coloured fish‖. The poet for the budding cult of violence. For him labels these follies of humans, ―rubbish‖. trees are representatives of benevolent of The sixth stanza of the open begins Nature. Trees are the nucleus of his with the word ―suddenly‖, which seeks passion for life, so he ponders about the the attention of the readers. The poet proclivity towards violence and self- describes how all of a sudden the annihilation. These sentries of the forest harmony of the scenario is lost – ―tranquil seem to have a strong impact on hermitage was lost‖. The final stanza of Majumder‘s poetic vision. the poem shows poet‘s lamentation on the The poem ‗Water the Trees‘ is simple current plight of nature. in its form, but it calls the readers for Watching this listless state, green preservation. In this poem, of the ramshackle habitat Majumder capitalises the first letter of
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the word ‗Nature‘. Through this itself pollution and both poems uses the Nature is getting highlightened. He backdrop of woods. Majumder treats trees appeals to his readers to preserve trees as a symbol of renewal, harmony and and asks them to water and save them. ecological boon. While Shiela Gujral talks The poet calls trees as ―the best about how this harmony is destroyed by neighbours‖. human beings. Because of their savage Trees forever are the best neighbours act the tranquillity in the nature is lost. Who you living on earth earnestly Majumder in his poem ‗The Tree is Dead‘ favour. draws on the same theme of Foliated trees save us from the ―wrath deforestation. He criticizes the present of Nature‖, provide us pleasure and ―‘life models of industrialisation and saving oxygen‖ and gift you ―happy urbanisation, which he believes, tarnishes company‖, he says. In the following out the greenery all around. ―Halogen stanza he uses the word ‗Don‘t‖; this lamps glowing dead‖ is an oxymoron that indicates that the poet is warning the implies the lifeless nature of the ―tree-ouster‖ ventures. He asks the trappings of modern civilization. The humanity to stop plundering Nature and more modern man bank on gadgets, the its resources. more he hires out his individuality to Don‘t ransack by random forest felling them. Tree-ouster ventures make man In this contemporary scenario, with fatally ailing the advancement of science and Replacement of forest by anything is technology humanity is losing its bondage against Nature with his natural environment. The Angry Nature forgives none never excessive scale of deforestation and ever. environmental pollution lead to ozone This stanza talks about deforestation layer depletion and our very existence is and its after effect, which is capable of in a state of flux. Ever since the ecological destroying the whole humanity. The poet issues gained importance the average is aware about the malevolent power of man has been concerning our planet with ―Angry Nature‖. Usually the couplets of some concern. Therefore, it is anticipated the sonnets convey the theme of the that a poet will not only extol or pay poem. Here the reader can see the poet‘s homage to Nature and its environment message to his readers. The poet calls his but also generate awareness among his reader for forest preservation. readers about the consequences of Save all the greens, water the trees environmental hazards and about their Let the world rejoice in sapling duty towards their ―foster mother‖. Each planting sprees. poet has his or her own penchant for Majumder‘s poem ends with an some facets of Nature, most probably optimistic note that still the humanity because they can easily draw parallels in has some kind of hope. Both the poets a subjective manner. Shiela Gujral‘s and focus on the issues regarding Majumder‘s poems reflect this. deforestation and environmental
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Both the poems fit into the nature- contribution to not only the history of writing paradigm. ―Ecocriticism seeks to literature but that of the society as a evaluate texts and ideas in terms of their whole as well. coherence and usefulness as responses to environmental crisis‖, said Richard References Kerridge. Read along these lines, the 1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt poems can be read as narratives which Harpham. A Handbook of Literary engage substantially with the questions Terms. New Delhi: Cengage of the impact that our activities have had Learning, 2009. Print. on nature. The language and symbolism 2. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory. used in the poems invoke the connections New Delhi: Viva Books Private that we have shared with the earth, Limited, 2013. Print. combining the real and the symbolic. 3. Raja, P., and Rita Nath Keshari. They chart the destruction of nature and Busy Bee Book of Contemporary the society, and thus articulate the fear of Indian English Poetry. its consequences. We need to record these Pondicherry: Busy Bee Books, narratives as they make a valuable 2007. Print.
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R. Priyadarshini Playback Singer, Research Scholar University of Mysore
Research Guide Dr. CA. Sreedhar Professor, University of Mysore
Abstract Music is the heart of Indian Film and plays the role of a powerful dynamic in films. It has the ability to guide the audience on the emotions of the scene. In addition it makes it easier for the movie director to let the audience feel the way he wants during specific scenes and adds to the expressions of the actors. It creates the right mood or tone on every frame film makers and videographers wish to communicate a particular theme. It helps place the viewer within the temporary reality on the screen. The dominant role of the Indian film music in its widespread, eclectic musical nature, in its growing global outreach of it imbibes various essence of ragas for creating a song which is expressive and dramatically a part of the film music. Ragas have established its presence from the beginning days of Indian Cinema and in almost all languages, forming the base for many popular film songs and, hence, naturally becoming a part of our lives. Many Indian Film Music Composers with their exclusive distinctive features in employing various ragas in their music compositions have left a lasting impression on our wits. This article reflects the application of Carnatic Mela ragas in Indian Film melodies by various Music Composers who have drawn inspiration from the vast legacy of Classical ragas and have modified accordingly to the story and setting of visual medium of Films. Keywords: Mela Ragas, Film Music, Carnatic Ragas, Cinema Songs
The repertoire of our Indian Film raga framework, sometimes the raga is music triumphs of a boundless range of handled in a lighter manner and at other songs based on a variety of classical times it is mixed with other ragas to give ragas. A raga has the power to express the necessary flavour. This article brings emotional moments and sentiments and to light how the use of Carnatic Mela each Music Director has ensnared the ragas in Indian Film Music has created potential to modulate classicism to the immense appeal and how genius adolescent needs of mainstream cinema. composers have used ragas according to A raga has the ability to express the suitable theme required for the emotional mood and sentiment which movies. when captured right by the Music Raga Nasikabhushani, the 70th Director can fit into a milieu of the Melakarta raga of the 12th Chakra is an narrative sequences ranging from love, appealing raga having dissonant notes. happiness, sensuality, longing, agony of ‗Thendral Enum‘ from Paasa Kiligal separation, pathos, devotional or peppy composed by Music Director Vidyasagar dance. Most of the songs adheres to the has raga Nasikabhushani delved in its
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depth. The reverberating alaap at the purely and effectively. This song matches beginning of the song, gives the strong the situation of a person criticising the flavour of the raga, advances to the heroine, and she moves on to convey blossoms of the thavil and the melody moral values through this song. The unravels. The opening phrase of the opening Veena piece stands out and pallavi ‗Thendral ennum Ther yeri ‗Acharavillada naalige ninna neecha Thamizh mandram vandha mullai buddhiya bidu nalige‘ ‗S,NDPPPPPDMP malare‘ ‗PSND P,PMGMG RSNSNS PPD‘ with characteristic gamaka at NSRRG MPDNS‘ establishes a strong Dhaivatham ‗PDN NND PMG GRSSRRG‘ foundation of this raga. The name of the clearly establishes the raga. raga is woven into the charanam One can find the raga Natabhairavi, ‗DNDPDP PNDPM GRSR MPDNDP‘, 20th melakarta raga of the 72 melakarta ‗Nasikabhushani Naan Paadum Ragam‘. raga being used in South Indian films. An attractive combination of an The swaras Shadjam, chatushruti instrument sounding like the Jal Tarang rishabham, sadharana gandharam, and Nadaswaram in the pattern of shuddha madhyamam, Panchamam, question-answer session is played as the shuddha daivatam, kaishiki nishadam music interlude between the pallavi and belongs to this raga. It corresponds to the first charanam in this song. natural minor scale of the western music Raga Rishabhapriya, 62nd system. Tamil movie Alaigal oivadhillai‘s Melakarta raga, rare not often handled in masterpiece ‗Putham Pudhu Kaalai‘ by Carnatic music has been effectively used Music Director Illayaraja, with the silky for various moods in Films. It has vocals of S Janaki offers the right match Shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, of the raga in its tune and orchestration. antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, The counterpoint play between violins, Panchamam, shuddha dhaivatham and flute, voice and violins, flute, guitar kaisiki Nishadam. In Tamil movie clearly shows the musical intricacies of ‗Mandira Punnagai‘ Composed and Sung this raga in the song. The important by Illayaraja, the song ‗Kaali Perungaya phrases ‗Poovil Thondrum Vaasam Dappa Adhula Vasana bhalamathan Adudhaan Raagamo‘ ‗NDNDPM GMG irukku‘ ‗RGGRGGR,S SSS PDNDNDND GMP MDP‘ ‗Manadhin aasaigal malarin PPP‘, the phrase ‗Ada Vazhkai kolangal‘ ‗PDN SRGN PDN SRGN‘ is Enbadhum dhegam Enbadhum Onnum where the raga sancharas enters and illa‘ ‗S PPPP MMMM GGGG RGSR‘ this corroborates the essence of Natabhairavi. raga is established evidently. This song The soul stirring song ‗Vaseegara‘ involves situation of Hero as a booze composed by Harris Jeyaraj, sung by enthusiast showing distress in life. Bombay Jayashree is another soft and A beautiful melody ‗Aacharavillada contemplative melody from Tamil movie nalige‘ from Kannada Movie ‗Upasane‘ by ‗Minnale‘ in Natabhairavi. ‗Vaseegara en Music Director VijayBhaskar tuned to the nenjinaika un pon madiyil thoonginaal meaningful lyrics of Saint Purandara podhum‘ ‗RGRGG RGMRGG RGMRGG Dasa, Sung by S Janaki uses this raga RRPMPMG ‗Naan nesipadhum
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swasipadhum un dhayavaal thaane‘ soul. The song opens with Jathis, swaras ‗SSGRN NRSD DNDP RS‘ are crowning ‗SRGP GRSN‘ and backing alaps. jewels of this raga. This raga has made it ‗Omkara Pranava Mantra Swaroopam‘ foray into other South Indian Language ‗SPP MDPGS RPP‘, ‗Maha Dheeraya movies too. ‗Sevathiye Sevanthiye‘ from swarajathiyai en naatyathil sernthida the Kannada movie ‗Suryavamsha‘, vaa‘ ‗RGRSS DNSR SNDP GMPD ‗Sevathiye Sevanthiye Nan aase alaiyalli PMGRS‘ brings forth the purity of the gammanthiye‘ ‗NNSS NNSS NSN PPMG raga. The song ends lifting our spirits to GMMP‘ Malligekinta baluandha neenu‘ the Panchamam in the upper octave(Tara ‗PPPDPM MMMPMG‘, ‗Janma Janmada Sthayi). preethige‘ GPGRS SSRGP‘ are Another finest songs in Raga characteristics of the raga. Few eloquent Dharmavati is ‗Thathithom‘ from Tamil hit songs ‗Yedho oru paatu‘ from Tamil Movie ‗Azhagan‘ by Music Director Movie ‗Unnidathil ennai koduthen‘ Maragathamani, Sung by KS Chitra. An Composed by SA Rajkumar, ‗Ne attractive conversational element tolisariga‘ from the Telugu movie between the Keyboard instrument and ‗Santhosham‘ composed by RP Patnaik, the vocals makes this song effectively and ‗Roopavathi Ruchirangi‘ from Malayalam realistically dramatic. This song has wide movie ‗Ponnaapuram Kotta‘ composed by range of note intervals ‗Thathaigal G Devarajan sung by KJ Yesudas also sonnadhu muthamizh enrulam‘ ‗PRS PRS effectively focuses on this raga. PGRSNDP‘. The song has swara patterns Dharmavati, the 59th Melakarta in the accepted frameworks of the raga Raga is an enchanting, pleasing, towards its end ‗RMDR RMD‘ jumping sensuous and a brilliant raga which can octaves which creates something be heard any time of the day. This raga evocatively new. has the swaras Shadjam, Chatusruti Music Director Ilayaraja has Rishabham, Sadharana Gandharam, composed Dharmavathi based song Prathi Madhyamam, Panchamam, ‗Vaazhve Maayama‘ in the Tamil movie Chatusruti Dhaivatam and Kakali ‗Gayathri‘, sung by BS Sasirekha. The Nishadam. The recent song ‗Omkara song begins with song pattern ‗SDPMD Pranava Mantra‘ from the Tamil movie RGRGS RGRGS RGRGSGGP‘ which ‗Maligai‘ Music Composed by Mahesh touches listeners with incite feelings of Mahadev, Sung by the Author herself pathos, heavy heart brooding and sadness (Priyadarshini) is based on pure with the projection of histrionic grief. Dharmavathi. This song is a plethora of Another song in his Kannada Film ‗Nee stunning sangatis, alaps, jathis and Nanna Gellalaare‘ Song ‗Anuraga Enaitu‘ swara and is picturised on the heroine, a sung by Dr Rajkumar is another Bharathanatyam dancer in her past birth outstanding example of this Raga. The singing the glories of Lord Shiva. On raga's stamp comes through in the lines hearing this song and its creatively ‗Anuraga Enaitu Manaseka Kallaitu‘ employed tabla rhythm pattern, one can ‗PPMPMGR NSRGR NSRGR NSRGR‘‘ start to feel the power of Shiva enter the ‗Ninna Savimaathu Kahi Hegaitu‘
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‗SRGPPP PP MPDMPDMG‘. Other songs Jayachandran, Sung soulfully by KS in Indian film music include Kannada Chitra. The song begins with song ‗Kanasalli Bandavaraare from the ‗Chitrashalabame Chitrashalabame movie ‗Shruthi Seridhaga‘. The phrase apsarassukal thedum chithrashalabhame ‗Avanaaro Naankaane Nee hele gelathi‘ nee‘ ‗PDNSSS GSN NSNSSSS PDPM ‗RGGMM MPPDD NNSN MDPMGRGM‘. PSNDP GMMG RGRGG RG SR‘ phrase The line in ‗Premadhi gandha bali which firms the footprints of this raga. bandha olidhu bande giriye enda‘ Chiselled with utmost divinity, every NSRGGG SRNSRGRG NSNSD DNDNP facet of this raga brims with unique MPMPD SNDPMGRS‘. ‗Andhela experience of Bhakti and bliss. Raga Ravamidhi', from the Telugu movie Thodi having its Mela name ‗Swarna Kamalam‘, ‗Madhura swarga‘ Hanumathodi belonging to the 8th from Malayalam Movie ‗Manoradham‘ are melakarta raga is also known as the few more examples. ―Pride of Carnatic Mela Ragas‖. Shadjam, The last of the 72 melakarta ragas is Suddha Rishabham, Sadharana the graceful Rasikapriya adopting Gandharam, Shuddha Madhyamam, swaras, Shadjam, shatsruthi rishabham, Panchamam, Shuddha dhaivatam, and antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, Kaisiki Nishadam are the swaras taken shatsruthi dhaivatham, kakali by this raga. In the context of Indian Film Nishadam. This purely classical raga is Music, Raga Thodi has provided challenging for film song composition inspiration to multitudes of many owing to its traditional oscillating composers for its Majestic vibrations, gamakas. Music Director Illayaraja has meandering gamakas and laden with full composed a captivating melody of expressions characterizing its melodic ‗Sangeethame en jeevane‘ sung by S identity. Janaki in Rasikapriya from the Tamil The song ‗Thodiyil Padugindren‘ from movie ‗Kovil Pura‘. ‗Sangeedhame En the Tamil movie ‗Thodi Ragam‘ Music Dheivame nimmmadhi Vaanam Composed by Kunnakudi Vaidhyanathan, Vidindhidum Neram‘ PDNSNDPM Sung by TN Seshagopalan merits PDPMP MPMGMPP PMGR GMPMGR‘ mention, has numerous spiralling ‗Odivandhen Unnai Naan Paada‘ sangatis and indulges the adventurous SRRRRG MMP PDNS‘ are cleverly trait in the composer, singer, and listener. crafted Rasikapriya pieces. This icing on The opening begins with traditional flute the cake is the soul stirring Nadaswaram and mridangam. ‗Thodiyil paadugindren with a humming reply sung by S Janaki odi nee varuvaai muruga‘ ‗SRS SNRSD covering the scale in totality and NRSS NSD NNS‘ ‗Idhaiyam niraindha conveying the poignancy of the situation isaiyudan kalandha‘ NSRNSN NDNS in every phrase. Typical beauty of the DND‘ establishes the raga. An exemplary raga remains uncompromised in the film song in Thodi from the film pleasing Song ‗Chithrasalabhame‘ from ‗Vanangamudi‘ is ‗Ennai Pol Penn Allavo‘ the Malayalam Movie ‗Karayilekku oru composed by Legendary Music Director G. kadaloora‘ Composed by M Ramanathan and sung by P. Susheela
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filmed on Actress Savithri. This song Panchamam, Shuddha Dhaivatham and begins at the Panchamam and the very Shuddha Nishadam. This haunting raga phrase ‗PDND PDM RGMMND‘, points with vivadhi swarams at two levels has indubitably at Thodi owing to its very handful pick of Film songs. Raga complexity in swara phrases, intonations Kanakangi can be used to score and stunning bhrigas. ‗Ennai Pol background music to eerie situations. Pennallavo‘ ‗Ulagai Irul Neengum Music Director Illayaraja has made a Kannallavo Devi concludes with racy fantastic song handled the raga in a very brigas ‗GRS SRGM PDNSN‘. There are intelligent way. The tonal quality of that several intricate sangatis which leaves a song appropriately suits that situation. strong shadow of the majestic thodi. The He never travels through the entire phrase ‗irul neekkum kann allavo‘, the octave in the song. The situation revolves phrase ‗GM MD MD NR NRG‘ flows in around the Hero (called as JKB in the the varja pattern, very appealing and movie), a famous Vocalist. The extra impressive. ‗Gangaikkarai mannanadi‘ marital affair between the Hero and from the movie ‗Varusham 16‘ Composed Heroine who also possess good knowledge by Music Director Illayaraja presents in Carnatic Music creates problems in his subdued emotionalism, skilled artistry, public performance and his family life. He subtle interplay of melodic designs of the tries to forget her, but unable and is raga. The phrase ‗thaththum siru haunted by her thoughts all the time. thaamarai paathangal nadaithaan payila‘ This situation is showcased in the song emphazing the usage of this raga. 'mogam ennum theeyil en manam vendhu Kannada Film Song ‗Naadhamaya‘ vendhu urugum'. ‗SSSS RSSS DSRDSR from the movie ‗Jeevana Chaitra‘ set to SSS‘ aasai ennum puyal veesi vittadhadi Raga Todi reverberating in the cosmic ‗PMM MGG RP PMM MGG RP‘ ‗aani Himalayas is simply mesmerizing with vaer varaiyil aadi vittadhadi‘ ‗PMM MGG the echoes of Dr.Rajkumar‘s melancholic RG SRSR SD‘ kaappaay devi ‗DSSR‘ voice. The song opens with melting, clearly establishing the raga. The raga is appealing phrases of notes and meticulously intertwined into swaras intonations of alaps of this raga. SRG initially, travelling to PDN in the Melodious Thodi can also be heard from later part of the song to avoid the vivadi ‗Hridaya Vaathaayanangal Thurannu‘ swaras at the same stretch. The climax from Malayalam movie ‗Aarathi‘ a portion is exhibited as the Composer ragamalika song having Thodi raga used travels from madhyama sthayi from lines ‗Nin paada padmangal‘ ‗En panchamam in a single stretch to the andharangathin‘ ‗RG NDDPP‘ which thara sthayi panchamam, covering all the establishes the raga. notes in between in the melodious voice of The first melakartha in the 72 KJ Yesudas. Another amazing song melakartha scheme is Raga Kanakangi. ‗Kanakangi Swara‘ from the Malayalam It is a sampoorna raga with Shajam, movie ‗Sree Ragam‘ is brought to the Shuddha Rishabham, Shuddha foreground with very light Gandharam, Shuddha Madhyamam, instrumentation and interesting use of
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Mridanga. It has a remarkable rendition References by KJ Yesudas, composed by Kanhangad Books Ramachandran. 1. Anupam Mahajan (1994). Ragas in Music in Indian films has been the Indian Classical Music. Gian metamorphosing incessantly. Music Publishing House Directors embracing variety of styles and 2. Sudarraman (2007). Raga presenting their compositions it their Chinthamani. Chennai: unique style keeps music vibrant amongst Picchammal Chintamani. the music lovers. Right from the birth of 3. T R Kallabiraan (1994). - Thirai the Film Music many music directors Isai, Tamizh Isai, Carnatic have contributed innumerable musical Sangeetham. Papa Publishers innovations, by amalgamating elements 4. S. Bhagyalekshmy(2010). Ragas in of ragas with intricate rhythm patterns Carnatic Music. Cbh Publications and lyrics that attract the masses. The dominant role of the Indian film music in Newspaper Articles its widespread, eclectic musical nature, in 1. A Raga‘s Journey.(Various its growing global outreach of it imbibes Editions). The Hindu various essence of ragas for creating a 2. Filmy perhaps, but definitely not song which is expressive and dramatically flimsy. (2017, Dec 14). The Hindu a part of the film music. The Mela ragas 3. Ragas in Kannada movie songs. discussed above have added new flavours (Music Matters). The Hindu to its situation or scene in the movie.
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S. Manoj Assistant Professor of English Agurchand Manmull Jain College (Shift II) Meenambakkam, Chennai
Abstract It is well-known that comic books employ pictures to tell stories, and pictures have been and will be a great choice when it comes to narration and aiding the process of narration. The form which comic books take - the combination of pictures and text - is the reason for their reception and reach. The aspect of including less or no text works - on multiple levels - in the favor of comic books. It engages the readers, consumes less time, cuts down long descriptions and provides scope for readers‟ interpretation. Literary classics such as To kill a Mockingbird, Dracula, Jane Eyre, Frankenstein, The Kite Runner and many have their comic book variant. The point to be discussed now is whether comics have equaled or closed the gap with conventional literary texts as their readership is ever-expanding. This research paper close reads the combination of pictures and text in comic books and it talks in detail about how well they complement each other. Keywords: Comic Books, Colors, Panels, Cartoons, Dialogues, Close Reading
Comic books have been an art form which many have admired and certain sections of the people have looked down upon as a sub-standard form of art for decades. The meteoric rise of the comics is due to its picture book format. Comic book reader needn‘t be a well-read person Picture – 1 A cartoon on political and don‘t need to be a native speaker scenario either. To a comic book, it seems like Picture 1 has two characters, in language is inadequate to express which, one can see an old man sweeping. emotions and feelings, so it employs The other person who is near the door – pictures to the fullest and keeps texts to most probably a personal assistant - the minimal. Comic books are popular informs that the old man has a visitor. because of their narrative structure being We find out through the appearance that simple and easy to grasp. Comic strips the person who is sweeping the floor is are simple yet effective, they are used in the Former Prime Minister, and it can advertisements and to even portray also confirmed with the name plate which serious issues, which enables comics as a is on the desk. It is with the appearance flexible art form. that we find out that it is our Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. The visitor he has is the famous Hindi actor Aamir Khan who has also taken up
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the role of a social activist. The actor In Picture 2, the comic character wants to stress on the social issue of Batman is standing amongst the dark manual scavenging which a particular surroundings. The picture shows the city segment of people has been forced to of Gotham in a brooding, mysterious blue- carry out and it is a serious issue which grey haze. There is additional contrast to needs immediate focus. the focal point (Batman) where a cool The scenario is paradoxical as the bluish-white glow surrounds the hero. Former Prime Minister is in a situation The bluish-white glow may be of the where he is forced to clean the mess that moon yet it adds a savior like image to has been created by his fellow politicians. the comic superhero character Batman. His government has lost people‘s The standout bluish-white glow confidence for its scams, scandals and the intensifies the dark background and blunders that has been committed by makes the city look even more sinister. their party members. He is trying his best The whole city looks dark and shady to hide everything from the people‘s eye. which helps Gotham attain a mysterious But the fact is the people know that the ambience and the bats flying all around government is unable to eradicate the adds to the effectiveness of the picture. issues which plague the society as well as The comic character Batman stands the nation. The picture takes a dig at the amidst the darkness but there is a small government and its functioning. area around him which is bright. This The picture takes up the serious issue portrayal makes one assume the comic of the government trying to clear away character as someone who is trying to their wrongdoings and it keeps the issue infuse light into darkness. His posture of manual scavenging in parallel. The shows him as a person who is engrossed issue is the same as the Prime Minister is in deep thoughts to bring about change in trying to clean the mistakes committed by the crime infested city of Gotham. The his party-men, whereas the issue of bluish white surrounding the Batman manual scavenging co-exists. The serious creates an image of a savior and it also issue is handled in a lighter vein; it functions as the symbol of hope for the evokes laughter, makes one think, and troubled people of Gotham. The image also visualizes the political and social that follows is from Superman comic book scenario. The next picture from Batman which speaks in length about the facial comic book explains the importance of and bodily expressions of comic color adding to the effect. characters.
Picture – 2 An image of the comic Picture – 3 An image of comic character character Batman Superman
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Looking at Picture 3 one may get In picture 4 a reader can understand startled as the comic character of the effective role that dialogues play. Superman who is known to sport a glow Bruce Wayne‘s - the boy in the picture in his face and eyes, with shoulders held and the one plays the titular character of high and smile in his face, appears jaded Batman in the later stages - parents are and sad in this picture. The ambience of killed. One can see horror in the eyes of the room which is dark and isolated, the boy and he is terrorized as he saw his contributes to the expression of tiredness parents getting killed. An inquisitor and sadness in the face of the comic comes in to ask some questions to get character. His posture with his shoulders some leads to crack the murder. The dropped and facing downwards suggests situation is further intensified with the that he is not happy with the things that inquisitor words which reveal that Bruce are going around. It also underlines the Wayne‘s father was a well-known loss of hope in him. physician. The inquisitor being well In this picture one may have sensed a aware of the traumatized condition of the feeling of regret and reflection, coldness boy goes ahead questioning about the and emptiness, even when there are no murder. The dialogue in the comic strip dialogues to evoke that feeling. The arouses the tension and adds to the shades of black, blue and the darkness horror which the boy has just helped intensify that feeling. Color is experienced. It traumatizes the boy used to play upon the subconscious of the further who has just lost his parents. readers. We associate colors with feelings Along the pictures, dialogues are kept to and feelings are associated with reveal the horrific past of the titular temperature. Anger, excitement, character which has led to his intensity, love, and happiness are transformation to a superhero. His associated with warm bright colors. parents are killed by a robber and the boy Sadness, anguish, loneliness, despair, hasn‘t overcome the trauma yet. The regret and misery are associated with dialogues are used perfectly here for a cooler dark colors. The picture given flashback mode and helps intensify the below explains the effectiveness of situation the comic character is going dialogues when added to a comic strip. through. It would be worthwhile here to analyze a comic strip which looks effective even without descriptions and dialogues.
Picture – 4 A comic strip from Batman Picture – 5 A comic strip without comic book dialogue
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One can easily understand the comic girl opens her mouth wide in excitement strip which is given above in picture 5. after seeing the lollipop. The girl‘s joy can There are three characters in this comic be seen as she lifts her hands in strip. There is a lady who is dressed in a excitement and getting ready to receive white overcoat and there is a man who is the lollipop. The man looks relieved as his accompanied by a girl. The lady who is daughter has stopped crying. The doctor dressed in a white overcoat is a doctor reveals a sense of achievement on her which can be figured out easily as she has face as she has finally accomplished the the stethoscope around her neck. The task of convincing the girl. man who has accompanied the young girl In the final picture we see the doctor must be her father as he seems to worry a getting surprised and dumbstruck by the lot about her erratic behavior that she is behavior of the man. The man has crying non-stop. If one has cracked the grabbed the lollipop from the doctor‘s basic details which are offered by the hand and his posture describes that he is strip it will be easy to fill in the void relishing the lollipop as his daughter is created by the absence of the dialogues. A looking at him angrily with helplessness. step-by-step analysis of the comic strip The doctor‘s posture shows that she has with the basic details provided will help no idea what to do. one understand the effectiveness of As one can see there are no dialogues reading a comic book which is devoid of in the comic strip but it‘s relatively dialogues. simple to understand. As there are no The strip opens with a man having no dialogues we are forced to come out with clue why his daughter is wailing. One can our interpretations. This is the essence of see that he is scratching his head as he comic strips. It involves readers and has no idea why his daughter is crying, makes the act of reading a pleasure. One and his palms stretched reveal the tends to develop a more complete confused state he is pushed into by his character and engaging stories when daughter‘s antics. The doctor seems to be adding dialogues to a comic strip. The blinking and her hands denote that she is visual elements should be carefully placed trying to look for a possible solution. as not to distort the flow and to provide In the next picture the doctor seems to necessary visual cues. have arrived at an idea as she puts her Text or no text, a comic book delivers hands in pockets. The man looks at the what it has to with the help of pictures, doctor curiously and seems anxious to and at times, it takes a little help from know what she is going to do. His text too. Comic books are more bilateral, daughter starts to wail in a loud and both pictures and text join hands to erratic manner to draw attention from achieve the effect. It is a medium of visual both, the doctor and her father. and linguistic Excellency. A medium Moving on to the next picture in the where both pictures and text complement comic strip we see the doctor taking out a each other and chip in when the other is lollipop with a smile on her face thinking unable to narrate the scene more that she can convince the girl, and the effectively. It is believed that language is
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a not so adequate tool to convey feeling References and emotions which is the point where 1. McCloud, Scott. Understanding pictures step in to provide effect. Not all Comics: The Invisible Art. USA: pictures have clarity and that is the point Harper Perennial, 1994. Print. when the usage of text provides the much 2. Berger, Arthur Asa. Narratives in needed clarity. In this fast paced world Popular Culture, Media, and where reading conventional novels have Everyday Life. USA: Sage taken a beating, comic books are a Publications, 1997. Print. welcome relief and they cater to needs of 3. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and the readers as a medium which provides Appropriation. India: Routledge, reading pleasure and visual ease. 2007. Print. 4. Coville, James. ―The History of Comic Books.‖ Thecomicbooks.com/old/Platinum .html, 16 Feb. 2001. Web. 10 Jan. 2019.
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P. Eshwara Murthy Ph.D., Research Scholar, Department of English Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Hanamkonda Warangal, Telangana, India
Dr. B. Krishnaiah (Research Supervisor), Assistant Professor of English Department of English, School of Humanities, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
Abstract Rohinton Mistry born and brought up in Bombay, now residing in Canada. Mistry chooses realism as his style and focuses on the human conditions located in time and space: the Parsi middle class in suburban Bombay and rural migrants. His world of fiction is replete with characters, who hover on the periphery of neutralised, international bourgeois culture and revel in the multiformity of their culturally located existence. Such a Long Journey (1991) was set in the early 1970s, during the war against Pakistan, A Fine Balance (1996) unfolds the horrors of the internal emergency imposed by Mrs. Gandhi in 1975. With his third novel Family Matters (2002), Mistry moves to the India of the 1990s and the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992 followed by outbursts of communal violence throughout India where non-Hindu Indians face a moment of serious crisis. Family Matters shows the events at the level of the local and the familial and how the common man is affected by the communal politics and disturbances. It is the story of Nariman Vakeel, who is initially depicted in a state of gradual degeneration of his bodily functions but redeemed by the love and caring of his children and grand children. Mistry shows how fundamentalism and distorted political thinking have altered the social structure in such a way that even the common man, who is dissociated from politics, is affected. Keywords: demolition - internal emergency – communal violence – serious crisis - communal politics – fundamentalism – social structure – common man.
It is vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual. -- Jeremy Bentham The current explosion of ethno- past, postcolonial texts focus on religious politics in the Indian sub- indigenous domination and continent has forced the recognition that marginalisation within the new spaces. racial and religious identities cannot be Born and brought up in Bombay, though easily subordinated to indices of secular now residing in Canada, Rohinton Mistry modernity. The politics of ethnicity plays witnessed the last bright sparks of the a vital role within postcolonial spaces. In existence of the Parsis in India and the postcolonial society, the dominant usually criminalisation of the city (Bombay) in becomes the norm, whereas the ethnic the last three decades of the twentieth minorities become marked. Besides century. Mistry chooses realism as his foregrounding resistance to the colonial style and focuses on the human
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conditions located in time and space: the practising Parsi community is not Parsi middle class in suburban Bombay exempted from criticism. Through Yezad‘s and rural migrants. His world of fiction is life (son-in-law of Nariman) the novel replete with characters, who hover on the introduces the horrors of Mr. Kapur, the periphery of neutralised, international victim of the 1947 Hindu-Muslim clashes, bourgeois culture and revel in the who speaks about the Partition days. It multiformity of their culturally located gives scope to us to identify it as a existence. Parsis, the working class, the narrative of the contemporary India. women and the aged people in Mistry‘s Yezad feels that Punjabi migrants of a fiction play the role of the ‗other‘ to the certain age like Indian authors writing Hindus, bourgeois, upper class, men and about that period, ―whether in realist the young. With his third novel Family novels of corpse-filled trains or the magic- Matters (2002), Mistry moves to the India realist midnight muddles, all repeating of the 1990s and the demolition of Babri the same catalogue of horrors about Masjid in 1992 followed by outbursts of slaughter and burning, rape and communal violence throughout India mutilation……‖ (Mistry 151). Husain, the where non-Hindu Indians face a moment Muslim peon is hired at Mr. Kapur‘s of serious crisis. Family Matters shows Bombay Sporting Goods Emporium the events at the level of the local and the several months after the Babri Mosque familial and how the common man is riots at the urging of the Ekta Samiti, affected by the communal politics and which is asking business to help disturbances. It is the story of Nariman rehabilitate riot victims. Mr. Kapur Vakeel, who is initially depicted in a state nurses battered emotions till he is ready of gradual degeneration of his bodily to resume his duties. Whenever Yezad functions but redeemed by the love and finds himself getting annoyed by Husain, caring of his children and grand children. Kapur reminds the peon‘s story about the But parallel to it, Nariman‘s past is burning chawls in Antop Hill, goondas gradually unveiled – where his love with setting people on fire: a Catholic woman (Lucy) is abandoned ....Husain and his Muslim neighbours and forced to agree to marry a widowed watching as their Parsi woman, already mother of two chawl went up in flames, wondering children. Ridden with guilt, Nariman where his life and helps Lucy that infuriates his wife and three sons were….and then four earns him the lifelong resentment of his burning figures tumbling stepchildren. down the steps of the building, their The subtext of the novel is the growth smoking hands of the fundamentalist Hindutva ideology beating at the flames….while the and its recollision on the life of the goondas sprinkled more ordinary and unsuspecting citizen. Mistry kerosene from their cans over handles larger issues of religious Husain‘s family...(Mistry 144). Zealotry, bigotry and fundamentalism What Husain has witnessed is the within all communities and even his ultimate act of denial of his right to
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citizenship and his right to existence. The The guardians of the law behave like blind communal hatred never sees gangsters in the riots and shoot their individuals as human beings but only as guns at innocent people. Years pass by representatives of groups. Commenting but there is no justice to the victims on the heart-breaking experience of where as the Shiva Sena that hired and Husain, Nandini Bhautoo-Dewnarain polluted the police has now become the writes, ―The horrors of the Babri Musjid government. Mr. Kapur decides to contest riots through the agony of Husain, the the Municipal elections to deal with the Muslim peon who intermittently relives Lawlessness and acting as a buffer the trauma of seeing the burning bodies against the fundamentalists. To rekindle of his wife and children‖ (38). Mr. Kapur‘s zeal for social reform, Yezad As a staunch believer of secularism persuades his friend Vilas to get Shiva and an idealistic worshipper of Bombay, Sena activists to threaten Kapur with Mr. Kapur determines to fight against the extortion. However, Vilas says that it is fanaticism. He feels Bombay is an ocean not right to play such dangerous games gift transformed into ground beneath our with fundamentalists. Vilas predictions feet and its engine of cosmopolitanism about the real violent destructive where races and religions live side by side potential of Shiva Sena turns to be in peace and harmony embracing the poor prophetic when the real Shiva Sena and the hungry and the muddled masses. activists burst into Kapur‘s office and kill The coarseness of fanatics causes the him in front of Husain‘s terrified eyes. communal riots and threatens the civilian Husain, who is reconstituted his life with life. Besides the abhorrence for the Shiva the kind help of Kapur, has witnessed Mr. Sena and its narrow parochial ways, Kapur‘s death. Mr. Kapur, a Hindu, is Kapur, Husain and Yezad worry about killed for his liberal views that do not fit the destruction caused by mafia dons and in with the exclusivist demands of the the city‘s nexus of politicians, criminals Hindu fundamentalists. Mr. Kapur is and police. The government plays a mute presented as a person not only as a role as the city which is in no way businessman but a person who has the connected to the Babri Masjid riots sensibility to understand all humanity becomes a victim to it, where the religious across religious divides. Thus, he has a chauvinism of Shiva Sena is augmented Parsi and Muslim (Yezad and Husain) by the Pan-Indian militant Hindutva of working for him. the BJP. The newspapers boldly write After Kapur‘s death, Mrs. Kapur about the Hindu fanaticism and its anti- announces her intention of closing the communal bloodshed, ―Everything was on shop and gives Yezad one month‘s salary the point of being exposed: Shiva Sena in advance ignoring his service of involvement in looting and burning, fourteen years. Yezad‘s hopes for the police helping rioters, withholding betterment of material circumstances, his assistance in Muslim localities‖ (Mistry son‘s future and his unemployment come 154). to an end and he resorts to seeking peace of mind at the Fire temple. This marks a
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gradual transformation of a cheerful novel (the families of Kapur and Husain). young man who uses to challenge the Mistry‘s characters, for the most part, of beliefs of the Parsi community into a middle-class to lower middle class religious bigot. Jal (Yezad‘s brother-in- citizens, the homeless poor, the working law) shows him a way out of a gloomy class and the rural migrants. Examining future by reuniting the family in his the characters in the works of Mistry, building - Chateau Felicity and allows the Nandini Bhautoo-Dewnarain writes, ―He proceeds from the sale of a small flat to go deliberately chooses to focus on the lower towards ensuring their livelihood. end of the social class – on the figures However, Yezad recreates for his son the marginalized by society‖ (84). hell which has made young Nariman‘s life Mistry shows how fundamentalism plunge into misery – the denial of and skewed political thinking have marrying a non-Parsi girl. He tells his altered the very social structure in such a son, ―You can have any friends you like, way that even the common man – any race or religion, but for a serious dissociated from politics – is scared and relationship, for marriage, the rules are affected. different‖ (Mistry 482). Like Yezad, Coomy (Nariman‘s step- References daughter) also inherits the ferocious 1. Mistry, Rohinton. Family Matters. traditional outlook of Nariman‘s parents London: Faber and Faber, 2002. and her own mother which demands the Print. individual will and desires be curbed for 2. Dewnarain, Nandini Bhautoo. the greater family good. Her Contemporary Indian Writers in traditionalistic orientation is not only English. Rohinton Mistry: An turned into a religious bigot but directed Introduction. New Delhi: at her weak willed brother Jal and he can Foundation Books, 2007. Print. express his absolute disagreement after 3. Chakravorthy, Sujata. Critical her death. Yezad‘s behaviour of Insights into the Novels of traditional exclusiveness and orthodoxy Rohinton Mistry. New Delhi: towards his son‘s love affair is a Discovery Publishing House, 2014. reminiscent of Coomy‘s towards her Print. brother. Analysing Yezad‘s character, Sujata Chakravorthy opines, ―Yezad‘s character has undergone a complete transformation under Mistry‘s pen – from a very rational, down to earth character he becomes a religious fanatic‖ (46). Thus, Family Matters shows that the private is political, even as national politics affects the life of more than one family in the
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Mrs. V. Usha Assistant Professor, Department of English Guru Nanak College, Guru Nanak Salai Velachery, Chennai
Abstract English is a globe- friendly language with more than a quarter of the world‟s people using it for communication. It has also become an important tool for social and economic progression all over today. Employment opportunities are more for those who have good communicative competence in English. It is quite interesting to explore how English can be exploited as part of Employability Skills and how it can be exploited for occupational purpose. Now-a-days, opportunities are plenty for the learners to acquire English language skills. Day-by-day the need for English language proficiency has been growing to a greater extent for empowerment and employability. According to the definition given by the Higher Education Academy English Subject Centre, London, in 2008, Employability is “A set of achievements, skills, understanding and personal attributes- that makes graduates more likely to gain employment and be successful in their chosen occupation.” Due to the rapid growth of multinational companies in India since 1990s, there has been a great demand for the educated youth with good communication skills in English. These private sectors rely on India as a preferred destination for its outsourcing and other offices. In India, there has been an enormous growth of institutes offering courses in English language skills. Acquisition of language skills has to be done methodically for getting the right placement. In learning the lingua franca, essential language tools and pedagogies have to be put into practice to achieve the feasibility of employability.The present paper analyses various means of acquiring language skills for effective communication through classroom activities, Mass Media, Social Media, Co-Curricular activities and beyond.
Introduction used in almost all the continents in the “A winner is someone who world and serves as an official language recognizes his God-given talents, of 54 Commonwealth Countries and works his tail off to develop them spoken by around 700 million people into skills, and uses these skills to across the globe. The users of English accomplish his goals.”- Larry Bird outnumber the native speakers of Of all the creations on this only living English. So, English which was used as planet, the Earth, Man alone is endowed an Associate official language in India for with the art of speaking. All comforts that fifteen years after its Independence in we enjoy today are the outcome of the 1947, it still continues to be the language creative ideation transformed through for official communication. effective communication from “Take advantage of every intrapersonal to interpersonal levels. opportunity to practice your India is one of the post-colonial countries communication skills so that when and so English is deeply-rooted. Though important occasions arise, you will this country is gifted with more than one have the gift, the style, the thousand languages, there is no common sharpness, the clarity, and the language for official purposes. English is
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emotions to affect other people.” - knowledge of English for communication Jim Rohn required for their career through the In the secular India, the prevailing following: occupations like Teacher, Doctor, Engineer, Police, Lawyer and so on have Classroom Activities a commonality with regard to the “The mark of higher education common language for communication, isn’t the knowledge you accumulate which is none other than English. The in your head. It’s the skill you gain proficiency of English language can be about how to learn.” - Adam Grant showcased in formal greetings, replies, The process of language learning is a permission, apology, request, enquiry, continuum. For everybody it starts from suggestion, advice, order, Thanks-giving school and goes on to UG, PG and so on. and so on. The educated Indian youth Unlike other subjects learnt by the explore diverse techniques to acquire the student, English language through English language skills for employability. literature has to be learnt systematically But still they lag behind in effective and in a phased manner. While studying communication in English due to lack of these aspects for examination, the regular practice, general negligence and student also gets opportunity through overconfidence. In the present scenario, classroom activities to learn the fine English Language Teaching with details of English. Listening, Speaking, innumerable innovations is in great Reading and Writing are to be acquired demand. Many countries are grappled proportionately. The Government of India with the problem of getting suitable has introduced English language labs in candidates in recruitments due to lack of government schools and colleges to effective communication skills among enhance the communication skills of the them. To emphasize the point, the then students, right from their primary level. Vice Chancellor of University of Madras, But at the same time constant drills on Prof. S. Ramachandran in 2005 rightly grammar and pronunciation by the pointed that ―our system has produced trainer will enrich their language graduates with very good academic proficiency. records but that alone is not sufficient to Listening is an important factor for succeed in the job markets and effective communication. Without the professions‖. So, mere degree alone will ability to listen effectively, messages can not provide job opportunity in the current easily be misunderstood and situation. It has been observed that the misinterpreted. Listening is so important Multinational Companies spend that many top employers provide enormously to fine-tune their newly listening skills training for their recruited youth with their functional employees. communication skills in English in The following steps can be followed to addition to their work culture. acquire Listening Skills: The teachers of English can Willingness familiarize their students with the Eye Contact
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Sit in right posture English language by extensive reading of Nodding head online journals, magazines, e-books, Non-Interference with the novels etc., presenter during the presentation The students can naturally learn the Facial expression following aspects in a proper meaningful Self-confidence can be built in Reading. students by training them Speaking Spelling Skills viz., repeating the rhyming words, Pronunciation reciting a poem, practising tongue Meaning twisters, storytelling. Activities like Grammar J.A.M, Quiz, Debate, Block and Tackle or In addition to the above, writing Shipwreck can also be conducted to create practice which is an important part of opportunities for the students to speak communication can be given to students their minds. Even by interacting with the in the classroom by asking them to write teacher or the fellow students they can on their own about the given topic. This learn to speak fluently with courage. writing skill allows us to communicate The following ways can be adopted to our ideas with clarity and ease to a far improve Speaking Skills: larger audience than in any other way of Communicate in English wherever communication. This kind of learning the possible – inside as well as outside language has a long lasting impact which the institution. helps them in their chosen career. Use the vocabulary aptly according to the situation based on The following components play a vital collocation. role in effective writing: Think in English simultaneously Correct grammar in communication. Spelling Do not try to imitate the native Vocabulary speaker. Punctuation Speak with the right modulation and intonation. Impact of Mass Media While reading a prose lesson, the “People who wish to go into the student learns how to skim and scan the future should have two skills to essential parts of it. Teachers can make succeed – the ability to deal with the students read the text aloud in the people and the ability to sell.” - Shiv classrooms which will enhance both the Khera Reading and Listening skills of the Mass Media comprise Print Medium students. The teachers can also (including Newspapers, Journals and emphasize the importance of silent Magazine), Radio and Television. The reading and loud reading. Ultimately the above medium can be used to improvise student gains his/her self-confidence communication skills. Watching English while Reading. Students may be news channels like BBC, CNN, Times encouraged to acquire knowledge of Now, NDTV and so on will definitely
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improve their listening and speaking of the essential employability skills. That skills; they will learn the proper is, to know how to communicate with pronunciation of the words and will try to others in different situations like the use them in their day-to-day above will help them use the appropriate conversation. English movies also language. contribute to the development of The employers expect effective and vocabulary, sentence structures, smart communication skills in English intonation and the like., Students can from a candidate especially in BPOs, attend programmes conducted by the KPOs and call centres. So the candidate British council which introduces new need to be skilled in both active listening methods from time to time in language and measured speaking. Interviews acquisition. provide ample opportunities to them to showcase their Communicative Skills. It Impact of Social Media could be succeeded by conducting Word “As the world we live in is so Play, Word Building, Quizzing, Debates, unpredictable, the ability to learn Group Discussions and Mock Interviews and to adapt to change is imperative, in the classrooms. alongside creativity, problem Karaoke is one such method in which solving, and communication skills.”- the student has to dub his/her voice to Alain Dehaze sync the lip movement in the video. This Internet, Facebook, Whatsapp, method enables the student to adapt the Instagram, Messenger, Hike, Twitter, speaking style, pronunciation and Kindle, Google Duo, etc., fall under Social mannerisms of the native speaker. Dub Media. That the above are beneficial as smash is another interesting feature well as detrimental is known to all. Also, which has made a huge impact on the that the present youth cannot be current generation to imitate and learn in separated from the above e-content is also a playful method. an accepted fact. Instead of blaming them India has excelled in various fields of for overusing them, it is better to educate knowledge and it has created marvels in them judiciously through their devices. science and technology. In a way The age of youth is very precious. Like Technology has curbed all learning the ‗Early bird catches its worm,‘ the processes as well and so we have to prove smart youth with required skills are only ourselves with proficiency in English to sought after. One cannot deny the fact compete with others. that through the Social Media, our youth are becoming familiar with different Conclusion levels of communication like ‗very “Much of education today focuses informal‘ (with their bosom friends), on obedience skills rather than ‗informal‘ (with their peer group), ‗formal‘ critical thinking skills.” (in forwarded messages) and ‗very formal‘ - Bryant McGill (notifications\circulars\G.Os) situations. Today, English has a definite say in The awareness of all the above is also one the multicultural and multilingual
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Multinational Companies. It is all English for Spoken and because English is a link language. The Presentation Skills, from the Vice- students are to be trained to master the Chancellor‘s Desk, University of English language for Occupational Madras, 2005. Purpose. Once the knowledge of the 3. Dr. K. Alex, ―Soft Skills‖ know language is ingrained, the same can be yourself and know the world, S. applied in one‘s personal life as well. The Chand & Company Pvt, Ltd, New confidence the student gets at the tender Delhi, 2014. age will lay a strong foundation in his/her 4. Woolfolk Anita, ―Educational later life and in the future generation to Psychology‖‘ published by Dorling come. Kindersley (India) Pvt, Ltd, Licensees of Pearson Education in References South Asia, 2006. 1. Higher Education Academy 5. Quotes referred from http://quotes English Subject Centre, London, everlasting.com//. on Employability, 2008. 2. ―Elective Courses on Communication and Soft Skills‖,
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P. Duraisamy Assistant Professor, APA College of Arts and Culture, Palani
M. Yamuna Devi Assistant Professor, N.G.M.College, Pollachi
Abstract The purpose of this study is to know the personal profiles and details about the respondents and to identify the student‟s level of benefits towards the e-books Coimbatore City. The sample of the study was consisted of 143 respondents. The researcher selected the respondents through convenient sampling technique. The data collected are analyzed by using simple percentage and weighted average ranking is used. The study reveals that the e-book is easy to use but difficult to find and download from the internet and all the books and study materials must e made electronically and it must e issued in the colleges and schools. It also finds that the e-book is very convenient to use and carry and the e-books are more affordable to buy as compared to the traditional textbooks.
Introduction in 1971 by Michael Hart the University of This paper examines the use of e- Illinois. As the use of the internet became books in the college and school level more widespread in the late 1980‘s, book introductory information system course vendors (publishers and aggregators) using an empirical study that gave recognized the possibilities of providing students the options to buy electronic or content in digital form. Apple‘s push for e- print versions of same text books. The books, including its ibooks app for iPad internet and the electronic age are that support interactivity of e-books and transforming education in unprecedented the free authority tool ibooks author app ways with increasing use of online to create multi-touch interactive digital courses, e-books, and other online textbooks for iPad, is particularly resources. The concern over increasing noteworthy (Apple, 2013). The majority of costs of higher education, including the postgraduate students, surveyed cost of textbooks, is playing a major role indicated a preference for print books in this transformation. E-books, with over electronic system. Now the students their lower costs, ease of search, copy and developed to the e-books and they made paste, instant access and potential to everything digitalized. improve effectiveness through interactivity and multimedia, appear to History of E-Books be the right tool at the right time. When you used to think of an ebook, The first major developments in the you envisioned an eBook as an electronic field of e-books began in the 1970‘s with version of a printed book available to view Project Gutenberg and the Oxford Text on a PC, Smart-Phone, E-Reader and Archive. Project Gutenberg was founded other platforms. While that still remains
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true, you have a new breed of writers that Objectives of the Study are exclusively writing ebooks instead of To find out the solution for the above tradition print media. For one big reason problems the present study has been they do this, is writing an ebook costs undertaken with the following objectives. nothing but time, and any copy of the To know the personal profiles and book you sell you get a small profit, details about the respondents. others choose to give the books away for To identify the students level of free for promotion of a business or benefits towards the e-books. service. The Resurgence of Ebooks has To analyze the students only been very prevalent for the last five respondents level of opinion years, due to the success of E-Readers towards the usage of e-books. from being a fringe gadget, to a main stream success. Also, do not discount the Sampling rise of mobile computing, such as The study is concerned with the Netbooks and Slate/Tablet PCS such as student‘s respondents about the usage of the iPad, Google Slate, HP Hurricane and e-books. Out of the total 150 others draw in more attention to portable questionnaires issued, 143 questionnaires media and ebooks. Part of the success and are collected and are taken for analysis popularity on ebooks is the traditional because of incomplete information found print media publishing companies such as in the 7 questionnaires. Convenient Simon & Shuster, Penguin, Random sampling method is adopted to select the House and others are seeing record sample users. profits and low overhead of distributing electronic versions of books, rather than Scope of the Study the tangible form. The critical importance of the students‘ usage of e-books has been Statement of the Problem recognized in the academic research and To use e-books among the students its literature, in particular. However, has becomes an alternative one since it is studies in this area remains roader and to more convenient than the textbooks. The some extent fragmented. Therefore, the purpose is to examine whether the e-book purpose of this study is to test empirically usage is convenient, comfortable and integrated model of students‘ usage of e- affordable to the students. This research books. This study is confined to higher is primarily in order to identify and get secondary, under graduate and post insight of higher secondary, under graduate. This study draws on 150 graduate and post graduate students in questionnaire survey of Coimbatore City. the usage of the e-books and to know their level of opinion on usage of the e- Statistical Tools Used books. The main intention of the study is to find out the personal details, preference and students usage on e-books on various users. The primary data collected were
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reformulated and consolidate into master He (2012), made a study on ―Exploratory table. Simple percentage, Chi-square and Research: The Effects of electronic books weighted average ranking is applied to on college student‖. This research shows process the data. the attitudes of most of the college students on e-books were found to be Literature Review positive and they prefer reading e-books V.N. Akpokodje and S.C. to paper materials. Ukwuoma (2016), has examined a study on ―Evaluating the impact of e-book on Simple Percentage reading motivation of students of higher Table 1 Simple Percentage learning in Nigerian University. This No. of Percentage Particulars Respondents helps the students to develop the reading (%) habit and makes them to read more (N=143) books. Therefore it is important that the Area of Residence use of e-books should be encouraged Rural 67 48% among students to help them develop Semi-urban 34 23% Urban 42 29% good reading habit and also ensure Age lifelong learning. Tagreed Kattoua, 16 – 20 58 41% Musa Al Lozi, Ala’aldin Alrowwad 21 – 25 78 54% (2016), made a study on ―E-Learning 26 – 30 7 5% system in higher education‖. It is Above 30 0 0% concluded that a successful e-learning Gender system should consider the personal, Male 57 40% cultural, technological, organizational Female 86 60% and environmental factors. Julie Gilbert Educational Qualification and Barbara Fister (2013), made a Higher 38 26% study on ―The perceived impact of e-books secondary Under on students reading Practices: A local 41 29% study‖. They found their experience with Graduate Post e-books to printed books, students 64 45% reported that they liked the e-books usage Graduate Others 0 0% and the students had a trouble keeping Type of Family track with e-book that scrolling online Joint 54 38% was more difficult for navigation than Nuclear 89 62% flipping pages. Nisa Bakkalabasi No. of Members in Family (2013), made his study on ―Scholarly e- Below 3 15 11% books use across discipline: Content 3 – 4 84 59% analysis of usage reports and search 5 – 6 32 22% terms‖. Here the result indicates that e- Above 6 12 8% book user continues to increases, usage No. of Earning Members in Family rate are not uniform across disciplines. Below 2 72 50% Ya-ling chen, Sitong Fan, Zhongyuan 2 – 3 48 34%
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4 – 5 18 13% Most of the respondents are Above 5 5 3% female respondents. Family Income per Month Educational qualifications of most Up to 20000 72 50% of the respondents are post 20001 – 40000 37 26% graduates. 40001 – 50000 23 16% 62% of the respondents belong to Above 50000 11 8% the nuclear family. Major of Study Most of the respondents have 3 – 4 Literature 34 24% members in their family. Mathematics 22 15% Science 33 23% 50% of the respondents have more Arts 54 38% than two earning members in their Source: Primary Data family. Majority of the respondents are Monthly income of the residing in the rural area. respondents is up to 200000. Majority of the respondents are in Most of the respondents are taken the age group between 21- 25 arts and science as their major of years. study.
Chi-Square Test Table 2 Chi-Square Variables Calculated Table Value d.f Remarks Considered χ2 Value 5% 1% Area of Resident 4 0.902 9.49 7.78 Not Significant Age 4 5.398 9.49 7.78 Not Significant Gender 2 6.769** 5.99 4.91 Significant Educational 4 6.002 9.49 7.78 Not Significant Qualification Family Income 6 8.601 12.6 10.6 Not Significant Source: Primary Data * Significant at five per cent level ** Significant at one per cent level Five variables have been taken for of opinion for the students‘ usage of analysis viz, area of residence, age, e-books. gender, educational qualification and family income.., out of these five variables taken the following variable viz., Gender have significant association towards level
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Weighted Average Ranking Table 3 Weighted Average Ranking Weighted Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Average Rank More affordable 31 56 78 56 50 54 91 96 512 I than printed books Access to 14 32 42 136 105 96 112 96 633 V more content Access to all books from 11 28 54 72 105 144 147 128 689 VI one device Greater security and 13 26 48 72 75 132 168 176 710 VII reduces book loss Convenience 28 46 33 60 70 120 161 72 590 II to use Save more 17 50 48 64 85 150 105 96 615 IV Space Highlighting 7 18 51 48 125 78 133 328 788 VIII Options Less damages of 22 30 75 64 100 84 84 152 611 III materials Source: Primary Data Suggestions From the above table, it is observed Even in the villages there should that among the students, that the e-book be good network coverage to use e- usage is more affordable than printed books. books have been ranked low as 1st rank Extra charges and rates would be while selecting the benefits of the usage of reduced by buying the e-books e-books, followed by ―Access to more through online. content, Access to all books from one There is more variety of electronic device, Greater security and reduces book books available through online. loss, Convenience to use, Save more There must be available of more Space, Highlighting Options and Less free books to buy and it should not damages of materials‖. e a free samples. It‘s easy to use but difficult to find and download from the internet.
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All the books and study materials learning in Nigerian University‖, must e made electronically and it Journal of Instructional must e issued in the colleges and Development, 3(10), pp. 1-14 schools August 2016. It‘s very convenient to use and 2. Tagreed Kattoua, Musa Al carry the e-books. Lozi, Ala’aldin Alrowwad, The e-books are more affordable to ―E-Learning system in higher buy as compared to the traditional education‖, International Journal textbooks. of Business Management and E-books help to reduce the usage Economic Research (IJBMER), Vol of papers in the society and it 7(5),2016, 754-762, 2016. helps to save the trees. 3. Julie Gilbert and Barbara Fister, ―The perceived impact of e- Conclusion books on students reading The usage of e-books is becoming more Practices: A local study‖, College & common in our society buying the books Research Libraries, Volume 76, through the online. In this electronic Issue 4, May 2013. world all the activities have been changed 4. Nisa Bakkalabasi, ―Scholarly and everything has been made digitally e-books use across discipline: and this usage of e-books is also a part in Content analysis of usage reports this developed world. This study focus to and search terms‖, Library attempt consequence on various personal Resources and Technical Services, details like age, gender, educational 48, PP 256-262, 2013. qualification, area of residence, type of 5. Ya-ling chen, Sitong Fan, family, number of member in the family, Zhongyuan He (2012), number of earning members, number of ―Exploratory Research: The Effects members in your family educated and of electronic books on college monthly income and students usage of e- student‖, Johnson & Wales books and level of opinion of the students University Scholars Archive @ according to the advanced technology. JWU, pp. 1-13, January 2012.
References 1. V.N. Akpokodje and S.C. Ukwuoma, ―Evaluating the impact of e-book on reading motivation of students of higher
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A. K. Selvaraja II MA English Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Dr. V. David Arputha Raj Assistant Professor Department of English & Foreign Languages Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Abstract “What is the reason for the victory of Pandavas? There is a woman in the side of Pandavas, whereas none on the side of the Kauravas. She, the reason for the war, instigated them. Her anger made the victory clear.” Bharathi Baskar, the author of the aforementioned quote is a renowned public speaker and writer. Being the Vice President of Chennai Citibank, she is famous for her debate shows and she hosts shows like „Pattimandram.com‟, „Magazhir Panchayat‟ and „Vaanga Pesalaam‟ in television. She is the author of the books „Nee Nathi Pola Odikkondiru‟, „Muthal Kural‟, „Siragai Viri…Para!‟ and „Sila Nerangalil Sila Payanangal‟. Her works portray the new image of women and her works gives an entirely different perspective and different dimensions towards the upcoming fourth wave of feminism. This paper takes into account of almost all her works and throws light upon the well spread ideas of Feminism and it welcomes the sprouting buds of Mennism or Anti-Feminism and discusses the issues of the male gender in this current matriarchal society and the characteristic features of female chauvinism cited in her works. Keywords: Anti-Feminism, Female Chauvinism, Mennism, Indian Writing and Translation Studies.
Bharathi Baskar is a Tamil orator and She dedicates her works to her writer, famous for her contribution in daughters, Mother and Aunt always and pattimandrams as well as famous TV never to her husband or father. From shows such as ‗Magazhir Panchaayathu‘, here starts her female chauvinism, when ‗Vaanga Pesalaam‘ and men write books, mostly they dedicate ‗Pattimandram.com‘. She is the senior their works to their mothers, wives or vice president at Citi Bank, Chennai. She daughters; women are not ready to take a is a public speaker for more than 12 bold step. In her works, she brings a story years. Her short stories, articles and in which Bharathiar, the famous Tamil essays were published in leading Tamil poet accepts an old lady as one of his magazines such as ‗Kalki‘ and ‗Aval ‗gurus‘ (Teacher). This intentional Vikatan‘ etc. Her works are, ‗Muthal conceptualisation of making a lady as the Kural‘, ‗Sila Nerangalil Sila Payanangal‘, tutor for the ideal Tamil poet is evident ‗Nee Nathi Pola Odikkondiru‘ and that, she wants to establish and emphasis ‗Siragai Viri… Para!‘ Among them select on prioritizing the feminine gender over stories, essays and articles are translated the other. This is her motive of breaking into English. the age-old notion of the patriarchal
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society and its beliefs of tradition. mandatory for the staff. She never skips Because Indian people strongly believe in her classes. But one don‘t know the the concept of ‗Acharya Devo Bhava‘ i.e. reason behind her undeterred attention to ‗Teacher is the God‘. the yoga class, because nowadays most of She deliberately associates the the women in the society are attracted entities of sleep, peacefulness, calmness and enchanted by some Ba-Bas and and solemnity and such symbols with the Guru-jis. female gender. For instance, she brings She proudly boasts that the job of a into account that during her youthhood teacher can be done satisfactorily and days, she will be in the embrace of wholeheartedly best only by a woman, goddess Nithra Devi, who is the feminine where as only the teachers like Uma personification of peaceful sleep. Maheshwari and Tamizhchelvi becomes Marriam-Webster Dictionary defines the never-be-not roll models for ‗tension‘ as ‗a state of mental or emotional tomorrow‘s children who are held in high strain or suspense‘, ‗a balance between esteem because the former was murdered and interplay of opposing elements or by a student as she told his father not to tendencies‘ and ‗a stress that produces an give him pocket money and the latter is a elongation of an elastic physical body‘. epitome of sacrifice, which is usually She attributes all the three meanings to attributed to the feminine gender. ‗Anna feminity and gets us convincingly dhadha sukhi bhava‘, which means approved. Because a woman is the only ‗Those who gives food, gives life‘. She then one persona in the whole world, who is so brings the image of a mother from the much tensed and over stressed in the myth of Markandeya, who has winced morning time, whereas all the men in the over Yama, the lord of death. Since lord world are full of cool-so-ever attitude. Shiva has given half of his body to A Woman is the one who toils with all the Shakthi, the divine feminine, she was the tension of cooking in the kitchen, whereas one who kicked Yama and saved the men don‘t have many things to do in the child. Here she brings out the concept morning. But this is in contrast with the that when a child is in trouble, the first notion that was said and believed by the hand that comes for rescue was that of people down the ages, i.e. ‗Uthyoham the mother and not the father. Be it Purushalatshanam‘ (Going for a Job, Meenakshi (softness), Abirami Earn for Family is the essential identity (Motherhood), Durga (Destroy Evil) or associated with Men). Erom Sharmila, whatever may be the She talks about being regular and form of divinity but it is always the regularly performing, practising and motherhood that is worried about her maintaining an activity daily. When men children. Take any home, a mother is cannot regularly go for walking and tries always a mother, similar to that, in any to skip or takes excuses, the women in the temple, god is one. society is so regular even in attending the ―Caesar‟s wife must be above unwanted yoga classes that are organised suspicion” From the ancient days, women by her company, which made it are the ones who will always suspect the
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conduct of their husbands, whereas men converting the impossible into possible is never lose their trust on their women. pivotal she says. She gives the examples This is evident with the incident that is of Battle of Padma, Indira Gandhi, Meera described in The Mahabharata. When and Dr. Muthu Lakshmi Reddy. Duryodhana‘s wife, Queen Banumathi is Misuse of the dowry prohibition acts playing dice game with Karna, Her against the family of the husband husband cum King Duryodhana arrives. especially the mother-in-laws and sister- On seeing him, see stops playing, stands in-laws. This shows that a woman can be and start walking to welcome him, the best enemy for another woman. Then without noticing the arrival of his friend, she takes up motherhood in her hand. Karna thought that she is running from She associates motherhood to the sun and the game due to her fear of losing the explains it by saying that a mother game, he pulls her sari. She is a queen though she toils hard in the kitchen, and thus her sari straps are lined with never allows her children to experience pearls, and they started rolling on the the heat of the oven but to enjoy the taste floor. The king witnesses this event, says of the food items prepared. Like that the nothing but asks, do I need to pick them sun burns itself and gives the warmth in up or pin them. This tagline ‗Edukavo, a pleasing manner to her children of the Kokkavo‘ is oft quoted to honour the earth, getting the warmth from a distance establishment of the friendship bond and safely. Here she breaks the traditional not to suspect either one‘s wife or the notion of representing the sun as a friend. It is considered as one of the cult masculine gendered object and she makes classic quotes in the Indian mythology him a motherly one. and the pair Karna - Duryodhana has She takes into account of the also become a citation from then on to husbands who met their fate as a result of denote very close friends. not heeding to the words of warning and She herself implies that women expect caution given by their wives respectively more offers, compensations, excuses and in the cases such as Calpurnia by Julius relaxations etc. for being a woman, Caesar and Kannaki by Kovalan. The working in an office. She criticizes that flowers which blooms in a place, where getting offers for doing one‘s duty is like there is no sign of human existence, or eating in a plate, in which already the river which runs in the midst of the someone has eaten up. Simple living and jungle, where there is no one to drink its high thinking are the mottos of a mother water, never worries that there is no one in a family, whereas joviality, social to enjoy and appreciate their beauty. responsibility, showing off etc are the Can‘t one be like them? Without longing mottos of life for a father. Whatever it for recognition, appreciation and may be, whether it is spiritual motivation from the external world?, can‘t renaissance, political freedom and social one live or survive in this world? reformation, when women gets heated up Clearly, she brings out the comparison and participate, then the victory is between M.S. Subbulakshmi with the assured. Thus the role of women in Beep Song composed by Simbu and
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Anirudh. Millions of us worried about Publications, Chennai, India, what happened to Nirbhaya, even after 2016. the government at the centre allocated 2. Baskar, Bharathi; Sila 1000 Crores for Nirbhaya Foundation to Paathaigal… Sila Payanangal… ensure women‘s safety in this nation, Kavitha Publications, Chennai, whereas does anybody questioned the 2015. status of her boyfriend who accompanied 3. Baskar, Bharathi; Siragai Viri, her on that fated night? She was targeted Para! Vikatan Publications, because she was a woman, her body has Chennai, India, 2014. the ability to get raped, whereas on what 4. Baskar, Bharathi; Muthal Kural, stands they attacked her friend, simply Kavitha Publications, Chennai, because he accompanied her. Here who is 2016. the victim that demands more attention, 5. Jung, Carl Gustav; Aspects of the arises a difficult doubt. ―When a woman Masculine, Routledge Taylor & cooks, it is her duty, whereas When a Man Francis Group, United Kingdom, cooks, it is an art” – Dialogue from the Indian Reprint 2012. Movie ‗English Vinglish‟. 6. Grossel Samara, Temple Contributor, The Rise of Menism References https://www.hercampus.com/school 1. Baskar, Bharathi; Nee Nathi Pola /temple/rise-menism Odikkondiru… Vikatan
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Dr. N. Jayanthi Guest Lecturer Government Arts and Science College for Women, Bargur
Abstract East-West encounter in Markandeya and Jhabvala is a prominent theme running through several of their novels. India is a land of romance and mystery in the eyes of many westerners. The novels of Markandeya like Nectar in a Sieve, Possession, Handful of Rice etc.. and the novels of Jhabvala like Esmond in India, Heat and Dust, Three Continents present the „situation‟ that contrast certain vital elements of India‟s culture with that of the West. Thought their reputation suffered a severe blow temporarily, they became even more popular in the west. This article brings out the cultural change that they experienced in their life. Keywords: encounter, culture, civilization, philosophical-religious traits, Hinduism
Introduction sensibility which permeates throughout It is indeed fascinating to make a their literary endeavor eliciting rare study of these two contemporary writers authenticity. Both Markandaya and who are also expatriate women writers. Jhabvala have chosen for their subject Kamala Markandaya who is an Indian by matter the most significant and more or birth married an Englishman. But Ruth less common issues that confront, mainly, Prawer Jhabvala who hails from the post-independence India. Their major European origin marries an Indian. This concerns are interaction between the East is really an interesting preferred to live in and the West, conflicts arising from a country which is not their own. changing pattern of life, religion and its However, this is a blessing in disguise influence on Indian Life, and the vast because both of them are positioned at a anomalies prevalent on the socio- vantage point which gives them the economic scene of India depicting the committed involvement. wide gap between the rich and the poor is highlighted in their works. Objective The objective of this article is pairing Themes them together curiously; they share a The East-West encounter is one of the parallel situation in real life. Both most fascinating themes in Indian fiction Markandaya and Jhabvala have in English. Writers like Kamala abandoned the country of their birth and Markandaya and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala upbringing and have settled outside their have taken up this theme and handled it native land after marriage. Close quite convincingly and competently. The proximity with two different cultures has former an Indian settled in Britain is endowed these writers with dual quite familiar with the East-West
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confrontation and the identity crisis as a expatriates and the members of the result of the cultural clash. As she educated Hindu middle-class families. belongs to a colonial country, she fully knows what is what. Naturally, her Religious and philosophical sympathies should be with the suffering Encounters humanity. Kamala Markandaya and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala in their total conception Cross-Culture traits of the gamut of East-West relations touch While almost every major Indo- upon religious philosophical encounters English writer deals with this theme at because they are impediments in the path one time or other, Kamala Markandaya of a fruitful linking of hands. In treats it novel after novel in great depth Markandaya there is a direct and seriousness. Through various confrontation as each side is steeped in its characters, situations, settings and points convictions. All the major issues of of view, she closely examines racial and philosophy and religion crop up in her cultural contacts but finds little prospect novels. In Jhabvala such direct of warm and durable Indo-British confrontation crops up only in the later understanding. Coming from a refugee novels. In the earlier novels there is an background, acutely sensitive to the ironic approach, Western in character and condition of homelessness created by chiefly ephemeral. The chief issues in political uncertainties during the second their novels can be classified accordingly: World War, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala came (a) Kindred Souls (b) Time and Ready to India after her marriage to an Indian Acceptance (c) Conflict of Symbols and in 1951, eager to explore India as a Superstitions and (d) Characters, Indian possible homeland. India had beckoned and English, embody their own respective fascinatingly in the initial stages, but the philosophies and religious beliefs to the charm unfortunately had worn off. point of being incomprehensible to the Cross-cultural traits and attitudes other. In this stark pessimism, there are which constitute Jhabvala‘s fictional stray rays of hope when a character on domain, lead her time and again, through either side makes an effort at the response of Europeans to the Indian understanding the other‘s religious and characters they encounter, to cross- philosophical leanings. examine India from the Western In all Markandaya‘s novels, the observers point of view. Sex, love, Indian characters strongly uphold the religion, culture, faith, caste and tradition of universal life and love, in community in their varied East-West their concern for animals, in human interactions obsess Jhabvala. vegetarianism, in providing shelter to While she was living in Delhi with her destitute and deformed relatives and Indian husband, Mrs.Jhabvala had many attitudes to death. Belief in universal opportunities of observing Indians and individualism enjoins active charity, also foreigners who came to India at close meekness and humaneness. In all conflict quarters. She concentrated on European with evil, the method to be used is love
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and not force, for in using evil methods to Conclusion defeat evil, it is evil that wins. Her Kamala Markandaya and Ruth attitude seems innate in her Hindu Prawer Jhabvala, both writers have psyche and finds its manifestations in contributed a great deal in shaping the loving descriptions of animals, the virtues modern Indian English fiction. An of vegetarianism and respect for all life. Identical situation in their personal lives Conflicts of view, which is a unique connects them intimately with the feature of Jhabvala‘s novels, the intrinsic cultural milieu of the East and the West. to the writer herself, in the article Similar reservations have been expressed entitled, ‗Myself in India‘; she says: ―I about Jhabvala owing to her European have husband is an Indian and so are my upbringing. India not only remains close children. I am not, and less so every to the heart of both Markandaya and year‖. Mrs.Jhabvala‘s double Jhabvala but these women writers also expatriation first from her stay in India have an uncanny insight into the issues for a period of twenty-five years has made that engulf of post-independence India, her realize that: there is a cycle that what is tragic for Markandaya is merely Europeans-by Europeans comic or sarcastic at its best for Jhabvala. I mean all Westerners, including Americans – tend to pass through. It goes References like this: first stage, tremendous 1. Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, „Esmond enthusiasm – everything Indian is in India‟: John Murray 2004. marvelous; second stage, everything India, Print. Indian is not so marvelous; third stage, 2. ____. Heat and Dust: John Murray. everything Indian is abominable. For London, 1975. Print. some people it ends there, for others the 3. Walder Denis. Literature in the cycle renews itself and goes on. I have Modern world. Oxford: Oxford been through so many times I am up and University Press, 1994. Print. sometimes I am down. Finally this 4. Bhatnagar Parvati. Indian passage quoted that, it becomes clear to Womanhood: Fight for Freedom in find the creative tension accompanying Roots and Shadows, Indian her artistic efforts is neatly summed up. 5. Women Novelists Rd. Dhawan R.K. NewDelhi: Prestige, 1991, 118-29. Print.
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M. Nisanth Principal in Charge & Part Time Ph.D. Research Scholar (M.K University) Madurai Institute of Social Sciences
Dr. M. Kannan Former Principal & Guide Madurai Institute of Social Sciences, Madurai
Introduction credit and thereby empowering them The Self Help Groups (SHGs) are (National Bank, 1995). small informal associations created for the purpose of enabling members to reap Self-Esteem & Performance economic benefits through mutual help, Many authors have found the solidarity, and joint responsibility. The relationship between Self Esteem and benefits include mobilization of savings Performance. Dahlin et al (2009) and credit facilities and pursuit of group examined the levels of burnout among enterprise activities. The group-based medical students and its association with approach not only enables the poor to high performance-based self-esteem. The accumulate capital by way of small results revealed that females were more savings but also helps them access formal exhausted than males and sixth year credit facilities. These groups, by way of students were most disengaged. It was joint liability, enable the poor to overcome found that performance-based self-esteem the problem of collateral security and had significant and moderate correlations thus free them from the clutches of with both burnout dimensions. moneylenders. The joint liability not only Schlenker et al (1976) conducted a improves group members‘ accessibility to study among 48 male respondents on self- credit, but also creates mechanisms like esteem and reported that self-esteem was peer monitoring leading to better loan not related to perceptions of personal or recoveries. Besides, some of the basic environmental responsibility for the characteristics of SHGs like small size of group's performance. Respondents who membership and homogeneity of had high self-esteem were of the opinion composition bring about cohesiveness and that under success conditions, the other effective participation of members in the group members did not influence their functioning of the group (Fernandez, solutions to the problems. 2001). In general, the SHGs evolved on the above lines of functioning have been Emotional Intelligence and able to reach out to the poor effectively, Performance especially women and help them obtain Further many attempts have been easy access to facilities like savings and made to find out the relationship between
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Emotional Intelligence and Performances. situations, develop healthy relationships A study by Lillis (2007) to examine the with colleagues and feel more satisfied relationship of emotional intelligence on and rewarded with their lives. group heterogeneity and group performance reported that as emotional Self-Esteem & Emotional Intelligence intelligence increased, heterogeneous Many research studies have shown groups performed better and more that there exists a positive and significant positively as compared to the association between self Esteem and homogeneous groups. Law et al (2008) emotional Intelligence of persons from conducted a study to examine the different groups. (For Example: Brown et influence of emotional intelligence on job al (1988), Rey et al (2011), performance. The results revealed that Hasanvand & Khaledian (2012), there was a significant and positive Yadalijamaloye et al (2013), Jenaabadi relationship between emotional (2014), Tajeddini (2014), Bibi et al (2016), intelligence and job performance. Zeab& Ali (2015) and Shamsaei et al Srivastava (2013) conducted a study to (2017)). analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational Need for the Study effectiveness. The results showed that The above mentioned studies have when there were higher levels of been conducted with Working Women, emotional intelligence, it helped the Bank Employees, Student population and leaders for talent identification, role people from different walks of life. No delegation, and conflict resolution. It was study was carried out with the Leaders of further shown that emotional intelligence Self Help Groups (SHGs). Hence an improves the performance of the groups. attempt has been made to study the Chaudhary (2013) cites the research influence of Self Esteem, Emotional findings of Dr. Rommel Sergio, a study Intelligence and the Performances of the that assessed the Emotional Intelligence Leaders in their SHGs. and Job Performance among Bank Managers in the Middle East. The study Aim brought forth that bank managers in The main aim of the study is to find Middle East perform well in their jobs out the influence of Self Esteem and and possess high emotional intelligence. Emotional Intelligence of the Women Self The author stated that higher the EI Help Group (SHG) Leaders and the among managers, higher will be their Performance of their SHG‘s in Madurai performance. A study by Frontiers District, with the following specific Communication (2016) brought forth objectives. that emotional intelligence is improved with training and leads to positive Specific Objectives personality changes. It was seen that as To study the selected socio– emotional intelligence increases, better economic profile of the Leaders of will he/she be able to handle work Women SHG.
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To understand and measure the 4. The selected socio - demographic level of Self Esteem, and variables have significant Emotional Intelligence of the relationship / differences with the Leaders of Women SHG. Self Esteem, Emotional To understand and measure the Intelligence and Performance of level of Performance by the the Leaders of Women SHG's. Women Leaders of SHGs. To find out association between Universe socio-economic profile, Self All the SHGs which are registered Esteem, Emotional Intelligence under various NGO's at Madurai District, and the performance of the working for various types of people. It Leaders of Women Self Help was reported that there are eleven NGO's Groups. which have various types of Women Self Help Groups. Depending upon their area Research Design of interest the NGO's have many Women Research design is a logical and SHG's. systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. It is also known as the Inclusion Criteria blue print for the collection, measurement Those SHGs which are registered and analysis of data. In this study the and functioning for minimum of authors have described the socio economic Two financial years. profile, Self Esteem, Emotional Only the secretary of SHGs will be Intelligence, and the association with considered as leader. Performance of the SHG's. Hence the most suitable design is Descriptive Exclusion Research design and they have adopted Those who are not co – operating this design. for this study. Male SHG leaders Hypotheses The following research hypotheses have Sampling been formulated. During the pilot study, the authors 1. Higher the Self Esteem of the went to all the eleven NGO's, met the Leaders of Women SHG's higher Directors of NGO's, explained the will be the Performance in SHG's. objectives and the purpose of the study. 2. Higher the Emotional Intelligence Only three Directors of NGO's have of the Leaders of Women SHG's agreed to give permission for conducting higher will be the Performance in the study. Out of the three, the NGO SHG's. namely Association for Rural 3. Higher the Self Esteem of the Development (ARD) has more number of Leaders of Women SHG's higher SHG's and the other two have a will be the Emotional Intelligence. maximum of 76 NGO's. The authors has chosen the ARD NGO as the study area.
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This NGO has 1460 registered NGO's. version of this tool was also Out of which 1329 have been functioning validated by the authors. for more than two years. The authors 3. To measure the level of Emotional requested the Director of ARD to organize Intelligence of Leaders of Women special meetings with the Secretaries of S.H.G‘s, the 30 item Global Trait SHG's who are satisfying the Inclusion EI scale developed and and Exclusion conditions of the study. standardized by Petrides, K.V and There were six such meetings organized Furnham, A (2006) was used. at different target areas and the authors Higher the score higher will be the have distributed the Questionnaire and Emotional Intelligence. This scale gave orientation and instructions to the has got high Reliability (0.89) and leaders as to how to fill up the Validity (0.94). The translated Questionnaire. They have also clarified version of this tool has high the doubts of the SHG leaders at the time reliability and validity. of data collection. At the end of six 4. To measure the level of meetings it was found that 639 leaders, Performance of the Self Help the Secretaries, of Women SHG's have Groups, the tool used by the properly filled the Questionnaire without Women Development Corporation omitting a single question. Thus (2015) was used. The tool has the Stratified random sampling method using following indicators. a) Numbers of inclusion and exclusion conditions was monthly meeting in the last 6 adopted for this present study. months, b) Attendance of members in the meetings in the last 6 Tools and Data Collection months c) Participation of 1. To understand the selected socio, members in the meeting d) demographic conditions of the Periodicity of monthly savings in Leaders of Women S.H.G‘s, the the last 6 months e) Method of authors have prepared a semi saving f) Average savings of a structured interview schedule. member in a month g) Rate of This tool contains open ended as interest for loan, h) How many well as closed ended questions. Rotations of group funds go as 2. To understand and measure the Group Interest? i) Is Group level of Self Esteem (SE) of the Security funds adequate? Leaders of Women S.H.G‘s, the j) Repaying of loan received from standardized, culture Free scale SHG, k) Repayment of loan developed by Battle (1969) was received from outside, used. This Scale has got 40 items l) Maintenance of Group Registers, with Yes or No type responses. m) Group Auditing, and n) Rule Higher the scores higher will be and Regulations of the SHG. The the Self Esteem. This scale has got maximum score for all the high Reliability (0.87) and Validity indicators is 100. Higher the score (0.93). The Tamil translated higher will be the Performance by
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the Leaders of Women SHG. The It has been found that 43.8 per cent of authors have found out the the SHG Leaders are in (33 to 43) years of Reliability (0.719) and Validity age, 28.6 per cent of them are in (44 and (0.85). The Tamil translated above) years, and the remaining 27.5 per version of this tool was also cent are from (below 32) years of age. It is validated by the authors. visible from the table that more than one third (37.7%) have completed Primary Data analysis level of education, 22.2 per cent have After the data collection is over, the completed H.Sc, 20.8 per cent have data were edited, coded and ender in the completed Secondary level of Education computer. Using SPSS Evaluation and the remaining 19.2 per cent are version (14.0) the data were analyzed. To Illiterates. It has been found that 36.8 per test the formulated hypotheses, tests like, cent of the SHG Leaders earn Rs (10,000 One Way ANOVA, Karl Pearson's and Above) as Monthly Income, while Correction were used and the conclusions 33.2 per cent earn Rs (3501 to 10,000) have been drawn. and 30 per cent of them earn Rs (Below 3500). It is found that 47.6 per cent have Tables and Discussion (Below 5) years of Tenure in SHGs, 43.3 Table 1 Distribution of the Women per cent have (6 to 10) years of Tenure in SHG Leaders based on SHGs and 9.1 per cent have (11 and Personal Information Above) years of Tenure in SHGs. N S.No Factors % (639) Table 2 Correlation Matrix for the 1 AGE: (in Years) Subject Variables: (N=639) 1 (BELOW 32) 176 27.5 S. 2 (33 TO 43) 280 43.8 Factors ADIM BDIM EDIM No 3 (44 & ABOVE) 183 28.6 1 ADIM
SE: TOTAL SELF 1 2 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION ESTEEM 1 ILLITERATE 123 19.2 2 BDIM 2 PRIMARY 241 37.7 EI: TOTAL 0.540 3 SECONDARY 133 20.8 1 EMOTIONAL (**) 4 HSc 142 22.2 INTELLIGENCE
3 EDIM 3 MONTHLY INCOME 0.313 0.337 TP: TOTAL 1 (**) (**) 1 (BELOW 3500) 192 30.0 PERFORMANCE 2 (3501 TO 10K) 212 33.2 ** Correlation is significant at the 3 (10K & ABOVE) 235 36.8 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4 TENURE IN SHG in Years (Source: Field Data) 1 (BELOW 5) 304 47.6 An attempt has been made to find out 2 (6 TO 10) 277 43.3 the association between the subject 3 (11 & ABOVE) 58 9.1 variables for the SHG Leaders by using (Source: Field Data) Karl Pearson's coefficient of Correlation method. It has been found that the Self
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Esteem of the Women SHG leaders is when the level of Emotional Intelligence Positively and significantly associated increases the level of Performances in with Emotional Intelligence (‗r‘ = 0.540, SHG will also significantly increase. p<.01 Sig), and Performance in SHG (‗r‘ = Similar findings are also observed by 0.313, p<.01 Sig). Further Emotional many authors. (For Example: Schlenker Intelligence is Positively and et al (1976), Lillis (2007), Law et al Significantly associated with Performance (2008), Dahlin et al (2009), Srivastava in SHG ( 'r' = 0.337, p<.01 Sig). It could be (2013), Chaudhary (2013), and Frontiers concluded that when the level of Self Communication (2016).Thus the Esteem increases, the level of Emotional formulated Hypotheses have been Intelligence, and Performance in SHG verified. will also significantly increase. Further
Table 3 Age and Subject Variables Self Emotional Performance Age Esteem Intelligence Group In Years N Mean Mean % σ σ Mean % σ % Gp. 1 Below 32 176 49.21 9.4 51.98 9.7 56.12 8.4 Gp. 2 (32 to 43) 280 52.14 8.2 53.24 7.9 58.47 8.9 (44 & Gp. 3 183 62.85 6.4 65.12 5.9 an.68 6.1 Above) Total 639 55.03 8.1 58.35 6.3 65.52 8.2 Statistical Result F- Ratios & 5.365 4.879 8.239 Level of Significance p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig for df = ( 2, 636) Post - Hoc Results Gp 3 Vs 2 1 Gp 3 Vs 2 1 Gp 3 Vs 2 1 (Source: Field Data)
The Mean, S.D. and One Way ANOVA statistically significant as the F-Ratio is results for the various subject variables significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=5.365, based on the Age of the SHG Leaders are p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who presented in this table. are from (44 and Above) years do differ While discussing the dimension, significantly with SHG Leaders of other namely Self-Esteem, it has been found age groups as the post-hoc test scores are that the SHG Leaders who are from (44 significant. and Above) years have scored more While discussing the dimension, (62.85%) in this domain, when compared namely Emotional Intelligence, it has to SHG Leaders who are from (32 to 43) been found that the SHG Leaders who years (52.14%) and SHG Leaders of other are from (44 and Above) years have age groups. This observed difference is scored more (65.12%) in this domain,
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when compared to SHG Leaders who are Above) years have scored more (70.68%) from (32 to 43) years (53.24%) and SHG in this domain, when compared to SHG Leaders of other age groups. This Leaders who are from (32 to 43) years observed difference is statistically (58.47%) and SHG Leaders of other age significant as the F-Ratio is significant at groups. This observed difference is 0.05 level (F-Ratio=4.879, p<0.05, Sig.). statistically significant as the F-Ratio is Further SHG Leaders who are from (44 significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=8.239, and Above) years do differ significantly p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who with SHG Leaders of other age groups as are from (44 and Above) years do differ the post-hoc test scores are significant. significantly with SHG Leaders of other In the dimension, namely age groups as the post-hoc test scores are Performance, it has been found that the significant. SHG Leaders who are from (44 and
Table 4 Educational Qualification and Subject Variables Self Emotional Age Performance Group N Esteem Intelligence In Years Mean % σ Mean % σ Mean % σ Gp. 1 Illiterate 123 49.24 9.7 49.65 6.9 51.96 9.8 Gp. 2 Primary 242 50.21 9.1 51.47 7.5 53.77 8.7 Gp. 3 Secondary 133 52.63 8.7 53.78 8.2 55.25 7.5 Gp. 4 H.Sc 142 62.89 7.9 65.94 8.4 72.12 8.1 Total 639 55.03 8.1 58.35 6.3 65.52 8.2 Statistical Result F- Ratios & 11.568 10.687 12.637 Level of Significance p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig for df = ( 3, 635) Post - Hoc Results Gp 4 Vs 1 Gp 4 Vs 1 Gp 4 Vs 1 (Source: Field Data)
The Mean, S.D. and One Way ANOVA Leaders of other educational results for the various subject variables qualifications. This observed difference is based on the Educational Qualification of statistically significant as the F-Ratio is the SHG Leaders are presented in this significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=11.568, table. p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who While discussing the dimension, have completed H.Sc. do differ namely Self-Esteem, it has been found significantly with SHG Leaders of other that the SHG Leaders who have educational qualifications as the post-hoc completed H.Sc. have scored more test scores are significant. (62.89%) in this domain, when compared While discussing the dimension, to SHG Leaders who have completed namely Emotional Intelligence, it has Secondary school (52.63%) and SHG been found that the SHG Leaders who
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have completed H.Sc. have scored more SHG Leaders who have completed H.Sc. (65.94%) in this domain, when compared have scored more (72.12%) in this to SHG Leaders who have completed domain, when compared to SHG Leaders Secondary school (53.78%) and SHG who have completed Secondary school Leaders of other educational (55.25%) and SHG Leaders of other qualifications. This observed difference is educational qualifications. This observed statistically significant as the F-Ratio is difference is statistically significant as significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=10.687, the F-Ratio is significant at 0.05 level (F- p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who Ratio=12.637, p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG have completed H.Sc. do differ Leaders who have completed H.Sc. do significantly with SHG Leaders of other differ significantly with SHG Leaders of educational qualifications as the post-hoc other educational qualifications as the test scores are significant. post-hoc test scores are significant. According to the dimension, namely Performance, it has been found that the
Table 5 Total Family Monthly Income and Subject Variables Self Emotional Performance Monthly Esteem Intelligence Group N Income Mean Mean Mean % σ σ σ % % Gp. 1 (Below 12K) 190 50.22 9.4 51.87 7.1 53.44 8.0 Gp. 2 (12K - 24K) 286 55.52 8.6 56.21 9.7 60.41 7.6 (25K & Gp. 3 163 62.89 7.4 66.88 8.3 72.65 8.5 Above) Total 639 55.03 8.1 58.35 6.3 65.52 8.2 Statistical Result F- Ratios & 5.236 6.329 7.118 Level of Significance p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig for df = ( 2, 636) Post - Hoc Results Gp 3 Vs 1 Gp 3 Vs 1 Gp 3 Vs 1 (Source: Field Data)
The Mean, S.D. and One Way ANOVA (62.89%) in this domain, when compared results for the various subject variables to SHG Leaders who have (Rs.12000 to based on the Total Family Monthly Rs.24000) (55.52%) and SHG Leaders Income of the SHG Leaders are presented from other income groups. This observed in this table. difference is statistically significant as While discussing the dimension the F-Ratio is significant at 0.05 level (F- namely, Self-Esteem, it has been found Ratio=5.236, p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG that the SHG Leaders who have Leaders who have (Rs.25000 and Above) (Rs.25000 and above) have scored more do differ significantly with SHG Leaders
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with other income groups as the post-hoc According to the dimension, namely test scores are significant. Performance, it has been found that the While discussing the dimension, SHG Leaders who have (Rs.25000 and namely Emotional Intelligence, it has Above) have scored more (72.65%) in this been found that the SHG Leaders who domain, when compared to SHG Leaders have (Rs.25000 and Above) have scored who have (Rs.12000 to Rs.24000) more (66.88%) in this domain, when (60.41%) and SHG Leaders from other compared to SHG Leaders who have income groups. This observed difference (Rs.12000 to Rs. 24000) (56.21%) and is statistically significant as the F-Ratio SHG Leaders from other income groups. is significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=7.118, This observed difference is statistically p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who significant as the F-Ratio is significant at have (Rs.25000 and Above) do differ 0.05 level (F-Ratio=6.329, p<0.05, Sig.). significantly with SHG Leaders from Further SHG Leaders who have other income groups, as the post-hoc test (Rs.25000 and above) do differ scores are significant. significantly with SHG Leaders from other income groups, as the post-hoc test scores are significant.
Table 6 Tenure in SHG and Subject Variables Self Emotional Performance Tenure in Esteem Intelligence Group N Years Mean Mean Mean % σ σ σ % % Gp. 1 (Below 5) 304 50.11 9.4 51.87 8.0 53.44 9.0 Gp. 2 (6 - 10) 277 52.36 8.9 53.64 7.2 58.55 8.4 Gp. 3 (11 & Above) 58 62.54 8.1 64.27 9.7 72.99 7.0 Total 639 55.03 8.1 58.35 6.3 65.52 8.2 Statistical Result F- Ratios & 8.111 7.237 8.337 Level of Significance p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig p <.01 Sig for df = ( 2, 636) Post - Hoc Results Gp 3 Vs 1 Gp 3 Vs 1 Gp 3 Vs 1 (Source: Field Data)
The Mean, S.D. and One Way ANOVA Above) years have scored more (62.54%) results for the various subject variables in this domain, when compared to SHG based on the Tenure in SHG of the SHG Leaders who have (6 to 10) years (52.36%) Leaders are presented in this table. and SHG Leaders with other tenures in While discussing the dimension, SHG. This observed difference is namely Self-Esteem, it has been found statistically significant as the F-Ratio is that the SHG Leaders who have (11 and significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=8.111,
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p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who More than one third (37.7%) have have (11 and Above) years do differ completed Primary level of significantly with SHG Leaders with education. other tenures in SHG as the post-hoc test Just above one third of the leaders scores are significant. (36.8%) of the SHGs earn Rs While discussing the dimension, (10,000 and Above) as Monthly namely Emotional Intelligence, it has Income. been found that the SHG Leaders who Nearly one tenth of the leaders have (11 and Above) years have scored (9.1%) have (11 and Above) years more (64.27%) in this domain, when of Tenure in SHGs. compared to SHG Leaders who have (6 to When the level of Self Esteem 10) years (53.64%) and SHG Leaders with increases, the level of Emotional other tenures in SHG. This observed Intelligence, and Performance in difference is statistically significant as SHG will also significantly the F-Ratio is significant at 0.05 level (F- increase. Further when the level of Ratio=7.237, p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Emotional Intelligence increases Leaders who have (11 and Above) years the level of Performances in SHG do differ significantly with SHG Leaders will also significantly increase. with other tenures in SHG as the post-hoc The women SHG Leaders who are test scores are significant. from (44 & Above ) years of age While discussing the dimension, have significantly more level of namely Performance, it has been found Self Esteem, more level of that the SHG Leaders who have (11 and Emotional Intelligence, and higher Above) years have scored more (72.99%) level of Performance when in this domain, when compared to SHG compared to the SHG Leaders Leaders who have (6 to 10) years (58.55%) from other age groups. and SHG Leaders with other tenures in The SHG Leaders who have SHG. This observed difference is completed Higher Secondary level statistically significant as the F-Ratio is of education, have significantly significant at 0.05 level (F-Ratio=8.337, more level of Self Esteem, more p<0.05, Sig.). Further SHG Leaders who level of Emotional Intelligence, have (11 and Above) years do differ and higher level of Performance significantly with SHG Leaders with when compared to the SHG other tenures in SHG as the post-hoc test Leaders from other educational scores are significant. groups. The SHG Leaders who earn Major Findings (Rs.25000 and Above), have Just above two fifth of the SHGs significantly more level of Self leaders (43.8%) are in (33 to 43) Esteem, more level of Emotional years of age. Intelligence, and higher level of Performance when compared to
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the SHG Leaders from other Creative Thinking, Critical income groups. Thinking, Problem Solving and The SHG Leaders who have (11 Decision Making, could be taught and Above) years as tenure, have through various form of training significantly more level of Self programmes. Esteem, more level of Emotional The Women Leaders who have Intelligence, and higher level of some Psycho- Social Problems Performance when compared to could be Counselled by using the SHG Leaders with other various Counselling methods. tenures in SHG. Finally, the training on Family Life Education addressing all sorts Suggestions of issues could be organized for the It is learnt that there exists a Women SHGs Leaders. positive and significant association between Self Esteem, Emotional Conclusion Intelligence and the Performances The authors have made a valid in SHGs. Hence it is suggested to attempt to study the influence of Self improve the level of Self Esteem Esteem, Emotional Intelligence on the and the level of Emotional Performance in SHG by the Women Intelligence so that Leaders in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu. correspondingly there will be some Further along with the major findings the positive changes in the level of workable suggestions have been Performances in SHGs. mentioned for future development of It is observed that the Women SHGs. SHGs Leaders have low level of Self Esteem, low level of References Emotional Intelligence and hence 1. Bibi S, Saqlain S, Mussawar B there is low level of Performances. (2016) Relationship between It is suggested to organize various Emotional Intelligence and Self Psycho Social intervention Esteem among Pakistani programmes for the leaders by the University Students. Journal of organizations in addition to Psychology & Psychotherapy programmes in Economic 6:279. doi:10.4172/2161- development. 0487.1000279 It is also suggested to organize the 2. Brown, J. D. (1988), Collins, R L., 10 Life Skills Training & Schmidt.G.W. 1988. Self-esteem programmes by WHO (1997) for and direct versus indirect forms of the Women SHGs Leaders. The self-enhancement. Journal of ten skills like Understanding Self, Personality and Social Psychology, Empathy, Interpersonal relations, Vol 55(3), Sep, 445-453. Retrieved Communication, Coping with from: http:// psycnet. apa.org/ doi Emotions, Coping with Stress,
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Landing? doi=10.1037%2F0022- 3. Lillis, MP., (2007), Emotional 3514.55.3.445 Intelligence, Diversity, And Group 3. Chaudhary, SB., (2013), Higher Performance: The Effect of Team emotional intelligence makes you Composition on Executive a better leader, Gulf News, Education Program Outcomes, Education, Published July 28, Journal of Executive Education, http://gulfnews.com/culture/educat Vol 6, Issue 1, pp. 41-54, Retrieved ion/higher-emotional-intelligence- from: makes-you-a-better-leader- http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.e 1.1213707, du/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=104 4. Dahlin, M., Joneborg, N., 4&context=jee, &Runeson, B. (2009) Performance- 4. Rey, L., Extremera, N., & Pena, M. based self-esteem and burnout in a (2011), Perceived Emotional cross-sectional study of medical Intelligence, Self-Esteem and Life students, Medical Teacher, 29:1, Satisfaction in Adolescents. 43-48, DOI: 10. 080 / Psychosocial Intervention.Volume 01421590601175309 20, Issue 2, Pages 227-234. https:// 5. Frontiers Communication, (2016), doi.org /10.5093 /in2011 v20n 2a10 Emotional Intelligence can 5. Schlenker, B.R., Soraci, S., & Enhance Quality Of Life, McCarthy, B. (1976),Self-Esteem Psychology, Retrieved from: and Group Performance as https://blog.frontiersin.org/2016/09 Determinants of Egocentric /20/emotional-intelligence-can- Perceptions in Cooperative enhance-quality-of-life/, Groups. Retrieved from 6. Hasanvand. B., & Khaledian., M. :http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/1. (2012), The Relationship of 1177/001872677602901205 Emotional Intelligence with Self- 6. Shamsaei, F., Yousefi, F., esteem and Academic Progress. &Sadeghi, A. (2017), Relationship International Journal of Between Emotional Intelligence Psychology and Behavioral and Self-Esteem in Bachelor Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2012, pp. Students of Nursing and 231-236. doi: 10.5923/ j.ijpbs. Midwifery Schools in Hamadan, 20120206.06. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho 2. Jenaabadi, H. (2014), Studying the Physiology. 4(1). doi: 10. 5812 / Relation Between Emotional ajnpp. 44485 Intelligence and Self Esteem with 7. Srivastava, K., (2013), Emotional Academic Achievement. Procedia - Intelligence and Organizational Social and Behavioral Sciences. Effectiveness, Indian Psychiatry Volume 114, 21. Pages 203-206. Journal, Vol 22, Issue 2, pp 97-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.201 8. Retrieved from:: https: //www 3.12.685 .ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles / PMC4085815/,
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9. Tajeddini, R. (2014), Emotional Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2013, pp. Intelligence and Self Esteem 124-129. among Indian and Foreign doi: 10.11648 /j.pbs.20130203.17 Students – (A Comparative Study). 11. Zeab, F., & Ali, U. (2015), International Journal of A Comparative Study on Self- Humanities and Social Science Esteem of Working and Non- Invention.Volume 3 Issue 6. 16-26. Working Women in Pakistan. http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v3(6)/ Journal of Social Sciences. Volume Version-1/D0361016025.pdf 4, Number 4. Retrieved from: 10. Yadalijamaloye, Z., Naseri, E., https://www.academia.edu/192127 Shoshtari, M., Khaledian, M., 56/A_comparative_study_on_selfes &Ahrami, R. (2013), Relationships teem_of_working_and_non- between Self-Esteem and Marital working_women_in_Pakistan. Satisfaction among Women, Psychology and Behavioral
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M. Senjudar M.Phil., Translation Tamil University, Thanjavur
Abstract The teaching of English in India dated back to the early nineteenth century and was initially associated with the energitic sprit of the missionaries. English is the Elite class languages, but learning and teaching, language is face with many problems ranging from rural and underdeveloped areas to mother tongue interference, psychological fear, etc..The purpose of this paper is to explore and describe the problems, prospects and future of learning and teaching of English in India.This paper highlights the challenges which English language learners and teachers face and equally offers solutions. Essentially, effective teaching and learning of English will be realistic only when both the learned and learner, demostrate readiness to pay the sacrifices for its attainment. Keywords: Teaching, learning, English language, Frequent practice.
Introduction The Role of Teaching English in Nowadays technology, information India and knowledge explosion have led to the Some students mentioned that increase of teaching and learning English learning English is the function of the as an international language. Teaching teacher's is not characteristics, so that if and learning English in different student loves their teachers day and use countries have been faced with some his motivation and creativity. They will problems. English has been faced in be more interested in English. Although schools in Iran since many years ago, But this is an accepted scientific principle and the point is that although our students is true for all subjects, but we must accept spend a long time in classes, they do not that this is more prominent in practical achieve a desirable level in various lessons. When the students love their language skills and are not able to say teachers, they will be more interested in some English sentences. Teachers and learning. So, ain some schools, the lack of students have last their time and costs motivated android creative teachers and and most learning English and as a the lack of access to the equipment and result, it has had advance effects peoples limited contents of incomplete course lives. Due to the deficiencies that exist in books minimized the student's language Teaching and despite the efforts performance. However, certain problems the desired result cannot be achieved, so of teachers such as economic problems it can be said that English teaching has a and so on are also effectively in this issue doctorate aspect and it has no academic and some and fundamental and lasting consequences. This paper deals with measures must be considered in this Teaching and learning English in India. regard.
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But teachers also have the right, students. Minds filled with inflex because at the end of the semester the materiel cannot figure out of the present exams contain questions from the course and future completely, and dynamic. content, not the contents that students Teaching English in different countries like. Therefore the classes seem a bit have faced with money problem and Iran boring and nonfictional that this issue is no exception. Although most teachers will heaven adverse influence on teaching and students spent many hours in and learning English. In fact it is not the classrooms to teach and learn the fault of teachers. The value of course, is language, they have not had success in unknown the society has not felt a need this area. Despite a great experience most for this course. Some experts believe that teachers still have not really found what teachers teach many things and do not is important in language Teaching and teach somethings and different incentives learning in the classroom they usually the limited time will be fewer and fewer ignore the most important element of any and flaws and shortcomings will be training session that includes providing a exacerbated. valuable learning experience which has a significant contribution in the Basic skills in learning English development of second language According to the linguistics, a basic performance. It should be noted that skills in learning English are as follows, teachers teach a set of individuals and 1. Listening any teaching process must enrich the 2. Speaking emotions of both student and teacher. 3. Reading 4. Writing Methods of Teaching English In case where English is taught a The Organizing the learning method foreign language, there is no opportunity is to meet a specific educational goal to use the skills in the classroom. English programmed teaching. Lectures and language would be required to get a practical display are considered as degree at the high school University examples of Teaching methods.Th entrance exam. In that case, the english Teaching method is different from the language will be considered as a subject Concept of "educational medium " (a such as mathematics and science. For means of exposing the students to a data these learners, the Concept of needs source as a textbooks, Tv PC, or the outside the classroom has very little teacher and other students). In fact, significance. several different teaching methods may The present decade, and the past be used in an educational medium (such century are different from what is known as programmed teaching, lectures, and to the history very deep and broad practical display on TV ) or a specific changes which have been seen in the past teaching method is a set of procedures have affected all human activities and and experimental activities performed to teaching is no more based on the transfer achieve certain goal. The best method is of constant information to passive the one which spends the lead time and
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with there source available and thus to self discover the intricacies involved in activities that are carried out casting to English language. the condition and possibilities to provide Second English language learners the most favourable area for the effective experience a mother tongue interference and desirable teaching-learning is any phenomenon which deals with the constant change in behavior which comes problem a learner encounters when he from the experience. lt must be transfers the acquired skills in his native considered that teaching does not mean or indigenous language (L1) to his second learning necessary lead to learning. language (L2) the problems can be The major challenges are faced by syntactic (grammatical), phonological students coming from (mispronunciation) semantic or 1. Rural and underdeveloped area morphological and most of the students 2. Tribal backward society do not have the opportunity to undertake 3. Economically backward society advanced reasoning tasks. Phonetically, 4. Uneducated families learners of English as a second language Learning a foreign language may not find it difficult to pronounce certain be better, and bread experience due to English words because the sounds are languages peculiarities and adarntha from their native languages. distinctives.No matter the similarities, Examples are dental sounds in thin, this two languages are not utterly the same and in them that etc. thing. a goodLearners of English as a A very important challenge second language find its learning difficult confronting learners of English as a because the sudden break from a familiar second language is fearfulearful student language to a nonfamiliar one can be attitude towards the use and usage of difficult, thus varies errors ranging from English especially in the presence a Phonectical error to Syntactic , competent user. Sometimes, it is morphologically to semantic errors etc.are humiliating to have to speak to one's committed some of the problems are country man in a foreign Language. highlighted below. especially in the presence of the proud First of all, students learn basic owners of that language. They would grammar at school level for the purpose naturally assume that one had no to passing only in the tests and the language of one's son. Speeking English examinations and not to face any real-life requires a measure of confidence and situations, Application oriented advanced readiness. however, if a speaker feels grammar is not taught in schools, inadequate to speak it, it may be lead to furthermore, adequate , practice is not incoherence and incorrect express. given to students only read to pass English language but are not committed Conclusion to its mastery; probably because learners If language is taken from human are only taught and except to regurgitate society, human civilizations will be the experience rather than allowing them destroyed, thus teaching and learning language is a priority in the field of
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education. Nowadays, with the References advancement of science and technology. 1. Kapoor and R.S Gupta. English in English is essential Udan international India, Delhi Academic Foundation. language. 1994,Print. So, in this new millennium, language 2. Chan Alice Y.(2004), Syntactic is the guiding factor for trading, Police, transfer. Evidence from the inter Science and technology. Extending the language of Hong Kong Chinese English learning is a prerequisite due to ESL, Learners, The modern the growing development in the field of language journal 88.56-74. science and technology and the need to 3. Jarvis (2002). Topic continuity in become aware of them through the Mass L2 English article use studies in Media. This will be achieved by the second language Acquisition,24. development of English language 4. Ortiz, Alba ,A,(2007) English Teaching in principle manner. And language learning with special second language teachers need special needs; Effective instructional training to learn how to teach the Strategies, journal of learning language. disabilities 30,420_321.
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K. Sharmila Jane Research Scholar Joseph Arts and Science College Thiruvalluvar University
Abstract This paper is about teaching English grammar for college students in rural areas. Teaching grammar is an innovative skill in English language teaching. Mastering English grammar helps to improve one‟s Communication skills. To nurture interest among the college students, we use innovative techniques to teach grammar very effectively. The students from the rural background must be trained to use the language effectively free from grammatical errors and giving much importance to the sentence structure. Students in their teens show less interest in learning grammar and the over confidence of certain students sometimes create an embarrassing situations in the language classrooms. Keywords: Innovative skills, over confidence, embarrassing.
Introduction regularly monitored and their mistakes Various methods of teaching English should be corrected then and there. grammar are in use from the ancient periods in all the educational institutions. The Role of English Teacher in Some of the important methodologies are Language Learning in Promoting the Grammar translation method, Learner Autonomy in Engineering inductive method and the structural Colleges approach. There weren‘t any productive A teacher‘s role is very important in results applying all these strategies. helping students develop autonomy in Hence the use of innovative techniques learning. Every great teacher has their like imitation and drill to teach grammar own special unique style .There are nine came into existence. Grammar should be special universal qualities that are taught unconsciously by imitation and necessary for anyone who wants to teach drill. The medium of teaching English English in colleges. The qualities of a should be in English and not using their great teacher include excellent mother tongue for translation. communication skills, superior listening In the initial stages, the teaching of skills, deep knowledge and passion for English concepts should be slow to cope their subject matter, the ability to build up with the student‘s ability to grasp the career relationships with students, language. Opportunities should be made friendliness and approachability, available for the students to communicate excellent preparation and organization in English in the language classrooms skills, strong work ethic, community itself. The students should be exposed to building skills and high expectations for Group discussions, debate, and oral all. presentations. The students should be
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Excellent Communication Skills Deep Knowledge and Passion for the If teacher‘s communication skills are Subject Matter good, they can convey knowledge with There is a saying that a teacher is better skill and results. A good teacher only as good as what they know. If notices even when even one student teacher lacks knowledge in a subject, that among many does not understand, and dearth of understanding is passed along makes an effort to communicate to the students. Passion is infectious. individually when necessary. Love of a subject matter inspires a person Communication also involves explaining to learn more, dig deeper, and think exactly what the assignments and harder about it, so passion inspires expectations are. When students fully deeper knowledge. The best teachers are understand what is expected of them, it‘s those that clearly love their subjects and much easier for them to deliver. pass that passion and desire to learn Interestingly, not only are communication more on to their students. When the skills incredibly important in the teacher not only has the right answer to classroom, but they are among the most the students question but can expand the important skills in any setting. discussion with vivid examples, amusing illustrative anecdotes, and relevant facts, Superior Listening Skills and when the teacher has a deep well of In addition to being good understanding and expertise to draw on, communicators, good teachers also then every lesson is enriched, and every happen to be excellent listeners. As the student might be inspired. Turkish proverb says, ―If speaking is The best teachers are often the ones silver, then listening is Gold‖. Of course that are the most deeply, not only about effective communication only happens their jobs, but about every student they when at least two parties are actively serve. It‘s not enough just to love the involved in the process together, and the subject matter: Great students also share only way to know if communication is a love to students. Caring about the heard is by asking (and listening to the students is what inspires teachers to answer.) reach out, do better, communicate more, So in an ideal learning environment, ask, learn, refine and improve. This is teachers ask important questions and something that can‘t be taught, not even then actively, carefully, empathetically in the best school. listen to what learners have to say. When good teachers develop this patient quality The Importance of Teaching English in themselves, they start to become great. Grammar in English Language Teachers listen hard and then use what The grammar has a positive and real they hear to improve the communication. effect on the four skills of language. Enhanced communication skills call for a high degree of grammatical competence. Communicative proficiency involves knowledge and application of grammar
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and use of appropriate vocabulary of the audio visual teaching content for language to convey meanings in a socially grammar in schools. acceptable way. This is also the reason why grammar Conclusion teaching is considered imperative and has The importance of teaching grammar found its way into language and teaching in English language is an ongoing debate. labs. Where on the other hand theorists and Grammar is the base of the English practitioners have felt that its language. English especially as a second significance in language learning cannot or a foreign language is not acquired be mitigated, on the other hand it is seen naturally; instruction and structured as nothing but a set of arbitrary rules and learning are important. Through merely an exercise in naming parts of a grammar, an ESL learner learns how to sentence; something that can easily be operate at the sentence level and studies done away with. the governance or the syntax or word orders that are the rule of the game in the References language. 1. Anderson, paul. V. Technical Though grammar teaching generally Communication USA: Harcourt would involve the intervention of a Braca and company, 1999. teacher in the classroom, some language 2. Jeremy, Harmer and John, Arnold. teaching labs have also introduced this Advance speaking skills. Essex: feature in their teaching content. Longman group ltd, 1978. Wordsworth English lab is one such 3. Influencing people. London: digital language teaching lab that has an Thorsons Hammersmith, 1990.
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Antoinette Daniel Assistant Professor (Senior), Department of Social Sciences and Languages VIT University, Vellore
T. P. Saravanan Student (Mtech), Department of Manufacturing (SMEC) VIT University, Vellore
Jyotsana Singh Student (Mtech), Department of Information Security (SCOPE) VIT University, Vellore
Abstract This paper focuses on the cordial relationship between India and France which has been existing for centuries and continue to extend further. In past decades, culture was considered as a negligible wonder of financial and political association. Present day human studies, may be considered as the dynamic communication of a few societies that share a similar area in reality. The century‟s old and traditionally cordial relations between the proponents of a multi-polar world led by regional democracies like France and India have entered new domains of bilateral co-operation with their roots settled in history. An alliance between two powerful nations of the world will empower not just the counterparts but the whole world and hence, we explore the role of culture in the responsibility of international strategic alliances. Keywords: Bilateral ties, Trade, Education, Technology, Culture, France, India
Introduction The centuries-old relations between The strength of the relationship lies in the countries of a multi-polar world led by the trust of the alliance among the regional democracies like France and nations. France and India signed multiple India have entered new domains of deals over the year namely defense, bilateral co-operation. An ever-increasing security and civil nuclear cooperation to collaboration in areas such as trade and agreeing to hold summits between leaders investment, science and technology, of both countries. Bilateral relations defense, counter-terrorism, nuclear between Paris and New Delhi cover a energy, culture, and education alongside range of issues including barrier, sea, developing business trades through the space, and security. The two countries medium of structured talks has been a have figured out how to develop a highlight of a perfect relationship forward-looking organization to deal with between France and India. issues such as terrorism, climate change, economic development and improvement, Fields of exchange infrastructure, urbanization, and science Space Technology and technology. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and French space agency (Centre
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National D'Etudes Spatiales —CNES) are the modern nuclear reactors French involved in inter-planetary missions like organization Areva had designed. Mars, Venus and asteroid projects. The The project is seen as the humongous collaboration on interplanetary missions industrial project ever undertaken in is a part of the joint vision for space India, and a noteworthy board of Indo- cooperation which India and France French relations. Since the declaration, agreed upon in one of the MoU. ISRO and there has been little advancement on the CNES will work together on the undertaking and a lot has changed in the navigation of rovers in Moon, Mars, and global energy scenario, which brings up other planets, aero-braking technologies existential issues about the feasibility of, for planetary exploration and modeling of and the requirement for such a nuclear- Mars and Venus atmosphere and power project. Furthermore, there has inflatable systems for Venus exploration been tremendous opposition to the project ISRO chairman not only from environmentalists, but also Dr. K Sivan said that the outcome of people living close to the site of the the collaboration with French space project, the village of Jaitapur, about 600 agency would be fruitful in inter- kilometers south of Mumbai. planetary missions. EDF (Electricite de France), the ISRO has started creating scientific French service organization started payloads for the Mars Orbiter Mission-2 building an EPR (European Pressurised (MOM-2) mission. The scientific payloads Water Reactor) plant at Flamanville in for the Red planet mission were Normandy in 2007, boasting that it submitted to the Indian space agency in contained the world's recent and secure response to its 2016 Announcement of reactor. The facility was supposed to be Opportunity (AO) inviting institutes and completed by 2012 and reinforce the space organizations to submit suggestions reputation of the French for ability in or studies on planetary explorations for nuclear energy. the next MOM-2 mission. Based on ISRO's Announcement of Opportunity for Defence and Aerospace the MOM-2 mission, CNES has India faces complex security shortlisted some scientific payloads. challenges as it has hostile nuclear-armed neighbors to its north and west, with Nuclear Project unresolved borders. The international In 2008, India and France chose to community expects India to be a net work together on building a 9.9-gigawatt security provider in the Indian Ocean atomic power plant, with six 1650 region. Such security responsibilities megawatt reactors. The Indo-French deal require best-of-class armed forces. In its has yielded little accomplishment in the quest for the best, and for self-reliance, in power segment, yet the agreement has defense and aerospace, India's greatest given India progress in different zones challenge is to bridge the technology gap. like research. The plant is furnished with Marking the 20th anniversary of the European Pressurized Reactors (EPR), strategic partnership between India and
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France, Prime Minister Narendra Modi Strong factors favoring India are its and French President Emmanuel Macron colossal requirements, the strength of had a summit meeting in New Delhi in micro, small and medium enterprises March 2018. Fourteen agreements were (MSMEs), and a large young population signed, including those related to with good basic skills. According to the strategic maritime awareness, logistical Stockholm International Peace Research support between armed forces, and Institute (2017), India has continued to be exchange of classified information. the largest arms importer in the last five France is a major source of foreign years, with an import dependency direct investment (FDI) in India, with running in excess of 60%—a clearly about 750 big French companies, with a unacceptable situation. Even the civil cumulative investment of $5.82 billion aviation sector, which is import intensive, between April 2000 and June 2017. Over is expected to grow by 20%, with a 150 Indian companies are positioned in requirement of over 1,000 aircraft. There France, employing nearly 7,000 people. are over 6,000 MSMEs in the defense Prime minister of India, Narendra sector, with much more capable of Modi initiated the ―Make in India‖ contributing to defense and aerospace in movement by which all the weapons and case they find the right opportunity. fighter jets will be indigenously The opportunities are phenomenal for manufactured thereby enhancing the any country willing to partner India, and technological growth of India as well as for all stakeholders. In order to optimize reducing the dependency on imported the opportunity to mutual advantage, we goods have to transition from ―Buy (Global)‖ or The intent to go deeper than just a ―Buy & Make‖ to ―Make in India‖. This buyer-seller relationship is distinctly requires engagements to commence manifest in both, the India-France joint upstream in the process of design and statement of March 2018 and the draft development. defense production policy, 2018. The Innovation partnership at the multi-tier industry delegation from academia-industry level between France and the wide range of Indian countries is imperative. MSMEs from participants also reflect the drive for India are capable and deserve their place Make in India. In order to achieve the in global supply chains. The larger targets, it is important for the armed industries have to lead the change in forces to define requirements, both in collaboration with international partners terms of numbers and technology, well in where required. The aerospace policy and advance, with a fair degree of certainty. industry need to view the aviation sector, The defense industry requires long both military and civil, holistically. The gestation periods for design and policy for UAVs needs to be put in place development. This investment offers good at the earliest to ensure that the vast returns in the long run as the life cycle of resources committed to this industry get major equipment is long, with recurring a direction. The recently announced sustenance requirements. defense industrial corridors and the
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MSME clusters therein need to embrace and establishment of new French the aviation sector. And most companies in the country. importantly, the energy of the public and Currently, there are over 1000 French private sector has to be harnessed companies present throughout India. together to be able to achieve self-reliance Most of these are accumulated in large by 2025. metropolitan cities. State- wise, Maharashtra holds the highest Renewable Energy concentration of French businesses (30 ISA is an inter-governmental percent), followed by Delhi NCR (19 organization launched by Modi in 2015 percent), Karnataka (15 percent), that aims to utilize US$1 trillion in assets and TamilNadu (10 percent). for future solar generation, storage, and Below, we discuss key industries that technology across the world. It has 60 offer opportunities for French investment signatories, 30 of whom have endorsed in India. the agreement. In light of Macron‘s visit – French Automobile cement giant Vicat announced US$274.82 The Indian government appreciates million (€223 million) in investments in the foreign investment in the sector by the Indian cement sector involving both allowing 100 percent FDI under the brownfield expansions (Karnataka state) automatic trade route. In the last 17 and Greenfield projects (Andhra Pradesh years, the country has attracted FDI state). Indian and French companies and worth US$18.41 billion in its automobile government entities also signed deals industry. The country offers strong worth US$16.02 billion (€13 billion) in suppliers' base encouraging international aviation, renewable energy, and waste auto companies to leverage it for their management. global sourcing. The top car manufacturing states in the country are – Foreign Investment Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Haryana, and France is the ninth largest foreign Delhi NCR. investor in India and contributes about The French carmaker group PSA, also 1.65 percent of the total inflows into the known as Peugeot Citroen, recently country. The highest foreign direct signed a deal with the Tamil Nadu investment (FDI) equity inflow is in the government to set up a research and services sector (19.3 percent) followed by development foundation as well as cement and gypsum product (15.59 manufacturing facilities in the state. The percent), drugs and pharmaceutical (5.23 automaker will assemble vehicles in the percent), industrial machinery (5.04 state under the joint venture with India's percent) and food processing CK Birla group. industries(5.03 percent). These figures Alstom SA, a French multinational were estimated to grow significantly over company operating around the world in the next few years with the consolidation rail transport markets, active in the fields and extension of existing investments, of passenger transportation, signalling
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and locomotives, with products including companies in the Chennai region are the AVG, TGV, Eurostar, and Pendolino ATC, Fiabila, and Charabot. fast trains, also has won a major project worth €3.2 billion (US$3.6 billion) of Pharmaceuticals assembling 800 trains in Madhepura, India is the world's third largest Bihar. Moreover, a few other essential producer of pharmaceutical drugs in players in the French car industry have terms of volume. The country's set up their production centers in Tamil pharmaceutical industry has provided Nadu. These include automobile double-digit growth in the last few years manufacturer Renault, parts producer and is expected to reach US$55 billion by Valeo, and tire manufacturer Michelin. 2020 from US$36.7 billion in 2017. The key factors of this growth are low Chemicals costs, high production quality, and India's chemical industry is highly regulatory conformity. There is an diversed and provides valuable chemicals increased local demand because of for various products such as textiles, improved access to insurance, with paints and varnishes, paper, and leather. around 650 million people set to benefit The industry is currently valued around from coverage by 2020. US$150 billion and is expected to reach French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi US$300 billion by 2025. has established a large foundation in the Key factors for success in the chemical country. Its production sites are located sector include India‘s affinity to strong in Goa and Chennai. Other renowned growth markets, improvement in the French pharmaceutical companies with a business environment and the unending presence in India include Boiron – a support from the government. In order to homeopathic medicine manufacturer and encourage investment in the sector, Bioderma. India‘s Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals has laid four petroleum, Electronics chemicals and petrochemicals investment India‘s expanding electronics market regions (PCPIRs) in Andhra Pradesh, is expected to be more than double to Gujarat, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu. The reach US$228 billion in 2020 from state incentives in these areas include the US$100 billion in 2016-17. The growth is availability of land, deregulated industry predicted based on growing customer and promotion of 100 percent FDI, base, trade pacts, government policies opportunities for investment through PPP and penetration of consumer durables. mode and consortium with Indian The Indian government's effort on partners, among others. using technology to improve the delivery French specialty chemical company of its public services and the digital Arkema currently operates five revolution has opened up infinite production sites in India– one each in opportunities for companies to develop Chennai, Gujarat, and Mumbai, and two and manufacture products and solutions in Bengaluru. Other French chemical innovatively across the country.
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Initiatives like Make in India and Digital up to the governments to continue to India have further pushed the sector embrace the relationship for the ahead. betterment of the people. Besides, the development of Electronic Hardware technology parks and SEZ References have created a favourable atmosphere for 1. The role of dynamic cultural FDI in the industry. Through their theories in explaining the viability respective policies and initiatives, both of international strategic alliances: the federal as well as the state A focus on Indo-French alliances government assist local production of by T Patel - Management Decision, electronic items, offering tax and non-tax 2007 - emeraldinsight.com (p-4) incentives to companies setting up 2. The Indo–French strategic manufacturing units in the country. dialogue: bilateralism and world Benefitting from these opportunities perceptions by JL Racine - Journal several French electronics manufacturers of Strategic Studies, 2002 - Taylor have set up operations in India. These & Francis (p-7) include Crouzet, Gemalto, Safran, ST 3. The changing patterns of Indo- Microelectronics, and Schneider Electric French relations: From Cold War that operates seven plants across the estrangement to strategic nation. partnership in the twenty first century by S Gupta - French Services politics, 2009 – Springer(p-7) India‘s service industry makes up 4. Indo-French Relations by KS about 60 percent of the country‘s GDP, Mathew, SJ Stephen - 1999 - and 17 percent of total foreign investment Pragati Publications From the inflows. The industry offers opportunities Peaceful Atom to the Peaceful for investment in a wide spectrum of Explosion: Indo French Nuclear activities such as information technology, Relations During the Cold War, hospitality, trade and transport, financial 1950-1974 by J Sarkar - services, real estate, and professional Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson services. Since 2016, digital payment Center NPIHP …, 2013 - services have experienced an papers.ssrn.com unprecedented jump – paving way for 5. Indo-French Relations: A French large-scale investment prospects in the Perspective by P Petit - Security in sector. the New World Order, 6. The French strategy in the Indian Conclusion Ocean and the potential for Indo- The dynamic growth of Indo-French French cooperation by I ties originates from their longstanding 7. Saint-Mézard - 2015 - rsis.edu.sg and significant economic partnership. The alliance has been a major backbone for the country's economic growth and it is
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M. Yamuna Devi Assistant Professor, N.G.M.College, Pollachi
P. Duraisamy Assistant Professor, APA College of Arts and Culture, Palani
Abstract The use of this study is to discover customer satisfaction on Airtel service at Palani town. The test of the study consisted of 120 respondents. The researcher selected the respondents through a simple percentage technique. Since the study on this report, it is seen that after commence of Airtel cellular service in Palani Town the subscription by the people is satisfactory. The company has a wider range in the market of cellular service by extending its value-added services, according to the first choice of the respondents. The results that the Airtel price is low, service is best when compared to other cell connection, can be connected easily.
Introduction the cell. The format underlines the Telecommunications is necessary for concept of ―consumer‘s self-government‖. today‘s business scenario to understand The modern marketing concept has the fact that the thought of customer‘s documented this right and this is creature a company‘s most vital assets is reflected in well-known statements like not just a management theory, but is a ―consumer is the emperor‖. It would very essential economic fact. As the simply put out the best invention and cellular business in India is one of the services in the world and price it less cost. greatest growing sectors, it is essential Therefore it would create extensive and exciting to explore the drivers of customer satisfaction but it would also be customer fulfillment in this industry. A out of business. customer is not somebody to argue or protest wits with. Nobody had ever won Telecommunication an dispute with a customer‖. ―A customer Telecommunication networks are is a person who brings us his proving mobility and incorporated requirements. It is our job to touch them services. Development in computer profitably to him and to ourselves. hardware and software along with the Customer is the central point part of the digital switching and transports are nation‘s economic cycle as other promotion it possible to have smart developmental actions center on him. In a networks, that offer good service, such as aggressive economy, it is the customer cellular paging communication where a who decides the victory or failure of call goes to an individual rather than to a business either by buying or not buying locality, and the user is allocated instead
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of the line. The expertise for interconnect hears thousands of ring tones networks with high-speed services has going off throughout the day. prepared the cellular industry a blooming 2. Cellular service will service your industry. It is usual that a need is felt by wishes and area. There are the user to move freely and still have numerous different companies to connectivity with any subscriber. The choose as of just a little research customer also wishes to swap all types of will provide the greatest options in information similar to voice mail, E-mail a service provider. entrée to value-added services. Airtel 3. The million cell telephone users of Mobile is the leading cellular operator in the world; however, test out Tamil Nadu Cellular circle. Presently website ―cellular needs‖ and music Airtel is all set for consolidation thereby and desktop. There are immense connecting the length and breadth of cell phone comparison charts and Tamil Nadu. Airtel is already gearing up service providers. of the latest revolution in mobile telephony 4G, 3G, facilitate junction with Statement of the Problem the internet. Through the project time, some of the customers were found to be not interested Importance of Cellular Service in filling the questionnaire. So their data The cellular industry comes modify is excluded from the research. service providers are judgment it necessary to readdress marketing efforts Objectives of the Study from customer acquisition to customer 1. To identify the customer withholding. satisfaction of Airtel service Palani A rising number of operators contain told Town. us they have begun to sight offered 2. To study the customers‘ subscriber bases as a business asset in an consciousness regarding prepaid surroundings where customers have mobile connection. become more complicated towards mobile 3. To analysis the advertisement wireless technology. Operators have also usefulness, this has a direct documented that cellular customers are impact on endorsement. also altering. The tackle of a maturing 4. To classify the authorization and changing industry, marketing opinion regarding product, price companies have begun to set up programs and promotion activities on that purposely address the desires of the various schemes. cellular industry. 5. To make a suggestion and advice to improve the present market. Needs for the Study 1. The cellular phone has in use the Research Methodology town Palani by force, without The present study was mostly based seeing somebody on a cell phone or on primary data which was composed through the issue of the questionnaire.
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The questionnaire contains relating to Most of 50 (41.67%) says Airtel preference and customer satisfaction of High Pricing users cellular service. The information required Most of 74 (61.67%) is choose for the study had been collected by Nature of mobile connection issuing a questionnaire to 150 customers facility in Palani taluk. Issued 150 Majority of the customer, 52 questionnaires, 135 questionnaires are (43.33%) are in High Satisfied calm, and out of 135 questionnaires collected, 120 questionnaires are taken Table 1 Preference for cellular for analysis because of incomplete services information found in the fifteen No. of questionnaires. Secondary information Preference Respondents % (N=120) regarding the cellular service providers Occupation are collected from Journals, dealers, Government 40 33.33 periodical and through the internet. The Service data collected are analyzed using a simple Private Service 27 22.50 Business 29 24.17 percentage. Student 24 20.00 Residence Locality Customer Service Rural 46 38.33 A successful grouping of the newest Urban 74 61.67 technology and knowledgeable Brand Name Airtel 50 41.67 professional in a progressive work BSNL 16 13.33 environment were imagination, Vodafone 14 11.67 improvement, knowledge, self-motivation Idea 10 08.33 have been the finery to this work culture. Jio 30 25.00 Airtel in Tamil Nadu: Airtel has launched Preferring the Airtel Brand Brand Image 66 55.00 its service in Tamil Nadu by the year Wide coverage 28 23.33 2013, and in Palani, by the year 2014 Easy Recharge 26 21.67 with Airtel Mobile Reach out in 253 method towns. Calls to this town are STD class, Opinion about the pricing High 50 41.67 and it can be finished only by subscribers Economical 38 31.66 with south India STD capacity. Low 32 26.67 Nature of the mobile connection Majority of the customer, 40 facility (33.33%) are Government services Prepaid 74 61.67 Postpaid 46 38.33 Most of 74 (61.67%) customers The satisfaction of Airtel service belong to an urban area Highly 52 43.33 Majority of the customer, 38 satisfied (31.67%) Airtel brand name users Satisfied 38 31.67 Dissatisfied 18 15.00 Majority of the customer, 66 (55%) No idea 12 10.00 are preferring the Airtel Band Source: Primary Data Image
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Suggestions of respondents. The company has a wider 1. Airtel mobile company has to range in the market of cellular service by improve the awareness of its extend its value-added services, according service. to the favorite of the respondents. The 2. The number of Airtel users feels promote in Palani is still in an increasing that starter pack amount to get a point. The market is not soaked; however phone connection is average but in the altering of tariff rates and low the case of Airtel it is high. So, the awareness level is making it intricate for Airtel company has to reduce its the company to maintain a constant starter pack amount to increase its growth rate. It has also been experiential customers. that Airtel can gain new number of 3. Some respondents that the scheme customers by widening its area of available in Airtel cell phone coverage. From this study most of them service is satisfactory level. So, the conclude that the price is low, service is Airtel mobile connection should best, so we likely to buy Airtel connection. maintain its brand image. 4. The Airtel service is given at small References price offer to call another phone 1. Revathi, S and S. Padmavathy and also given friends number, (2005), ―Preference in Cellular they obtain additional sales in the Service Providers in the Post market and to get better more Liberalization Era‖ Indian services is recovered in the Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35(2). promotion. 2. Banumathy, S and Kalanivani S (2006), ―Customers‘ Attitude Conclusion towards Cellphone Service in Since the learning on this report, it is Communication System‖ Indian seen that after commence of Airtel Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32(3), cellular service in Palani Town the pp.31-36. subscription by the people is satisfactory 3. Marketing Management – Philp and is steadying growing. Bulk of Kotler. subscribers has expressed better service 4. Marketing Research – Sharma provided by Airtel cellular service. The 5. Marketing Management – Rajan sales executives should be forced to Nair and Sanjith Nair improve the service and if they get in 6. Marketing Research – Green & contact with the respondents. The rate of Tull received respondents is lower than the 7. www.airtel.com rate of outgoing respondents. The company should take some steps to remove the default, which results in loss
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Dr. J. Anbazhagan Vijay Associate Professor of English Government College of Technology Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Introduction Visuals‘ support, no doubt provides Use of Visual materials such as the learner hooks on which to hang pictures, slides, drawings and cartoons meaning and make sense of the aural play a significant role in the language stream. At the same time, the mental classroom for making language learning processing of comprehending the activities interesting. Exercises that focus information becomes challenging with learner‘s attention on aural input and its regard to unfamiliar and complex association to visuals make linguistic issues. The same notion is comprehension easier in the process of advocated by Penny Ur (1984 p.20): listening skills development. They ―Many foreign – language learners (visuals) support comprehension when it seem to lack the ability to use poses difficulty due to pronunciation and environmental clues to get at the unfamiliar vocabulary which of course is meaning of an imperfectly grasped attributed to higher levels of learner phrase: time and again I have come motivation. Combining listening tasks across instances of students who have with pictorial representations paves way misunderstood something because for empirical investigation to confirm how they are analyzing words in isolation scientifically it is exercised in listening and not linking them to the context skills development. Linguists like Parrio or accompanying visual stimuli. They perceive that images enhance may, for example, understand ‗horse‘ comprehension, storage and recall of for ‗house‘ in spite of an illustrating information. Including visuals for the picture. There is certainly no development of listening comprehension question of the students being unable seeks the support of rates of delivery of to perceive and interpret visual or spoken language. Listening is processed other stimuli as such- they do so much more quickly than the time it takes perfectly well in their language. Thus for speaking. If it is LI situation, I see no value in practicing this skill sufficient time and opportunity are in isolation.‖ available to act mentally upon the Today visual instructional aids are incoming stream by creating connection, being used in varying degrees at all levels making transformations, interpretations of language acquisition, and they are and mental images. If the context is L2, intervened virtually with all facets of the learner‘s ability is limited which Teaching-learning process and teachers demands additional effort from the often believe that ―more the visuals the listener. better‖ is a sound strategy. How and to
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what degree does visual support enhance contextual clues, it may not guarantee learning? This question is addressed complete comprehensibility of the tests as through carefully conducted research the issues of the use of vocabulary; the studies. More importantly, such studies pronunciation and few others are must be designed to test the effects of seemingly detrimental to comprehension. visual aids in instructional tests like Hence it was intended to minimize those listening comprehension. By discovering issues. Indirectly it aimed at preparing the impacts of visual aids, the researcher the subjects to face listening of this sort believes that the listening comprehension through standardized proficiency tests maximizes the level of understanding. like TOEIC. Listening is a constructive mental process whose complexity is reduced Methods and Instruments through suitable visuals which assure the The researcher administered the tests students‘ listening comprehension at two stages: A Pre-test on listening without burdening their task. It is comprehension was conducted followed by categorical to note that, the actual test. Visuals were taken from ―A massive 55% of the speaker‘s the TOEIC test. During pre-listening impact comes from the visual i.e., the stage, the difficulty of understanding the way the speakers looks, facial vocabulary and pronunciation was expressions, gestures, body language, reduced by reviewing the same. Since the posture, etc., while 38% of this impact aural input for the chosen visuals in the comes from a voice‖. (Stuart, 1998, pre-listening context was not available, p.4) the researcher downloaded a software Canning Wilson (2000) in a lecture on namely, Babylon 09 and got it in a British “The Use of Visuals in Research” claims accent for the given textual input. The that the use visual materials such as researcher elected a sample size of 200 illustrations, pictures, images, figures, students of both Circuit and Non-circuit impressions, likenesses, cartoons, charts, branches to conduct this study. They were graphs, colors help the learner get taken to a spacious, air-conditioned and immediate meaning which enhance or digitalized hall. supplements the language understanding. She further opines that Test Design contextualized images may help the The listening test on visuals was split learner to reinforce the language in terms into two: (i) Listening Test and (ii) Pre- of vocabulary and association in the listening Test. As many as 20 target language. photographs were taken as a whole which formed as a part of TOEIC Test. The Aim of the Study subjects had to look at the visuals and The aim of this study is to determine listen to the four spoken responses. At the the effects of visuals on the listening end of each listening, the subjects had to comprehension process. The study aimed decide as to which answer best describes to improve the subjects‘ comprehension the visual. This part of TOEIC was skill in listening. Though visuals provide particularly challenging in a sense that
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there was no written clue available for other was well on hand. In both these the test takers where they had to tests, the subjects were expected to completely rely on their memory. The identify the picture and mark ‗a‘, or ‗b‘, or mental processing of the subjects in ‗c‘- depending upon the number of listening input in the present experiment pictures available. As such there were was overburdened as no written/printed eleven such photographs. clue was available in their test booklet. It The second part of pre-test was quite was still burdened when the vocabulary interesting in a sense, the subjects were and pronunciation in connected speech provided with strip cartoons or story was not understandable as it was a pictures. As they listened to the story standardised test with native speaker‘s they had to number the boxes in the same accent. Therefore, a pre listening order as they received the narrative test was planned. The visual materials for information. The subjects followed the the pre listening test were selected from narratives, linking the events to the an article, “The Use of Semi- Scripted corresponding cartoons. A piece of such Simulated Authentic Speech and information is given here as example: Listening Comprehension” (Audio-Visual ―Yesterday mum wanted to watch Language Journal 16:3) by Ron White television, but when she turned it on, and Marion Geddes. The visuals in the she found it wasn‘t working. All she form of strip cartoons were selected from, could get was some wavy lines.‖ “The Goodbodys” by Paul Groves, Nigel Like this the whole narration went on. Grimshaw and Roy Schofield. Penny Ur (1984.p.51) in this regard The tests under this study were makes a point: categorised as ‗interpretive listening‘. ―In this type of exercises, learners Micro skills such as discrimination, look at visual material while association and identification were simultaneously following a spoken involved in the process of listening description of it. The latter may be comprehension. The responsive mode in restricted to details that can be verified the listening test was multiple choice visually-or it may include extra questions and in pre listening test, it was information, using the illustration as a ticking in the pictures and numbering in jumping-off point for longer narrative the boxes. As for the nature of visuals description or discussion. The discussion presented in the pre-test, the visuals is easily improvised using the visual depicted the mood of different people material as a basis.‖ ranging from young to old men to women. In the actual listening test, 20 The visuals describe the appearance, photographs were selected from TOEIC, a dressing style and the kind of activities standardised language proficiency test. they performed. Almost a similar exercise As already explained, no information was repeated but with slightly increasing about the visual in this section was the difficulty level of vocabulary. Yet the availed in written or printed form. The task was easier since the contextual clues subjects were to rely on their memory. and the process of discrimination from The listener may also interpret the the description of one picture to that of visuals differently. For example,
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Test takers see: a photograph of a discriminate one response from others to woman in a laboratory setting, with no find out the righ response. For example, glasses on, squinting through a option A-He is NOT serving the meal. microscope with her right eye, and with Option B-―The couple is sitting side by her left eye closed. side” may be correct. Option C-The dining Test takers hear: car is NOT full because the other tables a. She is speaking in a are empty. Option D-The waiter is microphone. working on a TRAIN but is not training a b. She is putting on her glasses. new staff. Thus it is seen from the four c. She has both eyes open. responses that only response ‗B‘ seems to d. She is using a microscope. be correct. In the same fashion, all the 20 The third visual represented photographs were needed to be tested on. questions which formed as a part of the The researcher couldn‘t avail the present study. In this kind of exercises, photographs in color. Therefore all the the test takers are confused since the photos both in the pre-test and in the responses which are likely to represent actual test were in black- white the visuals are seemingly the correct combination. After administering the response in one or the other way. The test listening test and a pre- listening test takers of this study needed to make preceded by it separately, the score of the inference from the visuals associating the subjects‘ performance in both these tests responses correctly with them. An actual was compared. example is given below in the same way as it was tested. Procedure Fifty students (subjects) forming a Figure group of an engineering course were selected at a time for this study, though the sample size of this study was 200 subjects for whom the same test with the same fashion was repeated at different point of time. The subjects were instructed to sit at some distance from one another. They were then distributed the questionnaires in the form of visuals. The researcher summarized as to what a. He is serving the meal. was expected of them in a particular test. b. The couple is sitting side by The visuals were also projected on a side. white screen. The period of the original c. The dining car is full. test timing was only about 20 minutes. d. The waiter‟s training new staff. However, with administering the pre In this kind of exercises, the subjects listening along with an extended needed to do a lot of mental processing. discussion on vocabulary and While analyzing the correct response for pronunciation of the present study, the the above image, the candidates should total duration of time lasted 90 minutes.
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The duration for administering the test Table 1 Consolidated Result
for all the four branches of students took
about two weeks. The researcher availed %
sufficient time to evaluate the tests Std
Tests
Mean
Score
Minimum Deviation conducted for a particular group and to Maximum repeat the same to the other three Pre Test 14.46 72.3 47 18.25 3.45 branches of students. 20 Marks TOEIC Test 13.16 65.8 47.5 7.25 5.305 Scoring 20 Marks As for the ratings of the tests, one Discussion score was allotted to each correct The results obtained from the scores response. No deviation or concession was of the tests have paved the way for the allowed in the allocation of the score discussion. The discussion is vital in a because all the questions in the tests sense it permeates several implications. were objective in nature where there were The results obtained for the four branches only two possibilities: (i) correct or (ii) were consolidated and the same has been incorrect. The scores of the tests were described in Table 1. The mean score of collected through pre- tests and the the subjects of the study has been TOEIC (Standardised) Test. A maximum calculated as 14.46 in the pre test when of 20 marks was allotted to each. The compared to a 13.16 of the TOEIC test. scoring enabled the researcher to The overall percentage of the subjects in benchmark the subjects under ‗maximum‘ the pre test is about 72% whereas it has and ‗minimum‘ scorers‘ groups. Later the been reduced to around 65%. Surprisingly scores were classified according to the the percentage of respondents identified four scale categories such as poor, as high scorers in the pre-test is almost average, good and very good following the the same as that of the TOEIC test. While points at the percentage of 0-25, 26-50, 18% of subjects are viewed as low 51-75, 76-100 respectively. performers, the number invariably
Results decreases in the actual test. There has The results of the tests were collected been consistency in the performance of by administering the listening tests based pre-test. on static visuals at two levels viz. TOEIC Darren Price in one of his articles Test and Pre-test. Like the previous entitled ―Listening Skill in a Visual assessments, the percentage of scores World‖ proclaims: were calculated considering the mean At what point do visual score, its percentage, percentage of representations undermine listening respondents at ‗maximum‘ and ‗minimum‘ (auditory) skills? Listening skills are and the standard deviation. The scores important. By producing visual obtained from four branches of presentations, am I undermining the engineering have been provided in the development of that skill? These tables below. questions are good and I had the opportunity to reflect upon them recently. At first thought, it seems
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easy to say these skills are mutually Methodology in Language exclusive.... visuals should not reduce Teaching. J.C.Richards and W.A. auditory listening. Visuals should be Renandya. Cambridge: CUP. a ―hook‖ for the learner to make the 6. Jung.E,H (2003). The Role of concept being talked about more vivid Discourse Signalling Cues in and easier to recall. Hopefully the Second Language Listening visual brings out some relevant Comprehension: The Modern relationship for an unusual way to Language Journal 87/4. think about the idea or reinforce the 7. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and verbal description. If an audience can Practice in SLA. Oxford: remember an image, it is much more Pergamom likely they will remember a concept. 8. Mandelsohn, D. (1994) Learning to It is well said that listening based on Listen. San Diago: Domine Press. visuals has its own credentials. A learner, 9. Nunan, D. Miller, L. (ed.1995). who could make connections and New Ways in Teaching Listening. associations between images and Washington DC: TESOL listening, will make the comprehension 10. Paul Groves, Nigel Grimshaw, Roy process easier. The interpretation of Schofield. “The Goodbodys” visuals also varies from person to person. 11. Ron White and Marion Geddes ―The Use of Semi- Scripted References Simulated Authentic Speech 1. Field, J. (2002). The Changing 12. and Listening Comprehension‖ Face of Listening: Methodology in (Audio-Visual Language Journal Language Teaching. 16:3) Eds.J.C.Richards and W.A. 13. Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and Renandya. Cambridge: CUP. Researching Listening. London, 2. Flower dew, J., and Miller, L. UK: Longman 2005. Listening Skills: Theory and 14. Ur, Penny. 1984. Teaching Practice Listening Comprehension. 3. Graham, S. (2005). Listening Cambridge: Cambridge University Comprehension: The Learners‘ Press Perspective. System 34. 15. Vandergrift, L (2006). Second 4. Harmer, J. (1991). The Practice of Language Listening: Listening English Language Teaching, Ability or Language Proficiency? London. The Modern Language Journal 90. 5. Jones, R.H. (2002). Beyond ―Listen and Repeat‖: Pronunciation Teaching Materials and Theories of Second Language Acquisition:
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P. Mariammal Assistant Professor Department of Historical Studies and Tourism Management Mother Teresa Women’s University Research and Extension Centre Saidapet, Chennai
Abstract The constitution guaranteed formal equality for women, the radical social reforms attempted to remove discrimination and exploitation. But the reality is that attitudes have not changed and the view of society towards the position of women has changed a little over the year. Five decades of independence and planned development have secured very little for women. Their position has actually deteriorated with declining sex ratio, declining economic participation and growing gaps in life expectancy and morality rates. Women are hailed as self-sacrificing, pure faithful and devout. The subordinate status of women is exemplified by the commoditization of women as wife and daughter. The family is an important support system for women particularly in rural areas because women‟s survival is not socially conceivable without the family. Marriage and motherhood is the established social goal for women. Even though she contributes equally of more to the family economy her subordination reasons. Role of Voluntary organization is one of the important Phenomenon in our country. Voluntary effort has always been an important part of our culture and social tradition. The need for organizing people into accredited associations and their involvement and participation in rural development have now been fully recognized. In recent years, they have increased in considerable number, acquired greater importance and significance and put up many new experiments in the field of rural development. Voluntary organization can play crucial role in rural development by supplementing government efforts as they are close to the minds and hearts of the rural people. The success of the rural development depends upon the active participation and Co-operation of the rural people through Self-Help Group organizations and voluntary agencies. In recent years, the voluntary organization have acquired greater importance and significance than before because the administrative reform has not been able to make their presence from local to national level.
Introduction pleases. Her stay depends on the The Indian family is largely satisfaction of the husband‘s family. The patriarchal where the male dominants. devolution and discrimination is a life Women are brought as brides to the long process-as infant male preference, as husband‘s house. Joint family and a daughter, chastity as a bride dowry, as nuclear families exits, but in the rural a mother male issues, as a wife context nuclear family is the norms since subordination, deprivation and they lack the resources to maintain dependence. The socialization process, extensive relationships. Women face prepares women for a subordinate and insecurity in the patriarchal family subservient role in the family. Self Help structure. Young brides are placed in Groups and their Voluntary action have strange households with no freedom to been a part of the historical legacy. In the visit her parents as and when she early 20th century, Several Voluntary
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efforts were started in the field of the voluntary agencies played an education, health etc. The Self Help important role in developing Programs for Group became prominent after the poor, the destitute, women and independence, practitioners, government Children. officials and foreign donors consider that After independence, India was Non - Governmental organization by the declared as a Welfare State and relevant Virtue of being small scale, flexible, provisions were included in the innovative and participatory actions are constitution of India. Social welfare was more successful in reaching the poor and included as part of the five year Plans. poverty alleviation programs this has The major responsibility of organizing resulted the rapid growth of Self Help social Welfare services continued with the Group involved in initiating and voluntary organizations. Hence, even implementing rural development today, it is the voluntary organizations programs. According to the estimates of that are taking care of Welfare activities. the working groups of Self Help Group The VII Plan documents had anticipated there are about 30,000 Self Help Group in that voluntary efforts would be forth India. A rapid growth took place in 1980s coming in an massive way for better and the early 1990s. with the Self Help implementation of anti-poverty and Group linkages program introduced in minimum needs programs. In the VII 1989, the Self Help Group sector has been Plan, a greater emphasis has been laid on recognized as a crucial partner, the role of voluntary organizations in recognizing the strengths of Self Help rural development. The plan document Group in organizing the Community and states that A Nation wide network, three the potential in saving and credit Schemes relating to the Creation/ programs. The concept of Self Help Group Replication/ Multiplication and and Social welfare are not new. India has consultancy development have been a glorious tradition of Voluntary worked out by the planning Commission. Organizations. In the Pre-Independence Recently, the revival and strengthening of days, Rabindranath Tagore in his Panchayat Raj Institution of Constitution Santiniketan experiments showed how (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 the Self Help rural development could be brought about Group role has become more significant. by integration of education and culture. In order to promote holistic and Gandhiji in his wardha experiments integrated development with the range of showed how village industries could bring development Schemes and Programs, the about the development of poorest sections role of Self Help Group Services their of the people in this Country. After involvement in development process will independence, there was a lot of talk be all the more in demand. Voluntary about the role of Self Help Group and action Stimulated and Promoted by people‘s participation in our planning voluntary agencies engaged in process in the early 1950s. The British developmental plan of the grass root level Government in India spent minimum of the Indian social order, the success of resources on Social Welfare Programs and rural development depends upon the
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active participation of the people through these crimes remain unreported due to Self Help Organization. The Non- omnipresent fear, and those that are Governmental Organizations have been reported are often ignored by police or concentrating social mobilization on end up languishing in the backlogged contemporary issues of importance such court system. Statistics compiled by as women empowerment, human rights, India‘s National Crime Records Bureau and implementation of various 13 central indicate that in the year 2000, for which and state government development 25,455 crimes were committed against Programs. The Scheduled Caste Women Dalits. Ever after reservation policy, have suffered from exploitation, positive changes and a constant support suppression and oppression for centuries. of the political machinery in the Country This has been resulted in the creation of a towards eradication of discrimination mindset characterized by inferiority against Dalits Devadasi system. These complex and very low self esteem. The girls are called the ―Female Servants of word Dalit literally translating to god‖ and are sexually exploited. The ―Oppressed‘‘ or ―Broken‖ is generally used 1992-93 Annual Report from the ministry to refer to people who were once known as of Welfare shows that 1,236 reported ― Untouchables‖, those belonging to Caste Cases of rape on Dalit women and the outside the fourfold Hindu Varna system. National Commission for SC shows that According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 10,000 cases of human around 167 million Dalits India alone, right violations on Dalits are reported though there are ten millions in other every months. South Asia Countries. According to census 2011, Dalit make up 16.21 of the Education and Deprivation total Indian Population, but their access The Scheduled Caste girls feel and Control over resources of the Country discourage to enter into education and is marginal is less than 5% close to half of this contributes further to a very low the Dalit population lives under the literacy rate among Scheduled Caste girls poverty line, and evermore (62%) are compared to the total Population of illiterate. Among the Dalits, most of those educated upper caste girls. Commission engaged in agricultural work are landless reports that the Dalit in general have agricultural laborers. The average house very low participation rates in higher hold income for Dalit was of Rs.17.465 in education. The main reasons for very low 1998,just 68% of the national average. literacy rate among Scheduled Caste Less than 10% of Scheduled Caste house Women due to the lack of educational holds can afford safe drinking water, resources especially in rural areas, electricity and toilets, which is indicative Privatization of Schools and Colleges, of their deplorable social condition. Extreme Poverty, demand for an increase Moreover, Dalit are daily victims of the in the Dowry for ireducated gls and worst Crimes and atrocities, far Humiliation and bullying by the high outnumbering other sections of society in Caste Students and teachers. that respect as well. The vast majority of
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Scheduled Caste Women marks in the public examination, these Development Society Free Tuition Centers are working in an The Scheduled Caste women effective manner. This comprised of Development Society is a Non – Profit volunteers to conduct the free tuition for Public Charitable Society Providing 20 Children Mrs.Mullai Volunteered to service for the development of the people conduct the free tuition at Natham for 18 living in interior villages of Melur in children and Mrs. Poovazhagi Madurai District with the funds raised Volunteered to conduct the free tuition at from the public. The Dalit Women Madurai for 23 children. Altogether 61 Development Society Carried out training Children are enrolled in the free Tuition Programs,Welfare activities that are center. Dalit women Development society more useful for the poor people living in is doing all kinds of assistance like black the villages. In continuation of the board, writing materials, note books and Previous year Program, in Melur 40 meet the incidental needs. Now the Scheduled Caste Women were organized Children improved in their education and for one day training program related to scoring good marks in education. Women Rights and government, that are available under the state and central Skill Training for Income Generation government agencies for women Programmes development. The outcome of training To promote income generation Programs motivated women to use local activities using rural technology, Dalit resources like knitting coconut leaves, women Development Society organized sale tender coconuts, backwater fishing one day training program on Mushroom and fish sales etc to earn some money for Cultivation for the self Heal Group on the family. The Scheduled Caste Women 24.08.2015. Altogether 27 women from 9 in Melur villages are having Self Help Groups participated in the unemployment problem and poverty has training program. The Secretary of come down among Scheduled Caste Scheduled Caste women Development families. Society, Mrs. Komala invited the trainer to gived training to the participant and Free Tuition Center motivated them to get benefit out of this For the education development of the training program. She explained the children studying in rural villages in and methods of mushroom cultivation and its around Melur district, Dalit women usage to fulfill the nutritional support of Development society is running three mankind. She also explained the protein Free Tuition Centers to educate the poor contents of Mushroom. To control the B.P, children. These children are studding the Sugar and other Diseases, we need to add Panchayat Union Schools located near by mushroom in our food at least once in a the villages. We concentrate the children week. It is also possible to prevent below 14 years who are studying from 1st diseases if mushroom are being used standard to 8th standard. To improve regularly. At present 200 kinds of their learning capacity and to score good mushrooms are identified and used. The
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women are the key persons for should Participate in the public Service shouldering the family burden. The and root out the violence against women women are doing all kinds of activities through legal support. from buying loan to repaying the loan through income generation activities. She Campaign on Violence Against motivated the participants to initiate Women mushroom cultivation as a means of On 23rd March 2016, the Dalit Women income generation activity to earn Development Society organized a additional income for the family campaign on Violence Against Women development. Women to be Self- Covering all the villages located from Dependents through economic Maduari and Melur. There are about 30 advancement programs. Like the male women from 10 Self Help Groups members, the women have every right in participated in the campaign. The all the family affairs. If women reach importance of rural women in economic economic stability, they will be respected sustainability to relieve from the clutches in the society. of male dominants. She added that the Women should get away from Legal Education Training superstitious beliefs and live To empower the Dalit women on Legal independently in Economic aspects Education, Dalit women Development without depend the male members in the Society Organized one day training on family. And also she stressed that the ―Scheduled Caste Women and Social practice of untouchability should be Legislations‖ on 25.09.2015. There are eradicated from the society to enjoy the about 36 women from 15 Self Help Group freedom. The entry of Scheduled Caste were invited for the Legal Education women on the basis of caste in such Training. Advocate Mr. Marimuthu places like temples, Schools, Ration Shop, explained that there are legislation which water tapping places, Working place etc. are specially for the women to protect Women should join together and protest their rights and safeguard from different against these Controls. Women who Violence. However, these legislations are participated the Campaign realized the mostly not practiced effectively in the importance of the women rights, violence police stations due to various reasons. against women and the economic Mrs. Nagaswari noted that the 33% empowerment to live better in the society. reservation for women are not fully Practiced in any field. In many places the Professional Sales Course Training Scheduled Caste women unable to contest For the skill development of the in the public elections. The violence Scheduled Caste Youth, with the against women through the practice of technical support of providers, Skill Dowry is increased in all the places. To Academic Institute and Rajiv Gandhi control the violence the legislations do not National Institute, Professional sales act fully to its extended. In order to course Training was conducted at Melur overcome this social evil, the women on 28th March 2016. Both Male and
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Female Youth were participated in two Most of its member have similar social batches with 60 in number. The duration identity, heritage, caste or traditional of training is one month. For the occupation and come together for a encouragement of Youth, writing common cause and manage resources for materials and refreshment during the benefit of the group members. Self training time was provided. After help group is a group of rural poor, who completion of the course, certificate was have volunteered to organize themselves distributed to the Youth to become into a group for eradication of poverty of certificate Salesman. The outcome of the the members. They agree to save training program gives employment regularly and convert their saving into a opportunity in Madurai Pharmacy Shops, common fund and the groups agree to Cell phone sales and Textile Shops. use. The social status impacts on the economic role of Women, the sexual The Youth Empowerment Programs division of labor within and outside the The Nehru Yuva Kendra, at Madurai family reinforces gender roles and denies district in collaboration with DWDS access to the labour market. Whatever organized one day youth empowerment women earn is considered supplementary training programme at Nehru on 16th income, in the rural context very often March 2016 organized training women shoulder entire in the house, rural programme consists of three components women are predominantly employed in of youth sports and culture. Among 25 agriculture or in the unorganized sectors members three members were or as petty traders and vendors. In participated and encouraged the youth agriculture 70% to 80% of all fieldwork is volley ball with net, foot ball and carom done by women post harvest and board was given to the youth. Now the processing task is their responsibility. youth laid a play ground and playing volley ball regularly. The girls are playing References carom in their leisure time. Scheduled 1. Roy, Anupama, ―Community, Caste women development society is Women citizens and a Women‘s making all the possible ways to extend its politics‘‘ in community and activities to the nearby villages in future identities, contemporary to generate more funds. Discourses on culture and politics in India; edited: Surinder S. Conclusion Jodhka; Sage publication, New Socio Economic empowerment of Delhi, 2007. women through the self help group 2. Neera Desai, ‗‗Changing status of strategy has been initiated in tamil nadu Woman, policies and programs‘‘ as early as in 1989 and with its success Amit Kumar Gupta (ed) Women the Mahair Thittam was launched from and Society, Development 1997-98. A self help group is a voluntary perspective, Quiterion publishers, group either of male or female members New Delhi, 1986. formed to attain some common goals.
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3. Kitchlu T.N., ―Women Rights, 10. Nirojsinha, ―Empowerment and Legislative Measures‘ in Yojana‖ Women through Political Nov.15, 1991, Vol.35, No.20, Participation,‘‘ Mittal publication, Publication Division, Government New Delhi, April, 2002. of India, New Delhi. 11. Ritujain R.K. ―Socio Economic 4. Kavitha and Nagaraj, ―Women Impact through Self Help Empowerment through SHGs‘‘, Groups,‘‘Ashoks publication, New Southern Economist, Golden Delhi, 2003. Jubilee Year of publication, New 12. Koteswara Rao, ―Empowerment of Delhi, 2011, P.56. Women in India,‘‘ Discovery 5. Shivalingappa and Nagaraj, publication, New Delhi, 2005, ―Women Empowerment and P.98. Gender equality‘‘ Southern 13. Gupta R.K, ―Changing Role of Economist, Golden Jubilee year of Voluntary Organisation,‘‘ Sumit publication, New Delhi, 2011.P.88. Enterprises, New Delhi, 2007. 6. ManiyaDevei, ―Rural Women 14. AbualReheem. A, ―Role of Self Poverty Alleviation Programme‘‘, Help Group,‘‘ Kanishka anmol publications Pvt Ltd, New publication, New Delhi, 2009. Delhi, 1997, P.78. 15. Pawar.T, ―Rural Empowerment 7. Bhose S.G.R. ―NGOs and Rural through Self Help Groups,‘‘ Deep Development theory and and Deep publication, New Delhi, practices,‘‘ concept publication, 1999. New Delhi, P.83. 16. Vijay. D, ―Empowerment of 8. Shashikala and Uma, ―Women Women through Self Help Group,‖ Empowerment through SHGs‘‘ Discovery publication, New Delhi, Southern Economist, Feb, 2011. 2007. 9. Selvam.S, ―Empowerment and 17. Shivalingappa and Nagaraj, Social Development in Community ―Women Empowerment and Participation,‘‘ Kanishka Gender Equality,‖ Southern publishing, New Delhi, 2008. Economist, 2001.
99 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684
kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; tho;f;if tuyhWk; mtupd; nghd;nkhopfSk;
Dr. R. Muthamil Guest Faculty, Department of Philosophy Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar
Kd;Diu Njrgpjh kfhj;kh fhe;jp mtHfs; cyfj;Jf;nfhU GJikahf murpaypy; mfpk;irj; jj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp XH mwg;Nghiu elj;jp ekJ ghuj Njrj;jpw;F tpLjiy thq;fp je;Js;shH. ,d;W ehk; mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuf; fhw;W kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gydhFk;. NkYk; RfNghf tho;f;if mDgtpf;fpNwhk; vd;why; mJ fhe;jpabfs; ekf;F mspj;j Rje;jpukhFk;. E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ek;ik mbikg;gLj;jp Mz;l Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; xU rf;jptha;e;j ty;yurhFk;. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; tho;f;if tuyhW fuk;re;j; my;yJ fghfhe;jp. jhahH mfpk;ir topg;gl;l mwg;NghHj; jsgjp Gj;ypgha;. thzpf tFg;igr; NrHe;jtHfs;. Njrg;gpjh kfhj;kh fhe;jp mtHfs; fhe;jp vd;w FLk;g ngaUf;F kspif cyfj;Jf;nfhU GJikahd murpay; tpahghup vd;W nghUs;. Mdhy; fhe;jp mfpk;irj; jj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. ,dj;jhH midtUk; epHthf fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp XH mwg;Nghiu mjpfhupfshfNt gzpGupe;jdH. elj;jp ekJ ghuj Njrj;jpw;F tpLjiy NkhfDila ghl;ldhH NghHge;jH thq;fpj; je;Js;shH. ,d;W ehk; rk];jhdj;jpyd; jpthdhf gzpahw;wpatH. mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuf; fhw;W kfhj;kh xOq;F fl;Lg;ghL ed;dlj;ij Mfpa fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gz;Gfis Nkhfd; jd; je;ijaplk; gydhFk;. NkYk; RfNghf tho;f;if fz;lhH> jha; Gj;jpypghaplk; ,izaw;w mDgtpf;fpNwhk; vd;why; mJ fhe;jpabfs; nja;t gf;jpia fz;lhH. mtH kjg; gw;W ekf;F mspj;j Rje;jpukhFk;. kpf;ftH vd;W ekJ Rarupijapy; fhe;jp E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf vOjpAs;shH. Gj;jpypgha; ehs;NjhWk; ek;ik mbikg;gLj;jp Mz;l Mq;fpNya jtwhky; NfhapYf;F mioj;Jr; nry;thH. murhq;fk; xU rf;jptha;e;j ty;yurhFk;. mjdhy; rpWtDila gpQ;R neQ;rpYk; cyfj;J etPd NghHf;fUtpfs; midj;Jk; nja;tgf;jp JspHtpl;L tsHe;jJ. Md;kPf ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bNy cz;L. ve;j czHr;rp ngUfpaJ. mtw;wpd; %yk; epiyf;Fk; mQ;rhj kd typik ngw;w cly; rhe;jpAk;> kfpo;r;rpAk; mtH tho;f;ifapy; gyk; ngw;w Vuhskhd NghH tPuHfSf;Fk; vd;Wk; epuk;gpapUe;jd. gQ;rkpy;iy. gil typik kpf;f ahuhYNk $r;rk; kpf;f Nkhfd; gpwUld; mjpfk; nty;y KbahJ vd;gJ mg;NghJ ,Ue;j Nruhky;> Gj;jfq;fis gbg;gjpy; ,d;gk; epiyahFk;. fz;lhH. gs;spf;$lj;ijAk; tPl;ilAk; jtpu Ntwplq;fSf;Fg; Nghf khl;lhH. fhe;jp gpwe;jhH tPl;bYk; jhapd; mUfpNyNa ,Uf;f Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp 1869 Mirg;gl;lhH. mtUila nja;tPfj; mf;NlhgH> 2Mk; Njjp NghHge;jH vd;Dk; Njhw;wk; mtH nra;j g+i[ rpWefupy; gpwe;jhH. rpW efuk; ,d;iwa kdj;J}a;ikf;fhf mtH Nkw;nfhz;l $H[h khepyj;jpy; fhe;jpa thl; cgthrk; Mfpa midj;Jk; Nkhfid flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ. Nkhfd; ehd;fhtJ ngupJk; ftHe;jd. vd;Wk; cz;ikNa Ngr Foe;ij> mtUf;F ,uz;L rNfhjuHfSk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtUila xNu Mir. xU jq;ifAk; cz;L. je;ijapd; ngaH
100 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684
jPik nra;jtHfSf;F ed;ik Gupa vd;whYk; gFj;jwpT gilj;jpUe;jhH. Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; czHj;jg;gl;lhH. gytifapy; mtH jd; fztUf;F NgUjtp Gj;jpypgha; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Gupe;J te;jhHfs;. 1887k; Mz;L Nkhfd; rhJHkhr tpujk; ,Ug;gJ tof;fk;. mJ nkl;upFNyrd; guPl;ir vOjp ntw;wp kiof; fhyj;jpy; tUk; ehk; Nehd;G. ngw;whH. mtH jdJ 16 tajpy; je;ijia mg;NghJ #upaid ghHf;fhky; mtH ,oe;jhH. je;ijf;F gzptpil nra;tij czit cl; nfhs;skhl;lhH. NkhfDk; jd; flikiar; nra;Njd; vd;W jpUg;jp mtUila jkf;ifAk; thrypy; mile;jhH. fhj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ug;ghHfs;. #upad; Nkw;gbg;ig 18 taJf;F Kbj;jhH. njd;gl;lJk; cs;Ns Xbg;Ngha; kPz;Lk; ve;j njhopYf;F gbg;gJ vd;w md;idaplk; nrhy;thHfs;. Nfs;tp vOe;jJ. FLk;g ez;gH xUtH mtDila ngw;NwhHfs; gs;spg;gbg;G NtnwhU Nahrid $wpdhH. rl;lf; fy;tp ,y;yhjtHfs;. MfNt mtHfs; mtiu gapy Nkhfid ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gyhk; ed;whf gbf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vd;whH. rpy ehl;fs; Nkhfd; Mlk;gukhf tpUk;gpdhHfs;. NghHge;jupYk; uh[ xU N`hl;lypy; jq;fpdhH. gpwF Nfhl;ilapYk; mtiu jtwhky; rpf;fdkhd xU czT tpLjpf;F ,lk; ghlrhiyf;F mDg;gp itj;jhHfs;. khwpdhH jdpik mtiu thl;baJ. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ebfHfs; CH Cuhfr; nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;jhH. nrd;W ehlfk; elj;JtJ tof;fk;. mg;gb ele;j xU ehlfj;ijg; ghHf;f Nkhfd; jd; kaf;fk; njspe;jJ ez;gHfSld; nrd;whH. mJ mupr;re;jpud; xU Kiw ez;gd; xU ngupa rj;jpaj;jpd; nghUl;L mtd; kidtpiaAk; N`hl;lYf;F nrd;whH. Mdhy; mq;Nf tpw;fj; Jzpe;jtd;. ehlfj;ijg; ghHf;Fk; Gyhy; cz;z kWj;jhH. ez;gd; Mj;jpuk; NghNj Nkhfd; kdk; frpe;J fz;zPH nfhz;L jpl;bdhd;. ehfupfk; ngUf;fpdhH. vd;d Jd;gk; te;jhYk; tha;e;jtHfSld; NrHe;J gof eP nghUl;gLj;j khl;Nld; mupr;re;jpuidg; jFjpaw;wtd; vd;W jpl;bdhd;. me;jr; Nghy; ehDk; tha;ikiaf; filgpbg;Ngd; nrhw;fs; Nkhfid rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;baJ. vd;W mtH jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhH. fhe;jp[p gk;ghia tpl;L kPz;Lk; rj;jpa Ntl;if mtid gupg+uzkhf uh[Nfhl;ilf;F jpUk;gpdhH. mq;Fk; Ml;nfhz;lJ. mtUf;F epiyik ghjfkhfNt Kbe;jJ. mtUila jikadhH xU tof;fpy; rpf;fp md;Gk; Mw;wYk; toq;fpa mUik kidtp ,Ue;jhH. mjpypUe;J tpLgl mtH me;j ehl;fspy; ngz;Zf;Fk; jk;gpapd; jait ehbdhH. fhe;jp[p gps;isf;Fk; rpd;dQ;rpW tajpNyNa jq;fpdhH> MapDk; mz;zid iftpl jpUkzk; GuptJ tof;fk;. mijnahl;b $Lkh? vd;w epiy te;jJ. Mdhy; NkhfDf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ. mjpfhup fhe;jp[paplk; kpfTk; fLfLg;ghf mg;NghJ mtUila taJ 13 kzg;ngz; ele;J nfhz;lhH. mtH Ngr;ir Nfl;f f];J}upgha;f;Fk; mNj taJjhd;. kWj;jhH. mjpfhup gzpahsiuf; $g;gpl;lhH. vdNtjhd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ghy;a tpthfj;ij gzpahsH fhe;jp[pia ntspNa fhe;jp[p fz;bj;jhH. mJ xU js;sptpl;lhH. nfhLikahd tof;fk; vd;whH. mtupd; fhe;jp[p mtkhdj;jhy; Fd;wpdhH Ngr;ir ahUk; Nfl;ftpy;iy. nts;isaHfs; ,e;jpahtpy; Gupe;J te;j f];J}upgha; flik czHr;rp kpf;ftuha; ml;^opaj;ijAk; mtHfSila tpsq;fpdhH. gs;spf;$lj;jpy; fhy; itj;jJ Mztj;ijAk; NeUf;F NeH fz;L fpilahJ. vOjg;gbf;f mwNt njupahJ
101 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684
gjwpdhH. ,e;j mjpHr;rp mtUila nfhz;L xU nrayfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH. tho;f;ifg; ghijiaNa khw;wpaJ. mJNt ,e;jpaHfspd; neLq;fhyj; Jd;gj;ijj; Jilj;jJ. 1906k; Mz;L njd;dhg;gpupf;f mDgtq;fs; Mf];l; khjk; 22 k; Njjp buhd;];thy; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; FbNawp trpj;J khepy muR xU mtrur; rl;lj;ijg; te;j tHj;jfH xUtUf;F xU gpwg;gpj;jJ. 1907k; Mz;L [_iy khjk; tof;fwpQupd; Nrit Njitg;gl;lJ. mtH filrp ehsd;W rl;lj;ij mkyhf;fpaJ. fhe;jp[pia mioj;jhH. xU tU\k; md;Nw gpupl;Nlhupah efuj;jpy; xU ,Ue;jhy; NghJk; tu KbAkh? vd;W k#jpapd; ikjhdj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; Nfl;lhH. fhe;jp[pAk; ntF kfpo;r;rpAld; kf;fs; $b jq;fs; cWjpia xg;Gf;nfhz;lhH. 1893-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; Mzpj;jdkhf ntspapl;lhHfs;. fhe;jp[p khjk; gk;ghapy; fg;gy; VwpdhH. xU khjk; rkur cld;gbf;ifia kjpg;Nghkhf vd;W flypy; gazk; nra;Jnfhz;L rkhjhdk; $wpdhH. mtUila fUj;J njd;dhg;gpupf;fhit mile;jhH. Nehl;lhy; gyUf;F Gupe;jJ rpyUf;F Gupatpy;iy JiwKfj;jpy; fiuapwq;fpdhH. xU Mz;L kWehs; mjpfhiyapNyNa fhe;jp[p jk;ik jq;Fk; cj;Njrj;Jld; jhd; fhe;jp[p gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s mYtyfj;jpw;F njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpw;Fg; NghdhH. Mdhy; nrd;whH. %d;W tUlk; mq;Nf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. mwg;NghH ntw;wp ngw;wJ kidtp kf;fis mioj;J tUtjw;fhf fhe;jp[pf;F gy ,d;dy;fs; te;jd. mtH 1896k; Mz;L jha;ehL jpUk;gpdhH. mtw;iw mikjpNahLk; tPuj;NjhLk; mj;Jld; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; ,e;jpaHfs; jhq;fpf;nfhz;lhH. xUKiw gLk; Jd;gq;fis vy;NyhUk; mwpAk;gb N[h`d;d];gHf;fpy; khngUk; $l;lk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; tpUk;gpdhH. Mdhy; xd;W eilngw;wJ. $l;lk; Kbe;jgpd; mtH brk;gH khjj;jpNyNa mtUf;F ntspNa nry;Yk;NghJ Kd; thapYf;F gzpapypUe;J clNd Gwg;gl;L tUk;gb xU mUfpy; xU kdpjd; xope;J epw;gijf; je;jp te;jJ> fhe;jp[p> kidtp f];J}upgha;> fz;lhH. clNd mtid Nehf;fp ele;J ,uz;L kfd;fs; MfpNahUld; mtidf; fl;b mizj;J md;G jJk;g gazkhdhH. mjw;fpilNa ,e;jpahtpy; VNjh $wpdhH. mtd; fhe;jp[piaf; fhe;jp[papd; nrhw;nghopT nra;jp vl;baJ. nfhy;y epidj;jtd;. mjw;fhfNt gJq;fp nts;isaHfs; Mj;jpukile;jhHfs;> epd;wtd;. MapDk; nfhiyf; fUtpahf mtiu fiuapwq;f tplhky; jLf;f gy fj;jpiaNa fhe;jp[paplk; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhd;. Kaw;rpfs; nra;jhHfs;. md;gpdhy; ntd;whH fhe;jp[p. 1909k; Mz;L [_d; khjk; ,e;jpaH rhHgpy; kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;a ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fhe;jp[p ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;whH. Mdhy; njd;dhg;gpupf;f kf;fSf;F njhz;L ntWq;ifahfj; jpUk;gpdhH. Gupa ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; vd;w epWtdj;ij mwg;Nghupy; fye;J nfhs;s epWtpdhH. Vioj; njhopyhspfSf;F gy ,e;jpahtpypUe;J jiytHfs; te;jhHfs;. tifapYk; cjtp Gupe;jhH. 1907k; Mz;L mjw;fpilapy; tpLjiyahapUe;j fhe;jp[p filrpapy; mtH ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhH. mtHfis tuNtw;whH. njd;dhg;gpupf;f 1902k; Mz;L khHr; khjk; fhe;jp[p njd; muRk; rkur MHtk; fhl;bw;W. ,e;jpaHf;F Mg;gpupf;fhTf;F kPz;Lk; nrd;W vjpuhd vz;zKs;stHfisf; nfhz;l gd;dpuz;L tUlq;fs; mq;NfNa tprhuizf; FOnthd;iw epakpj;jJ. jq;fpdhH. N[h`d;d];gHf; efuj;jpy; mtid ,e;jpaHfs; gfp\;fupj;jhHfs;. tof;fwpQuhfj; jk;ikg;gjpT nra;J ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpaHfNs ntw;wpaile;jhHfs;.
102 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684
Nghuhl;lk; epd;wJ ntw;wpthifAld; eltbf;iffspy; 103 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 rhHgpy; Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;j fhe;jp[pia tup nfhLf;f kWj;jhHfs;. tdj;Jiw epakpj;jhHfs;. rl;lq;fisAk; cg;G rl;lj;ijAk; jpUk;Gk; topapy; fhe;jp[p gpuhd;]; ehl;L ,e;jpaHfs; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; kPwpdhHfs;. mwpQuhd nuhNkd; Nuhyz;ilr; me;epaj;Jzp kwpay; njhlHe;J re;jpj;jhH mtH ghuj ehl;Lf;fiy eilngw;wJ. jilia kPwp nghJf; ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ $l;lq;fisAk; CHtyq;fisAk; khwhj gw;Wf;nfhz;ltH Fwpg;ghf = NghyP];fhuHfs; jbnfhz;L mbj;Jk; uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ruplk; Rthkp fiyj;jhHfs; 1500 Njrgf;jHfisAk; ifJ tpNtfhde;juplk; gf;jp g+z;ltH fhe;jp[p nra;jhHfs; Mz;L KbAk; epiyapy; me;j mtuplk; gy mupa tp\aq;fisf; Fwpj;J vz;zpf;if 6700 Mf caHe;jJ. ciuahbdhH> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; gw;wpAk; NgrpdhH. Nuhyz;L vOjpa fhe;jp[papd; jPz;lhik xopg;gjpy; jPtpuk; tho;f;if tuyhW ngupJk; Gfo; tha;e;jJk;> tof;fk; Nghy; kfhj;kh fhe;jp jk;Kila fhe;jp[p Nuhk; efuj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mq;Nf rpiwthrj;ij rpy ey;y fhupaq;fSf;F fPHj;jp kpf;f rp];ild; khjh NfhtpYf;F gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhH. mtUila ftdk; tp[ak; nra;jhH. jPz;lhjhH vd;Dk; kf;fspd; kPJ jpUk;gpaJ. Fg;ig ngUf;Fjy;> kyk; jPtpu rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; mfw;Wjy;> Njhy; gjdpLjy; Nghd;w 1931k; Mz;L brk;gH khjk; 28k; Njjp njhopy;fspy; mtHfs; 104 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; mfhy kuzk; fhe;jp[p mg;NghJ cly; Rfk; ,y;iy. mile;jhHfs;. fzf;fpy; ,y;yhj f];J}upgha; uh[ Nfhl;iliar; NrHe;jtH. fpuhkq;fs; ghthzupd;> fhe;jp[p MfNt mq;F ele;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mtH fz;fyq;fpdhH. Kjypy; ,e;jpa fpuhkq;fs; 105 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Ng Mq;fpNyaH jpl;lq;fs; tpthjj;Jf;F te;jd Mdhy; kf;fis gaKWj;jpdhHfs;. fhuzkpd;wp [pd;dh xU fUj;ij kl;Lk; tpl;Lf; fz;zPH Gif Fz;Lfis ntbj;J kf;fs; nfhLf;fNt ,y;iy K];ypk;fSf;F rpjwp Xl Juj;jpdhHfs;. kWehs; ghfp];jhd; vd;w jdpehL Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjpfhiyapy; fhe;jp[pAk; murhq;fk; ifJ ,iltplhky; tw;GWj;jpdhH. nra;jJ. fhe;jp[pia g+dhTf;F flj;jpr; nrd;W Mfhfhd; khspifapy; rpiw ghujk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ itj;jJ. mtUld; f];J}upghAk; ,Ue;jhH. xU ehs; njhOif $l;lj;jpy; mtH fhe;jp[p ifjpahdhH vd;w nra;J fhl;Lj; jk;Kila epiyia tpsf;fpdhH ehL jPiag; Nghy; gutpaJ. Njr kf;fs; nfhjpj;J gpupe;J ghfp];jhd; mikag;NghfpwJ mjd; vOe;jhHfs;. vq;Fk; fyfk; %z;lJ %yk; ghQ;rhyKk; tq;fhsKk; ,U $Wfs; fhq;fpu]; rigia Nruhj gy MFk;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;il fhq;fpu]; kfhrig td;KiwahsHfSk;> mjpy; fye;J mq;fPfupj;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy; Njrg; nfhz;lhHfs;> murhq;fk; rpwpw;W gpuptpidia ehd; vjpHf;fpNwd; ve;j Fz;Lfs; gwe;jd. epuhAjghzpahf tpjkhfTk; ,e;jpahit Jz;lhLtJ $l;lj;jpdiuAk; mjpfhupfs; 106 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 kdpj MAs; 125 tU\k; mij mDrupj;J 6. kf;fSf;fhf capiuAk; jpahfk; fhe;jp[pAk; jhKk; 125 Mz;Lfs; capHtho nra;a jahuha; ,Ug;gtd; kdpjd;. Nghtjhf mbf;fb $WtJ tof;fk;. me;j 7. Mz;ltdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l thHj;ijfspy; Ntbf;if ghjp fye;J [PtuhrpfSk; kpfTk; cj;jkkhdts; ,Ue;jJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kPjpg; ghjp mtUila ngz;. tpUg;gj;ij gpujpgypj;jJ. 8. kdpjd; rf;jpaw;wtd;> Mz;ltd; $l;lj;jpdH vOe;J tzq;fpdhHfs;> mtidj; jkf;Fj; jFe;j rpyH fhe;jp[p nry;y top nra;jhHfs;. fUtpahf;fp mtH tpUg;gg;gb mg;NghJ fhf;fp cil mzpe;j xUtd; cgNahfpg;ghH. jpBnud;W kw;wtHfis tpyfpf;nfhz;L 9. tpNtfkhd Kiwapy; gaDs;s cly; Ke;jp te;jhd;. Vw;fdNt $l;lj;Jf;Fj; ciog;G ,Ue;jhy; mJjhd; mwpit jhkjkhfptpl;ljhy; kD mtid jLf;f tsHg;gjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j top. Kad;whs;. Mdhy; jLkhwp fPNo tpOe;jhs;. 10. kdr;rhd;wpd; rpW Fuiy mlf;f mtd; fhe;jp[papd; vjpNu ,uz;lb vz;zpdhy; me;jf;fzNk tho;T J}uj;jpy; te;J epd;whd;. tzq;Fgtd; gadw;wjhfptpLk;. Nghy rpwpJ jiy ftpo;e;jhd;. mLj;j 11. f\;l fhyj;jpy; jhd; ekf;Fj; tpdhb xU Jg;ghf;fpia vLj;J Kk;Kiw flTspd; epidT tUfpwJ. v Rl;lhd;. ghtq;fs; vy;yhk; ufrpakhfr; cyfj;jpd; khngUk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. jiytHfSf;fpilapy; fhe;jp[pf;F jdp 12. ve;jr; rkaj;jpYk; kuzk; ghf;fpak;. ,lk; cz;L> khkd;dHfSlDk;> rup Mdhy; fpl;LtJ rj;jpak; vd;Dk; rkkhfg; gofpdhH vd;whYk; fjp ,y;yhj jd; yl;rpaj;jpw;fhf tPudha; capH guk Vio Nghy jPz;lhjtUld; tho;e;jhH. Jwg;gJ ,ul;bg;G ghf;fpak;. fhe;jp[p Gj;jupd; typik ngUik my;yth 13. kj rk;ge;jkpy;yhj rd;khHf;fk; ,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;F rupj;jpuNk rupahd gjpy; kzy; Nky; fl;ba tPlhFk;. mspf;f KbAk;. rd;khHf;f kpy;yhj kjk; rj;jk; NghlTk; jiyia cilf;f kl;LNk tho;f ghujk; cjtf;$ba ntWk; jhsNkahFk;. KbTiu 14. ,e;J kjk; gpw kjj;jtHfis 1. ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; fhe;jpabfspd; tpyf;Fk; kjkd;W. rfy nghd;nkhopfis KbTiuahf jPHf;fjuprpfisAk; xd;whfNt nfhz;L nghd;nkhopfis kjpf;Fk; gpw kjj;jtHfisr; NrHf;f fhg;Nghk;. KaYtjpy;iy. 2. kjj;jpd; MzpNtH fl;Lg;ghL. 15. gf;jpAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; ,y;iyNay; 3. ngz;Fyj;ij mtkjpg;gtd; ,e;j cyfk; xU tpdhbapy; jpUkzj;jpw;F tujl;riz xd;Wkpy;yhky; NghFk;. Nfl;gtd;. 16. Gyd;fshy; kl;Lk; fhZk; ,ju 4. mfpk;ir vd;why; kw;wtHfspd; nghUl;fs; vJTk; epiyj;jpuhjjhy;> eydpy; mf;fiw fhl;b mijg; epiyj;jpUf;f Kbahjjhy; flTs; ghJfhg;gJ. kl;LNk cz;ik. 5. ngz;Zupik vd;Dk; tp\aj;jpy; 17. Nfhioahf tho;tijf; fhl;bYk; ehk; kpfTk; gpbthjkhf ,Uf;f Nghuhb rhtJ vt;tsNth Nky;. Ntz;Lk;. Gjy;tpfisAk; Gjy;tHfisAk; ehk; rk me;j];NjhL elj;j Ntz;Lk;. 107 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 vLj;jhz;l E}y;fs; 1. ,e;jpuh Rg;gpukzpad; - tpLjiyf;F tpj;jpl;l kfh kfhj;khtpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> uP tpf;Nd\; gjpg;gfk;> 8> ma;ahj; njU> uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id> 2003. 2. FUrhkp k.gh - cyf kakhf;fy; mZFKiw> Fkug;gh Muha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id> 2001. 3. rpj;jhHj;jH - ,d;Wk; fhe;jpak;> gz;nkhop gjpg;gfk;> 46> rpl;yghf;fk;> jhk;guk;> 2002. 4. lhf;lH NguhrpupaH - jPz;lhik jPapL kq;if gjpg;gfk;> 127> g.rPdpthrd; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gjpg;gfk;> 4> Kj;J fhkhl;rp mk;kd; Njhl;lk;> rpjk;guk;> 2004. 5. NfhNte;jd;.j - kfhj;khtpd; rpe;jidf; fsQ;rpak;> uhN[];tup Gj;jf epiyak;> 22> 6- njU> gote;jhq;fy;> nrd;id 600 014> 1997. 6. Ntq;fluh[{Y - rj;jpa Nrhjid> [pNfe;jpuh b.Njr];> et[Ptd; (jkpohf;fk;) gpuRuhyak; mfkjhghj;- 380014> 1994. 108 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 mupf;fNkL Kjy; RNkupak; tiu RLkz; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghLfs; kh. NrfH KidtHgl;l Ma;thsH> rpw;gj;Jiw jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+H Ntl;ilahb tho;e;j kdpj ,dk; jdJ jhop KjypaitahFk;. ,tw;wpy; ehNlhb tho;f;iff;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;J nusnyl;nll; ghid tiffis kl;Lk; tpl;L Ntshz;ikapy; jq;fis jdpikg; gLj;jp mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpidAk;> epiygLj;jpa me;j ,Uk;G fhyNk njhopy; EZf;fq;fisAk ntspg;gLj;Jk; md;iwia mjhy; khe;jdpd; fw;gidf;Fk;/ tifapy; Gjpa mZF Kiwiag; fiyf;Fk; ghykha; mike;jJ vdyhk;. gad;gLj;jp> 1988 Mk; Mz;by; tpkyh Mw;wq;fiuapy; Njhd;wpa kdpj ehfupfk; ngf;yp mtu;fs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu neUg;gpd; gaid mwpe;J jdJ Njitia vOjpAs;shH. ,f;fl;Liuapy; nusnyl;nll; G+u;j;jp nra;a vj;jdpj;j jUzk; mJ. ghid tiffisg; gw;wp tPyH> frhy; coTj; njhopiy cd;djkhf MfpNahupd; fUj;jpw;F khwhfr; rpy Gjpa epidj;jtu;fs;> fspkz;iz jPapdhy; cz;ikfis mtH ntspapl;Ls;shH. Rl;lhy; fbdkhFk; vd;gij fz;lhHfs;. ,Jtiu Fwpg;gplg; ngw;w Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; fw;gidapy; cUthd fyaq;fSf;F capu; kl;Lkpd;wp mupf;fNkL mfo;tha;Tfis nfhLj;jhu;fs;. rf;fuq;fis fow;wp mbnahw;wp Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> gpnuQ;R fspkz;iz cau;j;jpdhu;fs; rl;bAk;. nkhopapYk; gy fl;LiufSk;> Ehy;fSk; ghidAk;> rhYk; cUthfp epd;wJ. ntspahfpAs;sd. ,Wjpahf> 1990 Mk; ,g;gbj;jhd; RLkz; gad;ghL Mw;wq;fiu Mz;L [dtup> gpg;utup Mfpa khjq;fspy; ehfupf kf;fis Mf;fpukpj;jJ. tpkyh ngf;yp> ];btd;> ,.irl;Nghj;jk; kWgpwtpia ek;gpa kdpjd; ,we;j (Steevan E.Side Botham) vyprngj; cliy fhf;f RLkz; jhopfis vd;Dk; %d;W mnkupf;fHfshy;> ,e;jpaj; cUthf;fpdhd;. KJikapdhy; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapdu; cjtpAld; KbahjtHfis RLkz; jhopapy; itj;J mupf;fNkl;by; mfo;tha;T elj;jg;gl;lJ. Gijf;f Muk;gpj;jhd;. kdpj ,dj;jpd; gpwg;G nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofj;ij NrHe;j Kjy; ,wg;G tiu RLfspkz; gad;ghL njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;JiwapdUk;> vd;gJ kpfg; ngupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. khztHfSk; ,t;tfo;tha;tpy; ciwfpzW> rhf;fil Foha;> nrq;fw;fs;> gq;nfLj;Jf;nfhz;ldH Kj;jpiufs;> Kf cUtq;fs; Nghd;wit ,t;tfo;tha;T %yk; gyjpwd;gl;l RLkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;L gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ. kl;ghz;l tiffs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ. ,JNt kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kjy; njhopy;El;gf; mtw;Ws; ,d;wpaikahjd fz;Lgpbg;G. 1. mupl;ild; ghid (Arretine Ware) rf;fuj;jpy; tidag;gLk; RLkz; njhopy; 2. nusnyl;nll; ghid (Rouletted Black El;gNk cyfk; KOtJk; Ware filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ tuyhW. ) ,t;tuyhw;iw nka;gpf;Fk; tifapy; 3. Mk;/Nghuh atd kJr;rhb GJr;Nrup khepyk; mupf;fNkL gFjpapy; (Amphoraa) elj;jg;gl;l mfo;T Ma;T njd;df vd;gdthFk;. ,it jtpu cs;ehl;by; ehfupfj;jpy; xU kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ tidag;ngw;w fUg;G rptg;G klghz;l vdyhk; mupf;fNkL mfo;tha;tpy; tiffSk; mupf;fNkl;by; fpilj;Js;sd. fpilf;g;ngw;w njhy;nghUs; rpd;dq;fspy; mupf;fNkL mfo;thja;tpy; ghid XLfs;> RLkz; nghUl;fs;> fpilf;fg;bgw;w atd kJr;rhb Nghd;Mw fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;ngw;w tpisahl;Lg; gQ;rhg; kheppyk; (Tzxila) gFjpapYk; gy nghUl;fs;> atd kJr;rhbfs;> atd ehl;Lg; kJr;rhbfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpd; fhyk; ghit tpsf;F/ ciwfpzW> KJkf;fs; fp.K. 100 Kjy; fp.gp. 100 tiyapyhd gFjpahFk; 109 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 atd kJr;rhbahd "Mk;Nghuh tif nra;j njhy;ypayhsHfs;> ,jpy; rhbfspd; tha; gFjp tpupe;J mbg;ghfk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ md;iwa $uhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. RtH jbj;J ,Uf;Fk;. Nuhkhdpaf;fg;gy; vd;WEk;> ,J RkhH 2000 kq;fpa rptg;G epwkhfTk;> fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;Wk; ,ul;ilf;ifg;gpb ,Uf;Fk;. kJit ,jpy; cWjpg;gLj;jpdH. xU ghid XL 2000 Cw;wp G+kpf;fbapy; Gijj;J itg;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd; fg;gy; top Nghf;Ftuj;J tof;fk;. mupf;fNkl;ilj; jtpu fhQ;rpGuk;> ,Ue;jij cWjp nra;fpwJ. trt rKj;jpuk;> f&u; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; kzYhH> bfhe;jif vDk; tl;lhuj;jpd; eilngw;w mfo;tha;TfspYk; ,t;tif xU gFjpahf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; fPob kJr;rhbfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd." njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis jd;Ds; kiwe;J mz;ikapy; lhf;lH tpkyh ngf;yp itj;jpUf;Fk; xU kfj;jhd ,lkhf vd;gtH mupf;fNkl;by; elj;jpa jpfo;fpwJ. ,q;F ntt;NtW epwq;fspy; mfo;tha;tpd; %yk; fp. K. 200 Klpa jkpo; fpilj;j ghid XLfs;> CHkf;fs; gy vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ghidNahLfs; fhykhfg; ghHj;j kz; Ftiyfs;> fz;nlLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd vdr; Rl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; rpyH ghJfhk;J itj;jpUe;j fhl;bAs;shH. gad;ghl;L bghUshd ghid jhopfisf; nfhz;Nk fPob mfo;tha;T mf;fhy kf;fspd; fy;tpawpit nra;tjw;F Vw;w ,lkhf njupT giwr;rhw;wTk; Mjhukhf ,Ug;gJ nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpag;gpw;FwpaJ. ,Nj Nghd;W njd; ,e;jpah> njd; jkpofj;jpy; gy Cu;fspy; jhopf;fhLfs; fpof;Fg; gFjpfNshLk; nkf;uhd; (Mekran) mwptpay; Kiwahf mfo;tha;Tf;F njw;F ghurPfk;> nkrgNlhkpah> ikw cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf Jhj;Jf;Fb epyf;flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; cs;s ehLfspd; khtl;lk; Mjpr;rey;Yhupy; Nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fSila Gijf;Fk; gof;f mfo;tha;tpy; xNu ,lj;jpy; tof;fq;fNshL kpfTk; neUq;fpa Ehw;iwk;gjpw;Fk; Mkw;gl;l KJkf;fs; njhlHGiladthf ,Ue;jd. ,we;jtHfspd; jhopfs; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; cly;fis kz;zhw; nra;ag;gl;l jhopfspy; nghUe;jy;> jhz;bf;Fb> nfhLkzy; Nghd;w itj;Njh my;yJ mij tplr; rpwg;ghfr; CHfspYk; ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dq;fs; nra;ag;gl;l rhlpfspy; itj;Njh rtq;fisg; mfo;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; vy;yh Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; tof;fkhdJ Muk;gfhy ,lq;fspYk; KJkf;fs; RLkz; jhopfSld;> ehfupfk; Njhd;wpa fhyq;fspy; vfpg;J> Ie;Jfhy; [hbfs;> miwfshfj; jLf;fg;l;l nkrgNlhkpah> ghurPfk; Kjypa ehLfspYk;> fy;tl;lq;fs; mfog;gl;Ls;sd. rpe;J ntspg;gFjpfspYk; gutpAs;sJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; fUg;G rptg;G Mdhy; jkpo; ehl;by; rk fhyj;jpy; my;yJ ghidNahLfs; ngUkstpy; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jw;Fg; gyEhW Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng nghUe;jy; mfo;tha;tpy; xU ghidapy; tif tifahd jhopfspy; gpaq;fis ney; ckp fz;lwpag;gl;lJ ,jd; %yk; itj;Jg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; epytpAs;sJ ghidfs; ney; nfhl;b itg;gjw;F vd;gJ ed;F njupfpwJ. gad;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpayhk; nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy fz;nlLf;fg; ngw;w itif ejp flNyhL fyf;Fk; RLkz; Gijf; fyd;fs;; midj;Jk; tl;l Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mlk; mofd; tbtpyhd mbg;gFjpia cilait. Fsk;. ,J xU JiwKf efuk;. Jhuj;J `ug;ghtpy; mfo;e;J fz;l Njrq;fspy; ,Ue;J fg;gy;fs; Gijfyd;fshfpa RLkz; rhbfspy; xd;W te;J Ngha;bfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lk;. fhy Edp $upajhf cs;sJ. Gi`upy; $l nts;sj;jpy; mope;J Nghd ,g;gFjp RkhH mj;jifa rhbfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2000 Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd;dH njhy;ypay; ,tw;wpy; xd;W ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Jiwapduhy; mfo;tha;T elj;jg;gl;lJ. mUk;nghUl fhl;rp rhiyapy; ,lk; mg;NghJ kz;Zf;Fs; nehWq;fpa epiyapy; ngw;WSs;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W rpe;J rpijAz;L fple;j ghid XLfs; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dH g`;iud; jPtpy; fpilj;jd. mjpy; ifasT mfyk; nfhz;l nra;ag;ngw;w mfo;tha;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l xU ghid Xl;by; fPwp tiuag;gl;l fg;gypd; fy;yiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l RLkz; rhbfSk;> Nfhl;Nlhtpak; xd;W ,Ue;jJ. ,ij Ma;T 110 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 jhopfSk; $upa mbg;gFjpia Ntz;Lk;> coT khLfis vg;gb guhkupf;f ciladtha; cs;sd. buha; (Troy) efupy; Ntz;Lk;> ghu;yp tpijfis vg;gbj; rpiykhd; (Schleman) mtHfs; ,Nj Nghd;w Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; epyj;jb ePu; mjpfkhf jhopfs; gytw;iw mfo;e;J ,Uf;fpwjh> Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gij fz;Lgpbj;Js;shH. RLkz; Gijfyd;fs; vg;gb mwpa Ntz;Lk; vd vj;jidNah nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpYk;; gukhzghj;jpYk; tp\aq;fs; ,e;jr; RLkz ifNal;by; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gytplq;fspYk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j RLkz; nkrgNlhkpahtpYk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ikNal;bd; fhyk; fp.K. 3300 vd;W fpuPl; jPtpy; RLkz; jhopg;Gijtpidfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW mupf;fNkL epiwthd/ gof;fkha; epytpapUe;jd. Kjy; ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW khepyq;fis mitfis ehk; Mjpr;r ey;YhupYk; fle;J RNkupak; tiu RLkz; gad;ghL? fhz;fpNwhk; vd;W tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; czT jahupf;Fk; fyak; Kjy; cliy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. Gijf;Fk; jhop tiuapYk;> gad;ghl;L ,diwf;F ,uhd;> 111 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 7. NguhrpupaH K. ,uhfitaq;fhu; - 12. Dravidian Civilization - Prof. Ragal Muha;r;rp njhFjp - jkpo; Doss Banerji (Modern Review) Calcutta gy;fiyf;fofk; 1937 8. K.V. Nilakanta Sastri, The Colas 13. Pre-Histonic South India - by Prof. V.R. 9. e.,uj;jpdFkhH> ng.f. nguparhkpuh[h Ramachandra Dikshitar M.A. (Madras) - njhy;ypay; jkpoH tuyhw;Wj; jlq;fs; 1951 10. gh. gpuhghfud; - Fkupf;fz;lkh RNkupakh? jkpoupd; Njhw;wKk; gutYk; 11. m. uhftd; - Mj;r;r ey;YhUk; nghUentsp ehfupfKk; 112 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 fhe;jpabfspd; Nfhl;ghLfs; Dr. R. Muthamil, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Guest Faculty, Department of Philosophy Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar Kd;Diu ekJ Njrg;gpjh kfhj;kh fhe;jp mtHfNsh ifapNy xU tpj MAjKk; ,d;wp xU mwNghuhl;lj;ij elj;jp gyk;tha;e;j gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;ijg; gzpa itj;J ekf;F tpLjiy Njbj; je;jhH vd;gijf; fz;L cyfNk tpae;J Nghw;WfpwJ. rj;jpaNk fhe;jp jd;Dila kjkhf nfhz;lhH. ahuplk; Mztk; Fiwe;J gzpT epiwfpd;wNjh mtNu cz;ikiaf; fhz KbAk; vd;W ehd; gzpNthL $wpf;nfhs;fpNwd;. rj;jpakhfpa flypy; ePe;j tpUk;GNthH jk;ikr; Rj;j #dpakhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.cz;ikia miltjw;Fs;s rhjdq;fs; fbdkhf ,Ug;gJ NghyNt vspjhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mztk; cilatHf;F mrhj;jpak; MFk;. rj;jpaj;ij ehLNthH J}rpapYk; mjpf gzpTilatuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.rj;jpaj;ij jtpHj;J NtW flTs; fpilahJ ,Jjhd; vd; mDgtk; KOtJk; vdf;F cWjpahff; $WtJ. rj;jpak; gupg+uzkhff; fz;L nfhs;tNj kdpj tho;tpd; yl;rpakhfpa rhy;itg; ngWtjhFk;.mfpk;ir ve;j capiuAk; nfhy;yf;$lhJ. ve;j xU capUf;Fk; ve;jtpjkhd Jd;gKk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;gJ mfpk;irapd; Nfhl;ghL MFk;. mfpk;rh gpuNkhjHk` vd;gJ Md;NwhH thf;F fhe;jpaj;jpw;F xsptpsf;F rj;jpak; vd;why; mjd; uh[ghl;il td;Kiwaw;w mfpk;ir topahFk;. rHt ty;yik gilj;j gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; Mztj;ijAk; MAj gyj;ijAk; vjpHnfhz;L Nghuhl fhe;jpabfs; mfpk;rh vd;w MAjj;ij jhd; NjHe;njLj;jhH. mfpk;irNa kdpj rhjp cgNahfpf;ff;$ba mjpf gyk; nghUe;jpa ey;y MAjkhFk;. kdpjDila rhkHj;jpak; fz;Lgpbj;Js;s ,k;ir MAjq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl mjpf typik cilajhFk;. mfpk;ir xU ehSk; gyj;ij ,of;Fk; gb nra;J tplhJ. mJNt mtrpak; Vw;gl;lhy; mghak; NeUk; NghJ fl;Lg;ghlhfTk; xd;W NrHe;Jk; ,k;iria ifahsf; $ba rf;jpiaAk; mspf;Fk; vd;whH fhe;jp[p. rj;jpak; mfpk;ir ehd; Fatd; ifapy; cs;s ntWk; rj;jpak; kz;NzahNtd;. rj;jpaKk; mfpk;irANk rj;jpaNk vd;Dila mfpk;irNa mij ftdpf;f Ntz;bait. mit ,Ue;jhy; mDl;bf;Fk; khHf;fk; vd;whH fhe;jp[p. NghJk; midj;Jk; ,Wjpapy; ntw;wpahf rj;jpak; vd;d? ,J fl;lhakhd Nfs;tp. Kbe;J tpLk;. ,e;j tpjpf;F vt;tpj Mdhy; kdr;rhd;W $WtNj rj;jpak; tpyf;Fk; fpilahJ. rj;jpaj;ij jtpHj;J vd;W ehd; me;jf; fl;lj;ij eptHj;jp NtW flTs; fpilahJ. ,Jjhd; vd; nra;J nfhz;L cs;Nsd; vdf; $wpdhH mDgtk; KOtJk; vdf;F cWjpahff; fhe;jp[p. ahuplk; Mztk; Fiwe;J gzpT $WtJ. epiwfpd;wNjh mtNu cz;ikiaf; fhz xU rfy tp\aq;fisAk; tpsf;Fk; KbAk; vd;W ehd; gzpNthL cz;ikia NeUf;F NeH fhz tpUk;GNthH $wpf;nfhs;fpNwd;. rj;jpakhfpa flypy; vt;tsT ,opthd jd;idg; NghyNt ePe;j tpUk;GNthH jk;ikr; Rj;j #dpakhf Nerpf;ff; $batHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. me;j tpUg;gKilatHfs; tho;tpy; ve;j cz;ikia miltjw;Fs;s JiwiaAk; myl;rpak; nra;ayhfhJ. rhjdq;fs; fbdkhf ,Ug;gJ NghyNt mjdhy;jhd; cz;ikia ehLk; ehd; vspjhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mztk; murpay; tp\aq;fspy; 113 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 kdpjd; rj;jpaj;ij gupg+uzkhff; rj;jpak; ngha;aDila kdj;ijAk; $l fz;LtplKbahJ. jhd; fhZk; ,sf;Fk;. Mdhy; ngha;Nah mtDila cz;ikia mDl;bg;gJk; me;jf; flikia kdj;ijf; fy;yhfNt nra;JtpLk;. gpwH epiwNtw;wj; J}a topahfpa mfpk;iria capiuf; fhf;Fk; nghUl;Lg; ngha; nrhy;yf; mDl;bg;gJNk mtDila flik. $lhjh vd;gJ Nghd;w jHf;f Kiwahd rj;jpakhdJ xt;nthUtUila neQ;rpYk; Nfs;tpfs; voyhk;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa Fbnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mq;Nf jhNd mijj; Nfs;tpfs; vy;yhk; ngha; NgRtij rup Njl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ahUf;Fk; jhd; vd;W $w tpUk;GNthH me;j khjpupahd fz;l cz;ik gbNa gpwUk; elf;f fl;lq;fs; cz;lhftpy;iy. Ntz;Lk; vd;W epHg;ge;jpf;f cupik jpwikiatpl xw;WikNa Kf;fpak;. fpilahJ. Mdhy; xw;Wikf;fhf ,of;f Kbahj xNu tho;T vd;gJ ,yl;rpaj;ijj; NjLk; tp\ak; kdr;rhd;Nw MFk;. rj;jpak; vd;W njhopNy MFk;. rhy;G mila Kay;tNj $wg;gLtJk; mJjhd;. cyfk; KOtJk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;. ek;khy; Kbahnjd;Nwh kiwe;jhYk; flTs; ,Uf;fpwhH kf;fs; ek;kplk; FiwghLfs; csntd;Nwh vz;zp mopahtpl;lhYk; rj;jpak; moptjpy;iy. ehk; ek;Kila yl;rpaj;ij khw;wpf; Vr;R vd;gJ ahJ jpUlid jpUld; vd;Wk; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. Nghf;fpupia Nghf;fpup vd;Wk; $wpdhy; md;G cs;s ,lj;jpNyNa capH cz;L Vr;R MfhJ. Fl;lNuhfpahdtd; Fl;lNuhfp md;gpy;yhj tho;T kuzNk ehzaj;jpd; vd;W $wpajw;fhf Fiw $w KbahJ. xU Gwk; cz;ikahdhy; kWGwk; nrhy;fpwtHfs; nrhy;Ytij ep&gpf;f md;ghFk;. cz;ikahdhYk; md;ghYk; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fz;ldk; cyf KOtijAk; ntd;W tplyhk; vd;gJ cz;ikahfNt ,Ue;jhYk; vd;Dila jplkhd ek;gpf;if vd;whH. fz;bf;fg;gLtjw;F ruPu Jd;gk; cz;lhFk; gaKWj;JtJk; Vkhw;WtJk; Nehf;fj;NjhL $wpdhy; ,r;iria MFk;. gytPdq;fSila MAjq;fNs md;wp jtW nra;gtiu mtUila jtwhd gythd;fSila MAjq;fs; my;y. tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J kPl;gjw;fhfNth gpwiu cz;ik (rj;jpak;) ntWk; mUtkhd mtUld; Nru tplhky; jLg;gjw;fhfTk; cz;ikahf ,Ue;jhy; ahnjhU nra;ag;gLk; fz;ldNk epahakhd gyDKz;lhfhJ. mjw;fhf capH Jwf;fr; fz;lkhFk;. mgpg;gpuha NtWghLfs; rpj;jkhf cs;stH tho;tpy; mJ cUtk; cz;lhtJ ,ay;G. Mdhy; NtWghLfs; ngw;whNy gyDz;L. rj;jpak; gupg+uzkhff; tpNuhjq;fs; Mf Mfp tplyhfhJ. mit fz;L nfhs;tNj kdpjtho;tpd; mofhd ituj;jpd; gy gl;lq;fshfNt yl;rpakhfpa rhy;it ngWtjhFk;. ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kz;ntl;bia kz;ntl;b vd;W vJ nra;jhYk; ,J ez;gd; giftd; $WtJ kz;ntl;bf; fHzf^ukhf vd;w tpj;jpahrk; ,y;yhky; xNu tpjkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; rj;jpaj;ij jtpu NtW ,Uf;FNkh vd;w NrhjidiaNa ehd; vJTk; kdjpy; itg;gjpy;iy. xUtd; jtW vg;NghJk; ifahs;fpNwd;. mjpy; xU ehSk; nra;jhy; mij $l;lhkYk; FiwahkYk; jtw tpLtjpy;iy. cs;sij cs;sgbNa $wpdhy; mtd; flTsplKk; fUiz ,lKk; ek;gpf;if xg;Gf; nfhz;lhYk; xg;Gf; cilatH jPNahiu ntWf;f khl;lhHfs;. nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; epr;rakhf mtDila mtUila jPa nray;fs; kl;LNk kdjpy; itf;Fk;. Mdhy; kpifglf;$wy; ntWg;ghHfs; jhNk jPik nra;af;$ba ehSf;F ehs; mjpfkhfpf;nfhz;Nl tuhjjhy; jPik nra;Ak; gpwiu ntWf;f NghfTk; nra;Ak;. khl;lhHfs;. 114 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 cyfj;jpy; cs;s kjq;fs; vy;yhk; NtW mQ;rhik (gakpd;ik) tp\aq;fspy; Ntw;Wik cilatdhf gftj; fPij MjpNahle;jkhf ekf;F ,Ue;jhYk; cyfpy; cs;s vy;yhk; rj;jpak; Nghjpg;gJ mQ;rhik apd; mtrpaNkahFk;. xd;Wjhd; vd;W $Wtjpy; xw;Wik mr;rj;jpw;F Mshdtd; vtDk; ciladthFk;. rj;jpak; jhdhfNt Ntiy rj;jpakha; elf;fTk; mfpk;iria nra;Ak; mjdplNk Mw;wy; cz;L. mjdhy; mDl;bf;fTk; KbahJ. cz;ikapy; vt;tsT jhd; vd;idg; gw;wp jpupj;J mr;rj;ij mwNt xopj;jtH cz;ik nrhd;dhYk; ehd; fyq;fkhl;Nld;. gyj;ij my;yJ Md;k gyj;ij cjtpahff; rj;jpaKk; mfpk;irAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhy; nfhz;L jk; giftuplkpUe;J jk;ikf; cly; kdk; Md;kh %d;Wk; xd;whf fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;sf; $Lk;. Md;k Ngjk; tsHr;rp milAk;. mg;gb tsHr;rp NtW> Md;k rpj;jp NtW> Md;k milahtpl;lhy; mDl;bg;gjpy; jtW vd;Nw tho;ntd;gJ rka E}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;J mHj;jkhFk;. rpW rpW fhupaq;fs; $l jj;Jt jHf;f tpthjq;fs; nra;tJ md;W. rj;jpak; elg;gJNt J}a tho;T ,Uja czHr;rp tpUj;jpNaahFk;. mjw;F ngWtjw;fhd ufrpak; MFk;. Kjypy; Ntz;baJ mQ;rhikNa mfpk;irNahL Nruhj cz;ik Nfhiofs; xUehSk; xOf;f newp epw;f cz;ikahfhJ. cz;ikahdJ vg;NghJk; KbahJ. mQ;rhik vd;gJ jf;fhHf;F rhe;jkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. kupahij nra;ahik my;yJ gpwH rj;jpak; NgRtJ vd;gJ ahJ vd;W czHr;rpfis kjpahik vd;W xUehSk; mwpahjtd; nry;yhj ehzaj;ij Nghy nghUs;glhJ. mwpahj cz;ikahd cgNahfk; ,y;yhjtd; Mthd;. mwpittpl fhupak; vJTk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy; rj;jpaNk caHe;jjhFk;. rj;jpaj;ij mj;jpahtrpakha; Ntz;ba Kjy; Fzk; mDl;bj;J mjw;fhf capH Jwf;f rpj;jkha; mQ;rhikia vd;gJ vd; jho;ikahd cs;s kdpjH ,yH vdpy; rj;jpak; vd;d mgpg;uhak;. ,f;Fzj;ij rka gad;. czHr;rpapd;wp mila KbahJ. flTSf;F vJ ek;Kila ed;ik vd;W mwpNahk;. mQ;rp elg;Nghkhf. mg;gbahdhy; ,dp mjdhy; cz;ikia filg;gpbj;jhy; kdpjDf;F mQ;rkhl;Nlhk;. ed;ikNa cz;lhFk; vd;W vz;zp ehk; vz;zk; nray; midj;ijAk; elg;gNj khHf;fkhFk;. ekf;F njupe;j mwpgtUk; ek;ik fhj;J rj;jpa newpapy; rj;jpaj;jpd;gb ele;jhy; NghJk; cz;ik elj;JgtUk; Md flTs; ek; gf;fj;jpy; KOtJk; flTSf;Fj;jhd; njupAk;. ahUNk ,Uf;fpd;whH vd;gij kl;Lk; ehk; czHe;J ve;j fhyj;jpYk; jk;kplk; Nfl;Fk; tpl;lhy; flTisj; jtpu NtnwhUtUf;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;nfy;yhk; gjpy; nrhy;ypj; ju ehk; mQ;r khl;Nlhk; vd;gJ njspthFk;. Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mr;r czHr;rpAs;s ,lj;jpy; rka cs;sij ciug;gJ vd;W Muk;gpj;J czHr;rp ,Uf;f KbahJ. tplyhk; mg;Gwk; mjw;F vt;tpj tpsf;fk; fPij gfthDila Fzq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbahJ. $Wk;NghJ mQ;rhikia Kjyhtjhf rj;jpaj;jpd; topahf elf;f $Wfpd;wJ. kw;w Fzq;fs; miktjw;F tpUk;Gfpwtd; jtW fz;lJk; ,d;wpaikahj Fzk; mQ;rhikahFk;. xg;Gf;nfhs;sTk; gupfhuk; NjlTk; jahuhf mQ;rhik ,y;yhky; cz;ikiaj; NjlTk;. ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mwNk tho;tpd; md;ig Nghw;wTk; ,ayhJ. mQ;rhik m];jpthuk; cz;ikNa mwj;jpd; vd;gJ Neha; kuzk;> tUik m];jpthuk; vd;gjhFk;. Kjypatw;wpw;fhd mr;rj;ij Jug;gNj MFk;. ,it vy;yhk; ekf;F Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; giftHfs; mth> ntFsp 115 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 Nghd;wit ek; kdjpy; vOk; giftHfs; jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; rKjha mePjpfis mtw;iwf; fz;L ve;j fhyj;jpYk; mQ;rpNa vjpHg;gjpYk; ,e;j "nkd; Kiw" iaf; elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mfg; giftHfis ifahz;L ntw;wp fz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ntd;W tpl;lhy; Gu giftHfs; jhkhfNt rHt ty;yik gilj;j gpupl;b\ ; Ngha;tpLthHfs;. rfy mr;rq;fSk; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; Mztj;ijAk;> MAj ruPuj;ij gw;wpaitNa Mjyhy; ruPug;gw;iw gyj;ijAk; vjpHnfhz;L Nghuhl tpl;Ltpl;lhy; rfy mk;rq;fSk; kiwe;J fhe;jpabfs; mfpk;rh vd;w MAjj;ij jhd; NghFk;. NjHe;njLj;jhH. fhe;jp[pia tho;f eP flTSf;F mQ;rp ele;jhy; kdpjDf;F vk;khd; vd;W tho;j;Jk; ghujp mfpk;irapd; mQ;rkhl;Nlhk;. cyfpy; cs;s nghUs; jj;Jt mbg;gilia tpsf;fp mij Md;kh xd;Nw vd;w gupg+uzkhd murpay; JiwAld; gpizj;j ek;gpf;ifAlDk; jpl kdjpy; frg;GzHr;rp fhe;jpabfspd; Jzpr;riy ghuhl;Lfpwhd;. ,y;yhkYk; vj;Jiz gyk; nghUe;jpa "jd;DapH NghNy jdf;fop ntd;whYk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; mbgzpa cWjpahf gpwDapH jd;idAk; fzpj;jy; kWg;gij tpl caHe;j tPuk; fpilahJ. kz;Zapnuy;yhk; flTspd; tbtk; ek;kplk; cs;s Fw;wq;Fiwfisj; jtpu flTspd; kf;fnsd;W zHjy; NtW vijAk; vtiuAk; mQ;ryhfhJ. ,d;dnkapQ; Qhdj; Jzptpid md;G mr;rk; tpistpf;fhJ> Nfhio md;G kw;whq;F nra;a KbahJ md;G nra;jy; tPuUf;Nf ,opgL> NghH> nfhiy> jz;lk; cs;s tpNrl cupikahFk;. mr;rk; Ntz;ba gpd;dpNa fplf;Fk; murpa tjypy; rkak; cz;L. Mdhy; Nfhioj;jdk; gpizj;jplj; Jzpe;jid ngUkhd;" Ntz;ba rkak; fpilaNt fpilahJ. murpaypy; mfpk;iria gpuNahfpj;J ghk;gpd; thapy; tpuiy Eiog;gJ $lhJ. gupNrhjidapy; fhe;jpak; ntw;wp fz;lJ. Mdhy; ghk;ig fz;L mQ;Rjy; MfNt fpk;irf;F MAjk; Ntz;Lk;. gzgyk; MfhJ. Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mfpk;irf;F kdj;ijAk; mr;rk; cs;s ,lj;jpy; kjk; vd;gJ JzpTk; NghJk;. vdNt ,J xU [dehaf ,Uf;f KbahJ. mr;rk; cs;std; cz;ik top> xspT kiwT> rjpaw;w NeHtop> Ngr KbahJ. vd;d NeUNkh vd;W gae;J gaq;futhjpfspd; ,ufrpa KiwfSk;> cz;ik Ngr gag;gLfpNwhk;. mjdhy; jhd; jsthlq;fSk; Njit ,y;iy vdNtjhd; mQ;rhikia jhd; kdpjDila fhe;jpak; rhjhuz kf;fisAk; Rje;jpug; yl;rzj;jpy; Kjy; mk;rk; vd;W gftj; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;s itj;jJ. fPij $Wfpd;wJ. fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ vd;W ehkf;fy;yhupd; ghl;il Koq;fpf; mfpk;ir nfhz;L njUf;fspy; jpusr; nra;jJ. ve;j capiuAk; nfhy;yf;$lhJ. ve;j mwtop vd;w fhuzk; kl;Lky;yhky; xU capUf;Fk; ve;jtpjkhd Jd;gKk; eilKiwf;F cfe;jJ vd;w KiwapYk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;gJ mfpk;irAk; mfpk;ir rpwe;j MAjk; MFk;. Nfhl;ghL MFk;. ek; ehl;L tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; mfpk;rh gpuNkhjH k` vd;gJ ngUk;gq;F tfpj;jJ mfpk;irtop Md;NwhH thf;F fhe;jpaj;jpw;F xsptpsf;F vd;gjdhy; td;Kiw topfSf;F gq;F rj;jpak; vd;why; mjd; uh[ghl;il ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. gfj;rpq;> thQ;rp td;Kiwaw;w mfpk;ir topahFk;. ,e;jpa Nghd;NwhH nts;isaNd ntspNaW ehl;bd; gz;ghl;by; gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;jhj ,af;fj;jpYk; mfpk;ir top fUiz topf;F rhj;tPf Kiwf;F jiyaha filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ cz;ikNa. fhq;fpu]; ,lk; cz;L. ,e;j ehl;bd; gy kfhd;fs; ,af;fKk; $l fhe;jpapd; mfpk;ir topia 116 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 KOJk; Vw;ftpy;iy. Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; vLj;jhy; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vjpupf;F vjpup ez;gDf;F ez;gd; vd;w jtpHf;fKbahjit. me;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; ,uh[je;jpu Kiwapy; [g;ghdpd; cjtpAld; mfpk;ir ,lk; ngw;why; jhd; ntw;wp ngWk; Njrpa uhZtj;ij cUthf;fp gpupl;b\ ; vd;w epiy cUthff; $lhJ. mfpk;ir muir MAjk; jhq;fp vjpHj;jdH. MapDk; rpWghd;ikapdH jq;fs; fhupaj;ijr; ekJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NkNyhq;fp rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;s nra;a nra;Ak; fyhl;lh. epd;w top mfpk;ir top jhd; vd;gJ rpWrpW epahaq;fSf;fh g];fis vupg;gJk;> cz;ikahFk;. uapy;fis epWj;JtJk; filfis milj;J ,d;W ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngw;w Ntiy epWj;jk; nra;a epHtfpg;gJk; [dehaf FbauR. gpupl;b\; mlf;FKiw mfpk;ir topNa ,d;iwa murpaypy; ,e;j ePq;fp tpl;lhYk; murpaypy; td;Kiwapd; topjhd; filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehsiltpy; gq;F ehSf;F ehs; tsHe;J tUtijg; ,J jbnaLj;jtd; jz;ly;fhud; vd;w ghHf;fpNwhk;. ,d;W td;Kiwg;gil xd;wpy; muh[fj;jpw;Nf toptFf;Fk; midj;J gpd;gyk; ,y;yhky; ve;j fl;rpAk; murpay; kf;fSk; mikjpahfg; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; elj;j Kbatpy;iy. "G[gyj;jpw;F xU ,af;fq;fNs [dehaf Kiwia kjpg;G ,Ug;gjhy; me;j ghjhs gilapd; tYg;gLj;Jk;. "nfhQ;rNkh gpuptpidfs; gyj;ij murpay;thjpfs; kl;Lky;y fiy xU Nfhb vd;why; mJ ngupjhFkh"? vd;W cyfpy; $l vjpH jug;ig mlf;fp jd; neQ;R nghWf;fhky; md;W ghujp ghbdhH. Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;sTk; fhe;jpabfs; ,e;j gpuptpidfis ngUk; fiyQHfs; $lg; gad;gLj;jpf; czHe;Jjhd; jPz;lhik xopg;G ,af;fk; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ghjhsg; gilj; `up[d Myag; gpuNtrk; njhlHGfSf;fhf fiyQHfs; gyH Nghd;witfSf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jhH. tof;Ffis re;jpj;Jf; ,e;jg; gpuptpidfis kPwp tpLjiy nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Vd;? gpugy ebif ,yl;rpak; kf;fis 117 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 J}z;Lk; Ngr;RfSk; Fwpg;gpl;l rhuhUf;Fk;> nghOJ jhd; ehd; mfpk;iriag; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; gad; Nghw;wyhNdd; vd $wpAs;shH. glyhk;. Mdhy; tho;itAk; rKjha ek;Kila NjrkhdJ Rje;jpuj;ijg; tsHr;rpiaAk; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpiaAk; ngw ,k;iria cgNahfpf;f tpUk;gpdhy; gho;gLj;jp tpLk;. mg;gbNa nra;a mjw;F cupik cz;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l ghuk;gupaj;jpy; te;j vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpNwd;. Mdhy; me;j murpay; fl;rpfs; ,ij czHe;jhYk; Njrk; ehd; gpwe;j Njrk; MapDk; ,d;iwa murpay; nray;ghl;by; vd;Dila md;Gf;F cfe;j NjrkhapuhJ. td;Kiwapd; typikia czHe;J Ks;is md;idahapDk; jtW nra;jhy; md;id Ks;shy; vLf;f epidj;J jhKk; me;j vd;W ngUik nfhs;s KbahJ. topapy; NghfpwhHfs; mtHfs; ,e;j mfpk;irNa kdpj rhjp epHge;jj;ij cilj;J ntsptuNtz;Lk;. cgNahfpf;ff;$ba mjpf gyk; nghUe;jpa jhq;fs; kw;w fl;rpfs; Nghd;w re;jHg;g ey;y MAjkhFk;. kdpjDila rhkHj;jpak; thjpfs; my;y vd;gijf; fhl;l mfpk;ir fz;Lgpbj;Js;s ,k;ir MAjq;fs; topf; nfhs;ifiaf; iftplhky; vd;d vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl mjpf typik ghjpg;G NeHe;jhYk; cWjpahf epw;f cilajhFk;. Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb epd;why; kf;fspd; jd;id gyp nfhLf;fj; jahuhf ghuhl;Lk;> Xl;LfSk; mtHfis epr;rak; ,y;yhj rkaj;jpy; jd;idg; ehbtUk;. vjpHfhyj;jpy; [dehaf kuGfs; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s ,k;iria epWj;jg;gLk; NeHikahd murpay; elj;jpf; mDl;bg;gNj kdpj nfsutj;jpw;Fg; fhl;Lk; fl;rpf;fhf kf;fs; nghUj;jkhd fhupakhFk;. fhj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. vt;tsT gytPdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; td;Kiwaw;w fhe;jpaj;jpd; mfpk;irg; vjpHj;J epd;W ,Ug;gtd; mfpk;irAk; ghijjhd; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;ijAk; tPuKk; nghUe;jpatd;. mfpk;rh tPud; Kd;Ndw;w ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;Yk;. neQ;rpy; md;G cz;L. ,k;ir tPud; mfpk;irjhd; jiy rpwe;j jHkk;. mij neQ;rpYk; Nfhio neQ;rpYk; gifikAk; Ik;gJ tUlkhf mD\;bj;J tUfpNwd;. gaKNk cz;L. mfpk;ir %yk; gupfhuk; Njb Kbahj capH tho;tjw;F VNjDk; xUtifapy; epiyik vdf;F ,Jtiu Vw;gl ,k;ir mtrpakhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Njitapy;iy. mjdhy; jhd; caHe;j kjj;ij "mfpk;ir" mfpk;ir xUehSk; gyj;ij ,of;Fk; vd;Dk; vjpHkiwr; nrhy;yhy; tHzpf;f gb nra;J tplhJ. mJNt mtrpak; Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwJ. mNj Vw;gl;lhy; mghak; NeUk; nghOJ fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd; mfpk;irapy; fl;Lg;ghlhfTk; xd;W NrHe;Jk; ,k;iriaf; njhz;lHfs; ruPu ge;jj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ifahsf; $ba rf;jpiaAk; mspf;Fk; ngw Ntz;br; rjhfhyKk; vd;fpwhH fhe;jp[p. gpuhHj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,uz;by; ,k;iria NkyhdJ. capH thoNtz;Lkhdhy; ,iltplhky; FUlDf;F ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisf; rpwpJk; ,k;ir nra;a Ntz;bapUg;gJ vdf;F fhl;l KbahjJ Nghy; Nfhiof;F tUj;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ehd; mfpk;iriag; Nghjpf;f KbahJ. mfpk;irapd; nghUis mwpe;J kdk; nkhop mfpk;irNa tPuj;jpd; rpfuk;. ,k;irapy; nka; %d;wpYk; mDl;bg;gjpy; ,iltplhky; caHit vspjpy; fhl;l KbAk; ehd; Kad;W nfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vd;Wk; XusT Nfhioahf ,Ue;j fhyk; tiu ntw;wp ngw;W tUfpNwd; vd;W $wKbAk;. ,k;iriaNa ek;gp te;Njd;. Nfhioj;jdj;ijf; Jwe;Jtpl Muk;gpj;j 118 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol. 5 No. 4 May 2019 ISSN: 2349-8684 KbTiu RNjrp vd;gJ ehl;Lg;gw;wpd; ekJ ehl;bd; ke;jpur; nrhw;fspy; xd;W mbg;gilapy; nrhe;j ehl;il Nerpg;gjpd; RNjrp ,e;jr; nrhy; ehl;bd; tpLjiy nray;ghlhf cUthd XH czHr;rpf; ,af;fj;jpw;F cap&l;baJ. ekJ ehl;il fUj;J ,e;jr; nrhy;ypd; KOg; nghUisAk; Mz;l Mq;fpNyaHfspd; nghUshjhuf; czHe;J nfhs;sTk; ,jid vg;gb Kjypy; nfhs;ifapd; MzpNtiuj; jhq;fpaJ gad;gLj;jpdhHfs; vd;gij mwpe;J RNjrpf; nfhs;if. nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. tpLjiy ngw;w ,e;jpahtpy; vOtifg; ghtq;fs; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; Njf;f epiyiag; nfhs;if ,y;yhj murpay; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; ,d;iwa RNjrp vd;w kdpjhgpkhdk; ,y;yhj tpQ;Qhdk; ke;jpur; nrhy;iy gyUk; ciog;gpy;yhj Cjpak; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf ,d;W kdrhl;rp ,y;yhj ,d;gk; ,e;jpahit MSq;fl;rp ,r;nrhy;iy xU ehzak; ,y;yhj tpahghuk; nghUspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fhe;jpaj;jpy; jpahfk; ,y;yhj gpuhHj;jid ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltHfs; kuG topapy; xOf;fk; ,y;yhj fy;tp-,it nghUs; nfhs;fpd;wdH. nghJ kf;fisf; r%fj;jpy; cs;s VO ghtq;fs;. Fog;Gfpd;w mstpw;F RNjrp vd;w ,e;jpadha; gpwe;j xt;nthUtUk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Nkw;$wpa nghd;nkhopfis vy;yhk; rkPgj;jpy; xUtH ,e;jpahtpy; Nrhjid gpd;gw;wp tho;e;jhy; mJNt nra;j mZFz;il RNjrp mZFz;L fhe;jpabfSf;Fk; ekJ ghuj Njrj;jpw;F vd;W $wpdhH. ,e;jpahtpNyNa ehk; nra;fpd;w kfj;jhd flikahFk;. ntbj;jjhy; RNjrp vd;gJ mtH fUj;J. ,g;gb xt;nthUtUk; jhq;fs; Gupe;J nfhz;l Kiwapy; ,r;nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Fog;gk;jhd; $Lfpd;wJ. vLj;jhz;l E}y;fs; 1. ,e;jpuh Rg;gpukzpad; - tpLjiyf;F tpj;jpl;l kfh kfhj;khtpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> uP tpf;Nd\; gjpg;gfk;> 8> ma;ahj; njU> uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id> 2003. 2. FUrhkp k.gh - cyf kakhf;fy; mZFKiw> Fkug;gh Muha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id> 2001. 3. rpj;jhHj;jH - ,d;Wk; fhe;jpak;> gz;nkhop gjpg;gfk;> 46> rpl;yghf;fk;> jhk;guk;> 2002. 4. lhf;lH NguhrpupaH - jPz;lhik jPapL kq;if gjpg;gfk;> 127> g.rPdpthrd; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gjpg;gfk;> 4> Kj;J fhkhl;rp mk;kd; Njhl;lk;> rpjk;guk;> 2004. 5. NfhNte;jd;.j - kfhj;khtpd; rpe;jidf; fsQ;rpak;> uhN[];tup Gj;jf epiyak;> 22> 6- njU> gote;jhq;fy;> nrd;id 600 014> 1997. 6. Ntq;fluh[{Y - rj;jpa Nrhjid> [pNfe;jpuh b.Njr];> et[Ptd; (jkpohf;fk;) gpuRuhyak; mfkjhghj;- 380014> 1994. 119 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches