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The Bilingualism Reader The Bilingualism Reader ‘Li Wei has put together…an absolutely essential minimal foundation for any serious student of bilingualism. It contains major classics that form the basis of courses at whatever level,…covering a wide range of issues central to the major concerns of the study of the bilingual individual. No fundamental issue of current interest in the field has been omitted. The methodology chapter contains very useful warnings and advice.’ Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel ‘This is a very well judged selection of classic articles on bilingualism. The Introduction provides a most comprehensive advance organizer to the subject and is joined by valuable study questions and activities for each section.’ Colin Baker, University of Wales at Bangor The Bilingualism Reader is a comprehensive collection of key classic articles in the study of bilingualism. Designed as a structured student reader, it covers: • definitions and typology of bilingualism • language choice and bilingual interaction • grammar of code-switching and bilingual acquisition • the bilingual brain and bilingual production and perception • methodological issues in the study of bilingualism. Invaluable editorial material guides the reader through the different sections. Critical discussion of research methods, graded study questions and activities, a comprehensive glossary, and an up-to-date resource list make The Bilingualism Reader an essential introductory text for students. Contributors: Peter Auer, Michael Clyne, Kees de Bot, Charles Ferguson, Joshua Fishman, Fred Genesee, David Green, François Grosjean, John Gumperz, Li Wei, William Mackey, Jürgen Meisel, Lesley Milroy, Carol Myers-Scotton, Loraine Obler, Michel Paradis, Shana Poplack. Li Wei is Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Department of Speech, and Director of the Centre for Research in Linguistics at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He is author of Three Generations Two Languages One Family (1994) and co-editor of the International Journal of Bilingualism. The Bilingualism Reader Edited by Li Wei London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Reprinted 2001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” This collection and editorial matter © 2000 Li Wei All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Bilingualism reader/edited by Li Wei. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Bilingualism. I. Wei, Li P115.B553 2000 306.44′6–dc21 99–056043 ISBN 0-203-46134-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-76958-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-21335-5 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-21336-3 (pbk) CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements ix How to use the reader xii INTRODUCTION 1 Dimensions of bilingualism 2 Li WEI 1 The description of bilingualism 22 WILLIAM F.MACKEY Notes for students and instructors 51 PART ONE SOCIOLINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF 53 BILINGUALISM Introduction to Part One 54 LANGUAGE CHOICE 57 2 Diglossia 58 CHARLES A.FERGUSON 3 Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia 74 with and without bilingualism JOSHUA A.FISHMAN 4 Who speaks what language to whom and when? 82 JOSHUA A.FISHMAN Notes for students and instructors 99 BILINGUAL INTERACTION 101 5 Social meaning in linguistic structure: code- 102 switching in Norway JAN-PETTER BLOMJOHN J.GUMPERZ v 6 Code-switching as indexical of social negotiations 127 CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON 7 A conversation analytic approach to code-switching 154 and transfer J.C.PETER AUER 8 A two-step sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching 175 and language choice: the example of a bilingual Chinese community in Britain LI WEI, LESLEY MILROY AND PONG SIN CHING Notes for students and instructors 198 PART TWO LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF BILINGUALISM 200 Introduction to Part Two 201 GRAMMAR OF CODE-SWITCHING 204 9 Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termina 205 en español: toward a typology of code-switching SHANA POPLACK 10 Constraints on code-switching: how universal are 241 they? MICHAEL CLYNE 11 Matching lemmas in a bilingual language 265 competence and production model: evidence from intrasentential code-switching CAROL MYERS-SCOTTONJANICE L.JAKE Notes for students and instructors 303 LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF BILINGUAL 305 CHILDREN 12 Early bilingual language development: one language 306 or two? FRED GENESEE 13 Early differentiation of languages in bilingual 322 children JÜRGEN M.MEISEL Notes for students and instructors 347 vi PART THREE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF 349 BILINGUALISM Introduction to Part Three 350 THE BILINGUAL BRAIN 352 14 Cerebral lateralization in bilinguals: methodological 353 issues LORAINE K.OBLERROBERT J.ZATORRELINDA GALLOWAYJYOTSNA VAID 15 Language lateralization in bilinguals: enough already! 365 MICHEL PARADIS Notes for students and instructors 372 BILINGUAL SPEECH PROCESSING 373 16 Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a 374 model for the control of speech in bilinguals DAVID W.GREEN 17 A bilingual production model: Levelt’s ‘speaking’ 386 model adapted KEES DE BOT 18 Processing mixed language: issues, findings, and 408 models FRANÇOIS GROSJEAN Notes for students and instructors 435 CONCLUSION 437 Methodological questions in the study of bilingualism 438 Li WEI Notes for students and instructors 449 Resource list 450 Glossary 455 Bibliography 461 Index 495 PREFACE ONE INCIDENT DURING my years as a PhD student changed my views on academic research considerably: I was drafting a joint paper with my supervisor Lesley Milroy and in it I cited a textbook writer’s comments on William Labov’s work which included a quote from Labov. Lesley, who knows Labov’s work well, asked me, ‘Have you read Labov’s original paper?’ and pointed out that the comments by the textbook writer were in fact misguided and misguiding. Rather sheepishly I had to admit that I had not read that particular paper of Labov’s. When I did read the paper, I was astonished to find what Labov meant in the original paper was very different from what the textbook writer suggested in his comments. Since then, I have been rather suspicious of authors’ interpretations and comments, especially the sharply worded ones, on other people’s work. I have learnt the benefit of reading the originals. I am often amazed to see many of our otherwise quite brilliant students readily base their arguments on ‘second-hand’ interpretation and remarks. I understand that once on that ‘degree assembly line’, students do not have much choice but to turn out essays and reports very quickly. They do not normally have the time to delve into a wide array of publications, ranging from history and anthropology to neurology and artificial intelligence, in which research papers on bilingualism typically appear. I am nevertheless concerned that a new generation of ‘scholars’ might be emerging out of a ‘hear-say’ tradition. I have also learnt from my visits to Central America, and East and Southeast Asia, that many of the books and journals which we use routinely in our teaching and learning and which we take for granted are not always readily available in those places, because of inadequate library facilities. I have become concerned that research on bilingualism which deals with linguistic and cultural diversity is in fact inaccessible to the very people we wish to represent. It is with these concerns that I have decided to compile the present Reader. The main objective of the Reader is to make available in a single, affordable volume a selection of the most important research papers on bilingualism. I have focused primarily on the ‘classics’ in bilingualism research—papers that every newcomer to the field must read and the more established researchers frequently cite. Constraints of budget and space mean that it has not been possible to include all the papers I would like. I have deliberately excluded viii papers on bilingual education, language planning, language maintenance and language shift, and language attitude. A good reader on policy and practice in bilingual education already exists (Garcia and Baker, 1995), and the sociolinguistics readers edited by Coupland and Jaworski (1997) and Trudgill and Cheshire (1997) both contain key articles on language planning, language maintenance and language shift, and language attitude. Consequently, most of the papers in the present Reader focus on the micro aspects of bilingualism, especially on the language behaviour of bilingual individuals. All the chosen papers are journal articles or book chapters. Extracts from single authored monographs are not included, as a decontextualised digest is deemed inappropriate for student use. Some of the more recent papers published in easily accessible journals and books are also excluded. They, and the important single authored monographs, are listed under Further Reading at the end of each section of the Reader. Recently, handbooks have become a popular commodity. They are usually compilations of specially commissioned survey-type articles. There is no doubt that they provide a handy resource for students and lecturers. However, handbooks do not address the concerns I have specified above. In fact, handbook users may be more at risk of believing that they knew the subject without actually consulting, let alone understanding, the original formulation of ideas. I therefore declined the suggestion that was put to me to compile a handbook of bilingualism and chose instead to edit a reader of classic articles.
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