Terms And Definitions

The following Terms and Definitions are used in connection with surveys conducted by NASS. This reference provides a common resource for understanding agriculture and survey terminology for conducting agricultural survey interviews with farmers, ranchers or agribusinesses.

1/4 Section - See "Quarter Section." Acre Foot - Water volume equal to 43,560 cubic ½ Section - See "Half Section." feet, or 325,850 gallons or the amount of 2 x 4 - A common dimensional size of lumber, water covering one acre to a depth of one often used for structural support in foot. buildings. Actual size is 1 ½ x 3 ½ Acre Inch - Water volume equal to 3,630 cubic inches, and usually sold in lengths from 8 feet, or 27,154.2 gallons or the amount of to 16 feet. water covering one acre to a depth of one 4-H - Organized groups of young people (ages inch. 8to 20), through which State universities Acreage - An indefinite quantity of land; a and the USDA's Extension Service carry collective number of acres. on educational programs in agriculture Acreage Allotment - As established from time to and homemaking projects, career time by Congress, the individual farm’s development, citizenship, leadership, and share, based on its previous production, of other youth development activities. The the national acreage needed to produce four H's stand for head, heart, hands, and sufficient supplies of a particular crop. health. Acreage Base: Crop - A farm's average acreage of Abandonment or Abandoned Acres - [Crops] A wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, or rice crop not harvested, pastured, or used in planted for harvest, plus land not planted any way. It is plowed or worked into the because of acreage reduction or diversion soil. programs during a period specified by law. Abattoir - A slaughterhouse. Acreage Base: Farm - The total of crop acreage Abortion - [Livestock] The expulsion or loss of bases (wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, the fetus before the completion of and rice) for a farm in a year, the average pregnancy. [Plants] The dropping of the acreage planted in soybeans, and the fertilized flower or fruit prior to maturity. average acreage devoted to conserving uses. Accrual Accounting - An accounting system Acreage Contract - An owner or producer may where business expenses are deductible enroll all or a portion of the eligible in the tax year when the operation cropland on the farm as contract acreage. became liable for them, whether paid or Also, an owner or producer who enters into not. a contract may subsequently reduce, but not Acid Rain - Rain with an acidity greater than the add to the quantity of contract acreage normal PH of about 5.6. It develops when covered by the contract. sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in the Acreage, Eligible Contract - Eligible contract atmosphere combine with water vapor to acreage must have been included in the form sulfuric or nitric acids. These annual acreage reduction program for at harmful acids fall to earth as precipitation least one out of the last five crops, or have or as dry particles. been considered planted. The ACMA - Acronym for American Catfish definition of considered planted includes Marketing Association, an association of catfish processors with annual sales of $250,000 or greater. Acre (A.) - Unit of land area commonly used in the U.S.; equals 43,560 square feet.

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acreage that may not have participated, members representing a broad range of but was reported to the local FSA office interests, including agricultural economists, and cropland subject to a CRP contract rural sociologists, farm policy analysts, whose term expired, or was voluntarily educators, state agriculture representatives, terminated after 1-1-95 or is released by agriculture-related business and marketing the Secretary of Agriculture between 1-1- experts, and associates of major national 95 and 8-1-96. farm organizations. The purpose of the Acreage Grid - A clear plastic device placed committee is to advise the secretary of over an aerial photo to estimate the agriculture on the scope, timing, content, number of acres within a specific area on etc. of the census and surveys of agriculture, the photo. The scale of the acreage grid and the type of information to obtain from must be the same as the scale of aerial respondents. photography. Aerial Fertilization - The broadcast distribution of Acreage, Noncontract - Noncontract acreage is fertilizers on the soil surface from aircraft. the portion of eligible contract acreage Aerial Photo - A photo of a known land area or which an owner or producer did not ground feature taken from an airplane or enroll in the program. other airborne device to give a view of the Active Ingredients - The ingredients in fertilizer land from above. Because photos have a or pesticides which chemically react with known scale, distances and land areas can be soil, plant, animal, or pest to give the determined from the photo. desired effect. Aerial Seeding - Broadcast seeding from aircraft, Active Solar Design - An assembly of collectors, especially used in wet areas, such as rice storage devices and distribution fields, and for some small grain crops on equipment along with mechanical devices upland fields when heavy rain prevents the to transfer solar energy in a controlled use of conventional seeding methods. manner. Aflatoxin - A toxic mold that is naturally produced Actual Nutrients - The reporting primary plant in soil and decaying vegetation, grains, and nutrients expressed in terms of active seeds. When found at excessive levels in ingredients or units of nitrogen, grain this mold may make feeds unfit for phosphorus, and potassium applied. A animal or human consumption. unit usually equals 1 pound. Agitation - The process of stirring or mixing in a Address Field - The line on the mailing label that sprayer. displays the route number, box number, Aggregator - An individual/firm that purchases a or street address of the operator. commodity from a producer and combines it Adjuvant - Chemical added to a pesticide to with similar purchases from other producers increase its effectiveness or safety. in order to make a bulk sale to a packer, Adulterated - The binding of a pesticide to shipper or terminal market. surfaces of soil particles or organic Agribusiness - Producers and manufacturers of matter. agricultural food, fiber, and services, such as Advance Recourse Loan - A price-support loan fertilizer and farm equipment manufacturers made early in a crop year that enables a and dealers, wholesalers, processors, farmer to hold his crops for later sale, transporters, marketers, and retail outlets. usually within the marketing year. Agricultural Commodity - Any plant or part of a Farmers must repay the loan with interest plant, or animal or part of an animal product, and reclaim their collateral. produced by a person primarily for sale, Advisory Committee on Agriculture Statistics consumption, propagation or other use by - The committee, appointed by the humans or animals. secretary of agriculture, consists of 25

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Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) - A Agricultural Research Service (ARS) - A USDA agency that sets standards for USDA agency which conducts basic, grades of cotton, tobacco, meat, dairy applied, and developmental research on products, eggs, fruits, and vegetables; regional, national, and international operates grading services; and concerns in the fields of livestock, plants, administers Federal marketing orders. soil, water and air quality; international Agricultural Operation - Establishments development; energy; food safety and primarily engaged in the production of quality; nutrition; food processing, storage, crops or plants, vines and trees and distribution efficiency; and non-food (excluding forestry operation) and/or the agricultural products. keeping, grazing or feeding of livestock Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB) - A panel of or poultry for animal products, for animal agricultural statisticians assembled to review increase or value increase. Agricultural agricultural survey indications and to set operations are divided into two major national and state estimates for crop and NAICS industry groups: 111 - crops and livestock production, prices, stocks, etc. 112 animal production. See NAICS The Board meets in Washington, D.C. under definition below. tight security until release of the report. Agricultural Policy - A broad term used to Agricultural Work - Work done on a farm or ranch encompass those government programs in connection with the production of most directly affecting the prices and agricultural products, including nursery and incomes received by farmers. greenhouse products and animal specialties Agricultural Production - The classification of such as furs, fish, apiaries, etc. Certain work agricultural production includes: which may take the operator, employee, etc. establishments (farms, ranches, dairies, off the farm, such as trips to buy feed, orchards, nurseries, greenhouses, etc.) supplies, or machinery parts, deliver primarily engaged in the production of products to a local market, or handle other crops, plants, vines, or trees (excluding farm related business. trees for lumber production) and the Agriculture - The science or art of cultivating the keeping, grazing or feeding of livestock soil, producing crops, raising livestock, and, or livestock products for sale. Livestock in varying degrees, the preparation of these include cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, and products for man's use and disposal. poultry. Also, included are animal Agriculture Service -Includes establishments specialties such as horses, rabbits, bees, primarily engaged in performing soil fur-bearing animals and fish in captivity. preparation services, crop services, The classification includes veterinary services, farm labor and establishments engaged in the production management services and landscape and of bulbs, flower seeds, vegetable seeds, horticultural services on a fee or contract and also specialty operations such as sod basis. Feedlots and poultry hatcheries farms, mushroom cellars, and cranberry operated on a fee or contract basis are bogs. considered agriculture operations, not agriculture services. Agronomy - The art and science of soil management and crop production. AI - Abbreviation for artificial insemination. Alfalfa - A perennial legume that at maturity will have multiple slender stems reaching a height of 15-25 inches with trifoliolate

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linear oblong leaves and purple blooms. American Egg Board (AEB) - The assessment Alfalfa, the principal hay crop grown in arm of the Egg Industry. They usually use the U.S., can also be made into silage, funds collected for promotion and research. pellets, meal or cubes or with very American Farm Bureau - A farmer organization careful managements, used successfully founded in the early twentieth century for as a pasture crop. When harvested prior the purpose of protecting the economic to bloom, it is low in fiber and high in interests of farmers and ranchers. energy. It is a very palatable and American Pima Cotton - An extra long staple nutritious forage rich in vitamins and cotton formerly known as American- minerals and produces the greatest Egyptian cotton in the U.S., grown chiefly amount of protein per acre of any in the irrigated valleys of Arizona, New livestock feed. It is prized as a primary Mexico, and West Texas. Represents only 1 component in dairy cattle rations and is percent of the U.S. cotton crop. Used an important feed for horses, beef cattle, chiefly for thread and high-valued fabrics sheep, and milking goats. and apparel. Developed as the Sea Island Air Cured - Drying and curing tobacco either cotton became extinct in the U.S. outside or in a tobacco barn with natural Amino Acids - The biochemicals serving as the air. building blocks of proteins; 20 different Air Drainage - The flow of cold air downhill. amino acids exist in plants and animals. Freeze sensitive crops are planted on Essential amino acids are those which hillsides so that on calm spring nights the animals cannot produce and rely upon feed cold air will drain down and away from supply to provide. the crop. Ammonium Nitrate - A common chemical All-in, All-out - A hog management system fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis of 33- where the production area or building is 0-0. filled or emptied of hogs all at once. Ammonium Phosphate - A common chemical ALS Herbicides - Herbicides that bind to the fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis of 16- acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme in 27-0. the plant. Ammonium Sulfate - A common chemical ALS Resistance - Resistance is caused by a fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis of 20- modified ALS enzyme that no longer 0-0. allows herbicide binding at the site of Amortization - A detailed plan to repay a loan in a action. When a modified ALS enzyme specified period of time. has been identified, the enzyme is likely Angora Goats - Any of a breed or variety of to be resistant to other ALS inhibitor domestic goat raised for production of its herbicides as well. long, silky hair, called mohair. Alternate Furrowing - Delivery of water to Anhydrous Ammonia - A common chemical alternate furrows to improve irrigation fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis, 82-0- efficiency with a furrow irrigation system 0. (i.e., gated pipe, siphon tube systems). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Alternate Middle Row Spraying - A variable (APHIS) - A USDA agency established to spraying pattern that alternates the conduct regulatory and control programs to middle row to be sprayed. This procedure protect animal and plant health. reduces the amount of pesticides used per Animal Month - A month's tenure upon the range application by one half. by animals of any class. ALS - Acronym for Agricultural Labor Survey.

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Animal Unit (AU) - A standard measure based Area Sampling Frame - All land area in the State on feed requirements (an average daily divided into sampling units called segments. consumption of 26 lbs. dry matter per Arid Region - A geographical region receiving less day) used to combine various classes of than 25 cm. of annual precipitation. Most livestock with size, weight, age, and use. crop production in arid regions requires Animal Unit Month (AUM) - Tenure of one AU irrigation. for one month. Bureau of Land Arms Length Sale - See "Bonafide Sale." Management (BLM) calls an AUM a Army Worm - A yellow and gray larva of a certain Head Month. moth; so called because it travels in large Annual - A plant that completes its life cycle groups or “armies”, destroying crops and from seed to plant, flower, and new seed grasses. in one year or less. Annuals in one state Artificial Insemination - The depositing of semen may be perennials in another state. in the female uterus by artificial rather than Antibiotic - A chemical compound generally by natural means. produced by molds that has the ability to ASA - Acronym for American Soybean Association, inhibit growth of certain bacteria. They an organization of soybean producers. are very effective against illness caused Assessed Value - The value of land on which the by bacteria, but are ineffective against real property tax is based. viruses. Assessments - The valuation of farm or ranch land Antidote - A substance used to counteract for property tax purposes according to its pesticide poisoning. market value. Antimicrobial Agent - See “Antibiotic”. Assets - Market value of real estate, buildings, APHIS - See “Animal and Plant Health implements, livestock, grain stocks, Inspection Service”. purchased inputs and supplies on hand, Apiary - Bee colonies, hives, and other bee rights, such as water rights, allotments, cash, equipment assembled in one location for accounts, etc. which have commercial value. the production of honey. Atrophic Rhinitis - A hog condition that damages Apiculture - The science and art of raising honey the fine filtering membrane tissues in the bees. nose causing them to waste away. In some Application Rate - The amount of pesticide herds, the disease causes severe stunting of applied to a site; usually expressed as a young pigs while showing no effect in other liquid or dry measure per unit area. herds. Aqua Ammonia - A common chemical fertilizer AU - Abbreviation for Animal Unit. having the fertilizer analysis, 20-0-0. Auction - A public sale of assets or commodities Aquaculture - The propagation and raising of through competitive bidding to the highest aquatic plants or animals in a controlled bidder. or selected environment, such as ponds, Auction Barn - A facility for gathering livestock or raceways, tanks, or cages, for all or part other commodities for sale by auction. The of their life cycle. auction bidding and sale are conducted at Aquifer - A naturally occurring underground the facility. Also, referred to as Sale Barn. reservoir of water that can be tapped for Auction Pool - A cooperative method of marketing wells. where individually owned products are Area Sample - A sample of segments selected pooled and sold to the highest bidder. from an area sampling frame. The area Auctioneer - The agent for sellers at an auction who sampling frame is representative of the conducts the bidding and sells the goods at state’s geography and land uses. the highest price. After the sale is

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completed, the auctioneer becomes the Balance of Trade - The difference between the agent for the buyer. amount of exports and imports. The balance AUM - Abbreviation for Animal Unit Month. is positive if exports exceed imports or Avian - Pertaining to poultry and/or fowl. negative when imports exceed exports. Axial Flow Combine - A combine using a Balance Sheet - A list of assets and liabilities in rotating mechanism inside a stationary dollar terms to show the equity or net worth threshing cage to thresh the grain. The of an individual or business. increased threshing area compared to a Bale - Cotton, hay, wool, straw or fodder which has conventional combine results in faster been compacted and tied with wire or twine and cleaner grain harvesting. into units allowing it to be handled and Babcock Test - A test for butterfat quantity in moved. milk and milk products. Bale Accumulator - A trailing attachment for Baby Beef - Steers, 15 months old or under, that conventional hay balers that collects and have been fed a specific ration from birth. automatically unloads about 8 - 12 bales. They usually are well bred and do not Bale Chopper - A tractor-powered implement that weigh over 1,000 pounds. chops up bales of hay for use as a feed or as Backfat - The amount of fat covering on the back bedding for livestock. of a live animal or a carcass. The Bale Ejector - An attachment for conventional hay measurement is usually taken over the balers that throws bales into a trailing wagon ribs and is used to determine yield grade. to eliminate hand loading. Backfire - A fire set intentionally ahead of an Bale Mover - A device for mechanically moving advancing forest or prairie fire to burn large bales of hay; attaches to a tractor 3- brush, etc. and stop or control the main point hitch or front-end loader, mounted in a fire. truck bed, or trailed behind a tractor or Backgrounding - Preparing young cattle for the truck. feedlot by getting them used to Balling Forceps - A pair of tongs for administering confinement facilities and feeds. Also, medicine, especially pills, capsules, etc., to the drylot growing of feeder calves with animals; used to place medicine on the back harvested forage feeds. of the tongue. Backhaul - Hauling cargo on the return trip. Balling Gun - Dispenser with a plunger mechanism Bacon - The side or back portion of a hog in the barrel used to place medicine in the carcass, with ribs removed; cured by form of pills or capsules in the back of an salting and smoking. animal’s mouth or down its throat so the Bait - A food or other material which will attract animal cannot spit the medicine out. a pest to a pesticide or to a trap. Band - Flock of sheep. Large flocks are broken up Balanced Fertilizer - A soil additive containing into separate bands for easier handling, such the proper proportions of each essential as yearling band, aged band, drop band, etc. mineral element to develop a plant or Band Application - [Pesticide] A herbicide crop. application made in a narrow band, usually Balanced Ration - A daily allowance of over or alongside a row. [Fertilizer] A livestock or poultry feed; mixed to method of applying fertilizer in bands near furnish all necessary nutrients in the plant rows, where the fertilizer will be more proportions and amounts needed for efficiently used rather than applying it to the normal functioning and growth. entire soil surface. Bang's Disease - See "Brucellosis." Bantam - Any dwarf or miniature breed of domestic poultry.

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Bar Coded Labels - Mailing labels which display Base Acreage - The average acreage of a crop on a machine-readable parallel, black lines farm that is used in acreage limitation representing identification information programs and to calculate farm program such as the census file number and other acreage. It is usually the actual planted desired codes. Bar coded labels increase acreage of the crop on the farm in the the speed and accuracy of the check-in previous year, although the previous 2-year process and accomplish extremely fast average could be used when adjusted for sorting into processing groups and states disasters, crop rotations, and other factors as by use of rapid laser scanner/sorter necessary to make it fair and equitable. machines. Basis - The difference between two prices, such as a Barbadose Sheep - A hair sheep ranging in color commodity cash price and its futures price from light tan to dark mahogany red with assuming the same quality standards. Basis black breed markings on the face, legs, reflects the marketing costs of storage, belly, chin, and chest. May be referred to transportation, and supply and demand. as “ Blackbelly” or “Blackbellies”. Battery - A series of cages used for raising chicks Barbed Wire - Fencing made of twisted wires, to without a hen; for fattening chickens and form one strand, and to which sharp broilers for market; for confining laying pointed wires (barbs) are attached at short hens to increase egg production. intervals. These barbs are intended to Bbl. - Abbreviation for barrel. scratch livestock as they rub against the Bd. - Abbreviation for board. barbed fence wire discouraging them Bearing Acres - Plantings of sufficient maturity to from breaking down or damaging the be commercially producing even though fence and leaving the field. they may not yet be producing at full mature Bark - [Cattle] The fat covering on a carcass. capacity. Barn - A farm building used for the storage of Bedding - [Floriculture] Flowering and vegetable hay, grain, farm implements, and/or the plants seeded and grown indoors with the housing of livestock. intent to transplant them outdoors when Barnyard - Fenced lot next to a barn to enclose conditions permit. [Livestock] Straw, livestock. leaves, sawdust, sand, peat moss, pine straw, Barrel (Bbl.) - A volume unit of measure, used etc., to make a bed where an animal may lie. as a standard for selling and trading Bee - Any of several social honey producing bees. certain commodities in certain areas of Bee Pasture - Vegetation visited by bees for nectar the country. or pollen. Barren - [Land] An area unable to support Beef - Meat derived from cattle nearly one year old vegetation. [Livestock or Crop] or older. Incapable of producing offspring, seed or Beef Cattle - Any breed of cow, heifer, bull, or steer fruit. raised primarily for meat consumption. Barrow -[Hogs] A male hog who was castrated Beef Cows - Cows, regardless of breed, kept before reaching breeding age and before primarily to raise or nurse calves. the development of secondary sex Beehive - Domicile prepared for a colony of bees. characteristics. Beekeeper - One who keeps bees for income. Beeswax - A secretion from glands on the underside of a bee's abdomen that is molded to form honeycomb.

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Beneficial Insects - Insects collected and Blending - [Textiles] The mixing of other fibers introduced into locations because of their with cotton. The resulting textile product value in biologic control as prey on combines the unique properties or harmful insects and parasites. Natural characteristics of the fibers in the blend, insect enemies used to control important often providing a superior final product in insect pests. some uses. Biennial - A plant requiring 2 years, or at least Blight - A disease characterized by general and part of two growing seasons, with a rapid killing of leaves, flowers, and stems. dormant period between growth stages to BLM - Acronym for Bureau of Land Management. complete its life cycle. Bloat - Excessive accumulation of gases in the Bin - A storage structure used for storage of rumen of an animal; often caused by grazing grains. on legume forage. May cause death. Bin Burn - The discoloration and deterioration of Block - An area of land that is the same as a field. bin stored grain due to heat. Block Salt - A cube of about 10 in. of compressed, Bin Run - Designating products (grain, potatoes, sometimes medicated salt for consumption etc.) as taken from the bin and not graded by domesticated animals. for size and quality. Blood Meal - Dried, ground animal blood which is Biodegradable - A substance that decomposes heated to coagulation, drained, and then by microorganisms usually present in the pressed to remove remaining water. The soil. meal is 80% hard-to-digest protein, but it is Biological Control - Control of pests using mixed into some livestock feeds. natural means, e.g., control of aphids by Bloom - [Crops] The blossom or flower part of a ladybugs. plant. [Livestock] Refers to the beauty and Biological Yield - The gross/total amount of crop freshness of a female in early lactation or produced by plants expressed as a rate animals in peak condition for show or sale. per unit; for example, bushels per acre or Blue Mold - A disease in tobacco plant beds. It is pounds per tree. characterized by cupped leaves with a Biotechnology Seed Varieties - Genetically whitish or violet-colored moldy growth over modified seed varieties that have been the lower surfaces. It kills young plants and developed to possess particular the leaf tissues of older plants. “input” or “output” traits. Boar - A male hog, usually kept for breeding purposes. Birth Weight - The weight of a calf taken within Board (Bd.) - [Lumber] Lumber of all widths one- 24 hours after birth. Heavy birth weights inch thick and more than 4 inches wide. tend to be correlated with calving Board of Trade - See "Chicago Board of Trade." problems, but the conformation of the Board Foot - The amount of lumber equivalent to a calf and the cow are contributing factors. measurement of 1 foot x 1 foot x 1 inch (12" Black Frost - A blackening of vegetation which x 12" x 1"). occurs when the temperature drops low Bog - A wet, lake basin depression filled with acid enough below the freezing point to peat and covered with mosses, etc. Are destroy vegetation, including staple cultivated to raise cranberries. crops; there is no actual deposit of frost Boll - The rounded seed pod of cotton or flax. crystals. Bolus - A large pill for dosing animals. Bonafide Sale - The voluntary transfer of property Blackbelly Sheep - See “Barbadose Sheep”. by willing persons, acting knowledgeably and prudently, where the owner receives compensation for the property. Sales reflect market price. July 2004 8 Terms And Definitions

Bonded Warehouse - Warehouse owners British Thermal Unit (BTU) - A standard unit for approved by the U.S. Treasury measuring heat energy. The quantity of heat Department, and under bond or guarantee needed to raise the temperature of one for the strict observance of the revenue pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. laws; used for storing goods until duties Broadcast - To sow seeds or fertilizer in all are paid or goods are otherwise released. directions by scattering. Boot - The sheath of the last (flag) leaf in small Broadcast Application - The uniform pesticide grains through which the grain head application to an entire field or area. emerges. Broad-Spectrum Pesticide - A pesticide that is Borrowing Capacity - The amount of credit an effective against a wide range of species; operator has with lending institutions. usually applied to insecticides and Bottom Lands - Lands, usually flood plains, fungicides. adjacent to a river or stream. Broiler - A young domestic breed chicken grown Bovine - Pertaining to cattle. for meat purposes only. Bovine Growth Hormone - See "Bovine Broiler-Feed Ratio - Number of pounds of broiler Somatotropin." ration equal in value to one pound of live Bovine Somatotropin (BST) - A natural broiler; that is, the price received by farmers hormone that has been linked to milk for one pound of broiler divided by the price production in dairy cows. Injections of of a pound of broiler feed. BST in lactating dairy cows may increase Brood - [Bee & Honey] The collective name for the milk production by up to 25%. egg, larvae, and pupae in a honeybee Box - Measurement of fruit entering a colony. [Mature animals] A female animal packinghouse that weighs 85 pounds and or hen kept for breeding purposes, usually equals 1 3/5 bushel. because of their strong mothering and Brace Root - A type of root growing above nurturing instincts. [Young animals] The ground, acts as part of the stem and young of any animal. serves to support the plant like a guy Brood Chamber - The section of the hive in which wire. Frequently seen in corn. a brood is reared and food may be stored. Bran - The outer layers of a grain removed in Brooder - A hooded device used to control air milling. Used as livestock feed or human temperature for poults and chicks during the food. first several weeks of age. Brand - [Livestock] Permanent scar on an Brooder House - A structure in which chicks are animal’s hide used to identify ownership raised without a mother. or a unique herd number. It is made by Broodfish - Fish kept for egg production, including applying an extremely hot or cold iron to males. Broodfish produce the fertilized eggs the animal's hide. [Pesticide] The which go to hatcheries. The most desirable specific, registered manufacturer’s name size for broodfish is 3 to 10 pounds or 4 to 6 of a pesticide product; same as trade years. name or proprietary name. [Equipment] Browse - Small woody plants with tender shoots The company or manufacturer of a used as feed by goats, sheep, and cattle. product. Bred - A pregnant female animal. Breed - Animals having a common origin and distinguishing characteristics.

9 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Brucellosis - A bacterial disease of hogs or cattle. Bulk Tank - A refrigerated, stainless steel container Its symptoms are abortions, paralysis in used to cool and store milk. They vary in the rear-end of the animal, inflammation size depending on the farmer's herd size. If of the testicles in males or the uterus in properly cooled, milk may be safely held up females, and in some cases sterility. The to two days before being taken to a milk disease is spread by eating contaminated processing plant. feed and water or using infected boars for Bull - Male cattle capable of and usually kept for breeding. breeding purposes. BST or Bst - Bovine somatotropin. Bull Rows - See "Male Rows." Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) Variety - Bump Weaning -A weaning process in hogs where Developed through bioengineering, there is an attempt to save all living piglets Bt corn contains an insecticidal versus some approaches which kill or protein. The protein, which is present destroy any runt or undersized piglets. in all green parts of the Bt corn plant, Bunch - The unit by which fresh-cut miniature carnations and pompon chrysanthemums are kills various insects, including corn sold. There is no standard size and may borer. Bt cotton was developed to vary depending upon the State where they control three major cotton pests: the were grown and the time of year. tobacco budworm and the cotton and Bunch Grass - A grass that grows in tufts and does pink bollworms. Include varieties not spread by rhizomes or stolons. that have been genetically modified to Bunk Feeder - A long trough used to feed livestock. contain more than one gene that can Feed may be distributed with an elevator or resist different types of insects. For auger running the length of the feeder or by example, a corn variety with Bt traits driving a feed wagon along the feeder. for both corn borer and rootworm Bunker Silo - A horizontal silo consisting of two should be included as a Bt variety. vertical side walls usually 8 to 10 feet high, 18 feet apart and as long as desired. This example is NOT a stacked gene Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Federal variety since it resists two different Agency created in 1934 to manage and types of insects. administer 264 million acres of public land. BTU - Abbreviation for British thermal unit. Over 18,000 leases cover 164 million acres Bu. - Abbreviation for bushel. of grazing land primarily in the western Bubblers - A low-pressure emitter with an states. irrigation system (usually drip) that does Burn - [Livestock] Crippled or bruised livestock not spray but allows water to bubble usually sold for a token price. through the emitter. Burned Lime - Liming compound formed when Buck - Male goat, slang for male sheep. limestone is heated to drive off carbon Bud - A region of plant tissue with the potential dioxide, leaving the oxide form. for developing leaves, branches, flowers, Bushel (Bu.) - A volume unit of measure, often used or combinations of leaves and flowers. as a standard for selling and trading crop Buffer Strips - An untreated border or strip next commodities. In practice, commodities are to a susceptible target area to provide traded on a weight basis whereby, a USDA protection. standard weight and moisture content Buffer Zone - A 5 foot row length separating the representing a bushel has been established final pace from the beginning of the for each commodity. count unit for Objective Yield Surveys. Butcher - Killing, cutting-up and processing of an Bulb - A modified stem of a plant that contains animal carcass for meat and usable by- stored food for the undeveloped shoots. products. July 2004 10 Terms And Definitions

Butterfat - The fat found in milk. Cap - [Bee & Honey] Covering a cell with beeswax. Buyer's Invoice - An itemized listing of all CAPI - Acronym for Computer Assisted Personal commodities or goods purchased by a Interview. A hand-held or laptop computer buyer on a given date. Some firms used instead of a paper questionnaire, to maintain separate invoices for different complete a survey interview. classes of animals. Capon - Castrated male chicken. Cablegation - A modified gated pipe system Carcass - The body of a slaughtered meat animal which uses a moving plug attached by a after organs, hide, head, and other nonedible cable inside the pipe to deliver water parts have been removed. sequentially to furrows. Carcass Weight - See "Dressed Weight." Calf - Any young cattle weighing less than 500 Carcinogen - Any cancer producing substance. pounds. Carding - A yarn manufacturing process by which Calf Crop - The number of calves produced by a fibers are sorted, separated, partially aligned, given number of cows over a specified and cleaned of foreign matter. period of time. Cargo Preference Act - Whenever the U.S. Call Back - A situation where a respondent has contracts for or furnishes to any nation been contacted and for a variety of without provision for reimbursement, any possible reasons must be recontacted. A equipment, materials or commodities, the call back may be needed to clarify a U.S. shall ship using U.S. flag vessels, if response from the original interview they are available at fair and reasonable because of its relationship to other rates, at least 50% of the gross tonnage. reported data, or to meet with the person Carrier - [Shipping] Rail, ship, barge, airline or best able to provide the information trucking companies involved in transporting requested. goods. Call Contract - See "Delayed Pricing Contract." Carrier Material - [Fertilizer] See "Inert Material." Calorie - The amount of energy required to raise Carrying Capacity - [Range Management] the temperature of one gram of water by Maximum population of a species possible one degree Celsius. without damaging the vegetation or related Calving - The process of giving birth in cattle. resources. It may vary from year to year Candling - Examination of an egg in front of a because of fluctuation in forage production. light to observe features related with Carryover - [Grain Stocks] The supplies, volume, hatch ability and edible quality, such as or stock of a farm commodity not yet used at air cell size, yolk shadow position, the end of a marketing year; carried over presence of blood or meat spots and into the next marketing year. [Pesticides] presence or lack of germ development. Chemical pesticide residuals remaining in Cane Mill - A facility for grinding sugarcane into the soil a year or more after being applied. raw sugar. Residual levels are influenced by chemical Cannibalism - A poultry habit of pecking at type, amount of rainfall, and soil type. The other fowls. Blood may be drawn and in carryover from some chemicals may effect severe cases the victim may be killed. the growth of certain crops planted in later Canopy - The foliage (leaves, stems, flowers, years. etc.) formed collectively by the tops of Carton - A unit for measuring fruit leaving a plants growing close together. packinghouse that weighs 425 pounds and Canopy Management - Controlling growth of equals 4/5 bushel. Two cartons equal one the plant and its leaves through the use of box. pruning in order to control pests or diseases.

11 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Cash Accounting - An accounting system in Caustic Paste - A paste applied to the head of a calf which business expenses are deductible to prevent horn development by destroying in the tax year in which they are paid, the development tissues. regardless of when delivery was made or CBOT - Acronym for Chicago Board of Trade. scheduled to be made. CCC- Acronym for Commodity Credit Corporation. Cash Crop - A crop produced for direct cash Cell - Single unit of space in a honeycomb in which sale. honey is stored or honeybees can be raised. Cash Grain Farm - A farm on which corn, grain Cellulosic Fibers - All fiber of plant or vegetable sorghum, small grains, soybeans, or field origin. These fibers include natural fibers beans and peas account for at least 50 such as cotton, linen, and jute, and manmade percent of the value of products sold. fibers such as rayon and acetate. Cash Price - The actual price paid for an item, Census of Agriculture - A count taken every five less any discounts or rebates. years (for years ending in “2" or “7") of the Cash Receipts - Receipts which include sales number of farms, land in farms, crop acreage and trade-in allowances from transactions and production, livestock numbers and on the farm, concerning animals poultry production, farm spending, farm facilities and dairy products, crops, machinery, and equipment, farm tenure, economic data farm improvements, work off the farm, and so forth. State and county data are etc. published. Cash Rent - Fixed, predetermined dollar amount Center Pivot - A sprinkler device which distributes paid for the use of land, buildings, water through a series of sprinklers attached equipment, livestock, etc. to a self-propelled pipe. The pipe is Castration - The removal of male testicles or to anchored at one end and travels in a otherwise make a male incapable of complete or partial circle from the anchored breeding. end. It is held above the crop by towers Catch - [Livestock] Indicates conception has with wheels which provide mobility. taken place after breeding. [Crops] The Cereal Crop - A grass crop grown primarily for its degree of plant emergence for crops such seed, which is used for feed or food, e.g., as small grains, forage crops or turf grass wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn. which have been broadcast or drilled in Certified Seed - Seed that meets rigid standards of narrow rows. purity and germination and is so designated Catfish Bargaining Board (CBA) - A nonprofit by an authorized agency. cooperative organization for marketing Certified Applicator - A person certified to use farm-raised catfish. restricted use pesticides; a certified private CATI - Acronym for Computer Assisted applicator also may direct the use of Telephone Interview. restricted use pesticides. A commercial Cattle on Feed - Cattle or calves for slaughter applicator must be certified to use or direct market on full feed and expected to the use of any pesticide. produce a carcass grading select or better. CFA - Acronym for Catfish Farmers of America. Cattle on Shares - An arrangement very similar CFC - A group of Chlora Flora Carbon compounds; to a production contract. Typically, a commonly used as refrigerants in air cattle owner (like a contractor) will place conditioners or other cooling equipment. cattle on an operation with excess grazing Chaff - The lighter plant-tissue fragments released land (like a contractee), and the land in threshing. owner will receive a share of the calves as the fee for grazing the cattle.

July 2004 12 Terms And Definitions

Check Data - Information derived from Cigar Binder - A type of tobacco, usually broadleaf inspections, marketings, acreages used to bind the filler portion of cigars. contracted or certified, assessments, Cigar Filler - Tobacco leaves placed in the core of a ginnings, and other sources that have cigar. The leaf fragments are as long as the some direct relation to a commodity and cigar in superior brands and short or can be used, with varying degrees of shredded in low-priced cigars. confidence, to supplement survey data in Cigar Wrapper - A shade-grown tobacco leaf of the the preparation or revision of estimates. Cuban variety tobacco group used as the Check-Off - A fee collected on each unit of a outside wrapper of cigars. Plants are shaded commodity going to market. Fees by a screen of open-mesh cotton fabric collected are administered by a producer during growth to protect the leaves from selected board, usually to fund research getting holes. and promotion of products made from the Citrus Caretaker - An organization or person commodity. caring for or managing citrus groves for Cheese - Food made from milk curds. others. Chemical Fallow - The application of herbicides Citrus Caretakers Enumeration - A special field to keep cultivated land free of vegetative enumeration of citrus fruit grove managers growth by destroying weeds or to or grove management organizations in conserve moisture for the next crop. Florida, Texas, and Arizona, conducted Chemigation - The application of an agricultural several months prior to the regular census chemical by injecting it into irrigation mailing. These caretakers manage or water. perform services on large acreages of groves Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) - A that are owned by many people who usually commodity exchange specializing in do not have the necessary information to trading grain's futures contracts. The complete an Ag Census form. The caretaker CBOT is located in Chicago, IL. is considered to be the farm operator and he Chick Starter - A balanced feed for the quick completes on report form for his entire growth of a baby chick, consisting of management operation. Many of the grove ground grains, meat scraps, leaf meal, owners are not on the census mailing list, soybean meal, dried milk, limestone, therefore, this direct enumeration provides iodized salt, vitamins, antibiotics, and more complete and accurate information other items. with the least respondent burden. Chilling Injury - Damage to such horticultural Claims Filed - A designation describing a situation products as papaya, sweet potato, and where the respondent claims that he has cucumber from exposure to cold but completed and returned a census report above-freezing temperatures. when contacted on a follow-up. Most valid Chilling Requirement - A cold period required claims filed situations are caused by by certain plants to break dormancy and undetected name and address duplication on resume growth; often expressed in terms the census mailing list; however, they can be of the number of hours required at 7 the result of duplicate labeling and mailing degrees C. or less. of a portion of the mail file. Chronic Exposure - Exposure to small, repeated Classified - A farm, ranch or agribusiness eligible to doses of a pesticide over a period of time. be selected for a particular survey based on Cider - The juice pressed from apples; unless their control data. pasteurized it ferments rapidly. Clay - [Soil] Small soil particles having a diameter C.I.F. - Abbreviation for Cost, Insurance, and less than 0.002 mm. [Soil Texture] See Freight. "Soil Texture (1) Clay."

13 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Clay Loam - See "Soil Texture (2) Clay Loam." Commercial Applicator - A person who uses or Clear-cut - An area from which all the trees have directs the use of any pesticide, either been removed. directly or through an employee, for any Climate - The sum total of all atmospheric purpose or on any property, other than as a influences, principally temperature, private applicator. The term does not apply moisture, wind, and evaporation which to a person who applies a pesticide, other characterize a region and give it than a restricted use pesticide, solely for individuality by influencing the nature of household purposes in and around the soils, vegetation, and land use. person's residence. Closed Range - Rangeland suitable for grazing Commission Charges - Charges levied by a but closed to grazing by domestic commission firm to the seller of the animals. livestock. Charges are for freight, yardage, Cloth - A textile product obtained by felting, feed, and the collection of payment from the fusing, weaving, knitting, braiding, or purchaser. It is generally a percentage of the bonding of fibers. gross value of sale. Cob - The chaffy stem where kernels of corn Commission Firm - A firm through which sellers grow. can introduce their livestock into a terminal Cock - The adult male fowl. market. The firm collects a fee for each Cockerel - A male chicken less than a year old. animal sold and does not take title to the Cold Frame - A small, transparent, low to the livestock. ground, unheated, covered shelter used to Commodity - Any agricultural or agricultural by- protect plants from low temperatures. product available for sale. Collar - A distinctive band, of a different color, Commodity, Contract - The crop specified in the marking, or texture, placed around the production flexibility contract. Eligible neck of an animal for identification. commodities are wheat, corn, sorghum, Colony - Social community of several thousand barley, oats, upland cotton, and rice. worker bees, usually containing a queen Commodity Credit Corporation(CCC) - A with or without drones. government owned and operated entity Colostrum - Milk produced by female mammals created to stabilize, support, and protect for the first few hours or days after farm income and prices. CCC helps giving birth. It is high in antibodies and maintain balanced and adequate supplies of nutrients needed by newborns. agricultural commodities and in their orderly Colt - A young male horse or mule under four distribution. It aides producers through years of age. loans, purchases, payments, and other Comb - See "Honeycomb." operations, and makes available materials Combine - A machine that harvests and threshes and facilities required in the production and in one operation. marketing of agricultural commodities. Comments - Information about an operation, CCC also is authorized to sale agricultural kept on file to remind the enumerator in commodities to other government agencies later interviews of an unusual situation. or foreign governments, and make food donations to domestic, foreign, or international relief agencies. It assists in the development of new domestic and foreign markets and marketing facilities for agricultural commodities. Commodity Exchange - A brokerage house specializing in the trading of commodity futures contracts.

July 2004 14 Terms And Definitions

Commodity Futures Trading Commission See the “NASDA Employee Handbook” for regulations. ((CCFTC) - An independent government Confinement - Raising livestock where they are commission which regulates commodity retained in an area with a minimal square trading at the 11 U.S. futures exchanges. footage per animal for maximum year round CFTC also regulates the activities of production. numerous commodity exchange Conservation - Wise or economical use of natural members, public brokerage houses, resources. commodity trading advisors, and Conservation District - Any unit of local commodity pool operators. government formed for the purpose of Common Use - A term to describe grazing land carrying out a local soil and water used by more than one operation at the conservation program. same time. Conservation Plan - A combination of land uses Companion Crop - See "Nurse Crop." and practices to protect and improve soil Complete Feed - A feed ration which, through productivity and to prevent soil deterioration the use of feed additives, is nutritionally from erosion or other adverse effects. balanced for a particular livestock group. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) - A Compost - A mixture consisting largely of program established by the USDA in 1985 decayed organic matter that is used for to take land prone to erosion out of fertilizing and conditioning soil. production for 10 to 15 years and devote it Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing to conserving uses. In return, farmers may (CATI) - A system of telephone survey receive an annual rental payment for or census enumeration which uses carrying out approved conservation interactive terminals linked to a practices on the conservation acreage. computer. The interviewer reads survey Conservation Tillage - Any of several tillage and or census questions from the terminal planting methods that leave a minimum of screen display and enters the responses 30 percent of the soil surface covered by interactively. The CATI system crop residue following planting. The automatically displays names to be called method should provide for seed germination, and keeps track of call back plant growth, and weed control yet maintain appointments and the status of every case effective ground cover throughout the year in the telephone survey backlog. and disturb the soil as little as possible. It Concentrate - See "Feed Concentrate." reduces soil loss and energy use while Concentration - The amount of active ingredient maintaining crop yields and quality. Weeds in a given volume or weight of are controlled primarily with herbicides. formulation. Conserving Use - Land idled from production and Condiment Plant - A plant which yields spices planted in a soil-conserving crop, such as or other seasoning material. annual, biennial, or perennial grasses, or Condition - [Livestock] Refers to the amount of other soil-conserving crops. body weight, the quality of the hair coat, Consumer Price Index - An index to measure the and the general health of animals. average change in prices over time for a Confidentiality - The assurance from NASS to fixed set of goods and services. Prices are respondents, backed by federal law, that collected in 85 urban areas from over 18,000 individual information collected on tenants, 18,000 housing units for property authorized USDA surveys will not be taxes, and about 24,000 establishments released to any person, organization or (grocery and department stores, hospitals, institution, including court subpoenas. service stations, etc.).

15 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Contact Herbicide - A herbicide that kills a plant beginning of the production cycle for a by coming in contact with the plants given number of acres, or number of animals leaves. or birds. The contractee has a minimum Continuous Farrowing - A continuously used amount of risk since the amount of payment hog farrowing facility, never completely to be received is agreed upon prior to or vacated as in an All-In, All-Out System. during the production period. The Contour Farming - Field operations such as contractee does not receive the commodity’s plowing, planting, cultivating, and full market value and may have quality or harvesting at right angles to the ground’s other adjustments. natural slope to reduce soil erosion, Contract Sale - A sale negotiated for a future date. protect soil fertility, and use water more May be based on the delivery date market efficiently. Furrows, crop rows, and price or a predetermined price. wheel tracks across the slope act as Contract Work - Work performed on a farm or miniature terraces. ranch, such as fruit or vegetable picking, Contract - A binding agreement, either written or where the provider of the service (crew verbal, between the farm operator leader, contractor, etc.) is paid for the use of (contractee) and another party materials, equipment or labor as agreed to (contractor) specifying one or more informally or as specified in a contract. conditions for the production and/or Payment is usually on a per unit basis, or for marketing of a farm commodity. the entire job. Contract Acreage - See “Base Acreage”. Control Data - Information on file about individual Contract Crop - A crop eligible for production farm or ranch operations which defines the flexibility payments: wheat, corn, type and size of the operation, i.e. acres of sorghum, barley, oats, rice, and upland cropland, grain storage capacity, livestock cotton. numbers by species, etc. Contractee or Contract Grower - A person who Conventional Gravity - Any of several types of is responsible for producing or raising a irrigation methods in which water flows by contractor's commodity (poultry, gravity from its source through the field. livestock, crops) for a fee or other Conventional Moldboard - A plow equipped with a financial considerations. moldboard which receives the furrow slice Contractor - A person or firm offering a contract and turns it partially or completely over. agreement to a producer (contractee). Conventional Sprinkler - A less efficient sprinkler The contractor typically owns the irrigation system such as hand move, commodity (crop, poultry, or livestock), permanent or high pressure center pivot and may supply the feed, medicine and sprinkler systems. other such items, but does not care for the Conventional Tillage - A tillage system where commodity. 100% of the soil's surface layer is mixed or Contract Production - Producing crops or inverted by plowing, power tillage or livestock under an agreement where the multiple discing. The number and type of owner of the commodity (contractor) operations varies with the crop and area. supplies some or most of the inputs for Converted Wetlands - Wetlands that have been production and the farmer (contractee) drained or otherwise manipulated for the usually provides inputs such as labor, purpose of producing agricultural utilities, housing, machinery, and/or commodities. equipment. The contractee is limited in Cool Season Plant - A plant in which peak growth the control over the amount produced and occurs during the spring or fall. It does not the production practices used. Usually, grow well under hot conditions. the contract is established at the

July 2004 16 Terms And Definitions

Cooperative - A voluntarily organized Corporation - A corporation is a legal form of association controlled by its members or organization separate from its owners patrons. Individuals pool their resources (shareholders). It is created (incorporated) and share in the profits. under the laws of the individual states. The Cooperative State Research, Education, and state then recognizes its existence as a Extension Service - A USDA agency corporation and permits it to engage in providing farmers and rural people activities (for example, farming) provided leadership, evaluation, and coordination for in its articles of incorporation. in support of state and county educational Corporations may include both large programs. It also provides access to incorporated companies and family agricultural research and information on corporation farms that filed articles of federal regulations and policy, food incorporation. safety, agricultural marketing, disaster Corral - A fenced in area for holding or capturing awareness, sustainable agriculture, waste horses, cattle, or other animals. management, water quality, and youth at Cost, Insurance, and Freight - [Ocean Shipping] risk. The former Extension Service is The seller's price that includes the cost of now a part of this Agency. goods, marine insurance, and transportation Corduroy - A pile-filling fabric with ridges of (freight) charges to the point of destination. pile running lengthwise, creating a ribbed Cost of Production - The average amount in surface. dollars per unit used in growing or raising a Corn (Maize) for grain - An annual stemmed farm product, including all purchased inputs cereal plant that can grow to 7 or 8 feet and sometimes including allowances for tall with one or two large grain ears management and the use of owned land. pollinated from tassels. Corn produces The cost may be expressed in units of a many more bushels of grain per acre than bushel, pound, ton or per-acre, depending on any other feed grains. It is used as a food the product involved. crop, animal feed, and as a source of oil, Cotton - A soft, white vegetable fiber obtained from syrup and other products. Corn, grown the seed pod of the cotton plant. The two throughout the country, requires good principal types of cotton grown in the U.S. soil and large amounts of water making are upland cotton and American Pima the Midwest the best producing area. It cotton. also requires a large amount of fertilizer, Cotton Board - A quasi-government organization more than any other crop, particularly whose members are appointed by the nitrogen. Secretary of Agriculture from nominees of Corn (Maize) for silage - See “Silage”. cotton producer organizations. The board Corn-Hog Ratio - Number of bushels of corn receives and disburses grower assessments equal in value to 100 pounds of live to finance the Cotton Incorporated program. hogs; the price per hundredweight Cotton Compress - The equipment which forms the received by farmers for hogs divided by ginned raw cotton into a bale. The first the bushel price of corn. compression, primarily to modified flat or Corner Catcher - A center-pivot mainline universal bale dimensions, is performed at system extension that swings out at the the gin. Further compression of flat or corners. modified flat bales is performed at cotton Corporate Farm - A legally incorporated farm; warehouse locations. can be of any size, including family Cotton Council - See “National Cotton Council of farms. America.”

17 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Cotton Council International (CCI) - The Cotton Square - Unopened cotton flower bud. overseas operations of the National Cotton Staple - Used in reference to the length Council of America. The CCI’s primary and fineness of cotton fiber. objective is to develop markets for U.S. Cotton System - A process originally used to exports. manufacture cotton fiber into yarn and now Cotton Count - [Yarn] A numbering system used extensively for producing spun yarns based on the number of 840 yard lengths of manmade fibers, including blends. in a pound. The higher the number the Cottonseed - Seed of cotton with the lint removed. finer the yarn. A single strand of #10 Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seed yarn is expressed as 10s or 10/1. A 10s through a crushing process. The residue has 8,400 yards to the pound; a pound of (cottonseed cake or meal) is used as 20s yarn is 16,800 yards long. [Woven livestock feed. Cloth] The number of warp ends and Cottonseed Cake - Residue left after extraction of filling picks per inch. If a cloth is 68 X oil from cottonseeds. It contains more than 72, there are 68 ends and 72 picks per 36% protein and is sold according to its inch in the fabric. An end is a warp yarn protein or nitrogen content. or thread that runs lengthwise or Cottonseed Hulls - The outer covering of the vertically in cloth. The ends interlace at cottonseed. It is residue after the extraction right angles with filling yarn (picks) to of the oil and used extensively as a livestock make woven fabric. [Knitted Fabric] feed. Count indicates the number of wales and Cottonseed Meal - The residue of cottonseed courses per inch. A course is a crosswise kernels after the extraction of oil. It is used row of loops or stitches, as a protein supplement in livestock feed. Count Limb - A randomly selected tree limb on similar to the filling of woven fabric. A which fruit or nut counts are made for wale is a lengthwise series of loops in a Objective Yield Surveys. knitted fabric. Count Unit - A small plot in an Objective Yield Cotton Exchange - A membership organization Survey sample field where observations and which provides facilities where cotton counts are made. A unit is laid out by futures contracts are bought and sold. following specific procedures in marking its Cotton Gin - A machine that separates cotton boundaries with florist stakes and flagging fibers from the seed on which they were ribbon. produced. Counter-Cyclical Payments - Provides Cotton Incorporated - A private corporation participating farmers with a payment if the acting as the marketing and research target price exceeds the effective price for organization representing U.S. cotton the commodity, otherwise the counter- growers. cyclical payment rate equals zero for the Cotton Quality - Three major components of commodity. cotton quality, grade, staple and Coverage - The degree of completeness and micronaire, are included in official accuracy in the count of producing units and USDA cotton quality classifications. items counted by the census, e.g., farms, Added fiber properties, including length, land in farms, etc. uniformity, and strength, are also recognized as important and are increasingly being measured by instrument testing. Grade depends on the color, trash content, and preparation (smoothness) of the cotton sample.

July 2004 18 Terms And Definitions

Cover Crop(s) - Any of several plants, such as Crop Dusting - Spreading insecticides, fungicides, rye, wheat, or oats, sown in the fall to herbicides in the form of powder or spray make sufficient growth before winter to from a helicopter, airplane, or tractor- aid in protecting soil from wind and mounted duster. water erosion. In the spring it is plowed Crop Insurance - Farmers select from various types under and used as green manure. A of insurance policies to partially protect spring planted cover crop is planted to their income. One common type of policy protect a slower germinating or growing helps minimize losses due to natural causes crop (i.e., small grins planted as a cover such a drought, excessive moisture, hail, crop for newly seeded alfalfa.) wind, frost, insects, and disease. The farmer [Orchards] A close-growing crop grown selects the amount of average yield to insure primarily to protect and improve soil (usually 50 to 75%) and can select the between trees and vines in orchards and percent of the predicted price he or she vineyards. wants to insure (usually 55 to 100% of the Covered Production Area - Any growing area crop price established annually by the Risk with a permanent or temporary cover Management Agency). If the harvest is less such as glass, fiberglass, or plastic over than the yield insured, the farmer is paid an greenhouses. indemnity which is calculated by Cow - Female bovine that has had at least one multiplying the yield difference by the calf. insured percentage of the price selected Cow-Calf - A cow with nursing calf. when the insurance was purchased. Creamery - A business which buys milk and/or Crop Reporter - A person, usually a farmer or cream and prepares finished dairy rancher, who completes a report to NASS on products, such as various kinds of milk, various agricultural or environmental cheese, butter, ice cream, etc., for the questions. Questions include estimating the market. crop outlook or its percentage of normal, Credit - The ability to obtain loan or services number of sows farrowing, number of cattle based upon a promise to pay. Credit is a for market, acres of crops, etc. for the resource that can be used or held in farming operation or locality. reserve. Even a debt-free operation may Crop Residue - That part of a plant left in the field have credit, but in the case of the debt- after harvest or abandonment; leaves, free operation, all of its credit is in stubble, roots, straw, etc. reserve. Crop Rotation - The growing of different crops in a Creep Feed - To give extra feed by means of repeating sequence on the same land. small opening in panels that permit only Crop Surplus - See "Carryover." smaller-sized animals to enter. Crop Termination - Ending the growing season Crib - A type of storage structure for ear corn. after harvest by removing fruit or nuts Criteria Letters - Questionnaires mailed to (mummies, etc.) which remain on trees or possible farm operators to determine if vines. the operation is a farm. The Crop Turn - [Floriculture] When the same growing questionnaires collect information such area is used to grow more than one crop. as telephone numbers, farm names, and This is the same as refilling. partners names as well as basic control Crop Year - The year in which a crop is harvested. data. Crop - A plant which is harvested for use by people or livestock.

19 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Cropland - Land which can produce a crop for Cut Cultivated Greens - Leatherleaf ferns and harvest (pasture and timber are not other cultivated greens used in arrangement considered crops). Cropland includes of flowers. Excludes greens grown in the land cropped, idle land suitable for wild. cropping, land in orchards, etc. Do not Cut Flowers - Standard and pompon gladioli, include woodland, marshes, or land chrysanthemums, hybrid tea and sweetheart suitable only for pasture. roses, standard and miniature carnations, Cropland Harvested - See “Harvested and all other flowers that have been Cropland”. removed from a growing plant. (Examples: Cropping System - Cropping patterns and the Aster, Daffodil, Daisies, Freesia, Gardenia, interaction with available technology, Gypsophilia, Iris, Snapdragon, Statice, farm resources, and other farm Tulips, Violets, Zinnia.) enterprises. Cwt. - Hundredweight or 100 pounds. Cross Pollination - The condition in which Dairy - Businesses related to the production, pollen from one plant is used to fertilize a processing, or distribution of milk and its flower on a different plant. products. More specifically, can refer to a Crossbred - Offspring produced from the mating plant in which milk is processed and where of purebreds of the same species but dairy products are manufactured and sold. different breeds. Dairy Cattle - Cattle kept specifically for the Crustaceans - Shellfish including crabs, lobsters, production of milk used for sale or home shrimp, prawns, crawfish, crayfish, use. clams, and other similar marine creatures. Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) Crutchings - See "Tags." A cooperative organization of approximately Cud - The rechewing of coarse feed particles in 25 or more farmers. Its purpose is the ruminants. Feed is chewed well enough testing of dairy cows for milk and fat to be swallowed; later, the feed is production and recording feed consumed. regurgitated to be rechewed. Damping-Off - Any of several fungous diseases Cull - [Livestock] An animal taken out of the which attack and cause rotting of seedlings herd/flock because it is below herd/flock and cuttings, eventually killing the young standards. [Crops] Fruit or vegetables plant. not meeting the commercial marketing Data Collection - The process of completing standards. interviews or field counts, or otherwise Cultivate - To loosen the soil and remove weeds accounting for (refusal, inaccessible, out-of- among growing plants. business) all selected sample units in a Cure - To preserve a product by drying, survey. smoking, pickling, etc., such as hay, DCP Program - Direct and Counter-cyclical meat, or tobacco. Program. The DCP provides payments to Curing Barn - See "Tobacco Barn." eligible producers on farms enrolled for the Custom Blend - Mixing of fertilizer materials to 2002 through 2007 crop years. There are meet specific requirements of a crop in a two types of DCP payments - direct field. payments and counter-cyclical payments. Custom Feedlot - A firm engaged in fattening or Both are computed using the base acres and finishing animals on a fee basis. The payment yields established for the farm. firm does not hold title to the animals. Dealer - A person or firm buying commodities for Custom Work - Agricultural work performed by speculative purposes. The commodities are men and machines which is hired. for immediate resale and usually held for Machine and machine operator are hired only a short time. Dealer takes title to the as a unit. commodity. July 2004 20 Terms And Definitions

Debeaking - A process using an electrically colored warp yarns and undyed fill yarns. heated blade to burn off a part of the Mostly used to make trousers. upper beak of chickens or turkeys. This Dent - A stage in the development of corn where the prevents pecking, cannibalism, and egg exposed top of the kernel develops a dimple eating among fowls. or dented impression. This stage signifies Debt-Asset Ratio - A ratio describing the extent the corn seed is mature and has begun the to which the farm's assets have been natural drying stage. The corn is ripe and borrowed against; that is the total debt ready for harvest when the moisture content outstanding on a specific date, divided by gets low enough for safe storage,. the farmer's current market value of Depreciation - An annual business cost equal to a owned assets of the farm business. See portion of the original cost of capital assets, "Financial Health." such as buildings and equipment, Deferred Grazing - Method of grazing representing the loss in value of these items rangelands where only parts of an area due to wear, tear, and obsolescence. are used at any one time permitting the Desiccant - See "Defoliant." vegetation to recover and the forage Detassel - To remove the tassel from a corn plant condition to improve. and prevent undesired pollination. This is Defoliant - A chemical agent that causes the done in commercial production of hybrid leaves to drop from a plant causing the seed corn. crop to dry sooner to facilitate harvesting. Dew Point - The temperature at which a mixture of Degradable - A substance that will gradually air and water vapor will reach 100% relative break down under the right conditions. humidity or at which condensation will Degree Days - See "Growing Degree Day Units." begin. Degreening - Removal of the green coloring DHIA - Acronym for Dairy Herd Improvement from fully mature fruit. Ethylene gas is Association. A cooperative of farmers who normally used. monthly measure their dairy cows' milk Dehorn - To remove the horns of livestock by production and tests each cow's milk for cutting, burning, or applying an acid protein and fat content. paste to the horn area. The method used Diammonium Phosphate - A common chemical depends on the stage of horn fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis of 18- development. 46-0. Delayed Pricing Contracts - A procedure where Digestion - The breakdown of food to simpler the farmer agrees to deliver a commodity nutrients, which can be easily absorbed by at harvest while the price is determined at the bloodstream. later date, sometimes months later. Since Dihybrids - The kits resulting from the crossing of the farmer gives up ownership, this two mutation mink. differs from the storing of the commodity Dilute - To make less concentrated by adding water, for sale at a later date. another liquid, or a solid. Delinting - The process of separating the very Dip - Complete or partial immersion of a plant, short fibers remaining on the seed after animal or object in a pesticide. the longer fibers have been removed in Direct Payments - Provides participating the ginning process. farmers with a predetermined payment Denier - A metric system of measuring fibers. It each year. is the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of Direct Sales - The sale of fruit and vegetable the fiber. commodities by a farmer directly to the Denim - A relatively heavy, yarn, dyed, twill consumer; crops to the processor or feeder; fabric traditionally made of cotton with livestock to local slaughter plants.

21 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Directed Spray Application - One in which a Domestic Consumption - U.S. textile mill raw fiber herbicide is directed specifically at target consumption plus raw fiber equivalent of weeds in an effort to minimize contact imported textiles, less raw fiber equivalent with the crop. of exported textiles. Disappearance - U.S. textile mill raw fiber Dormancy - A state of suspended growth or the lack consumption plus raw fiber exports. of outward visible activity caused by Disaster Payment - Federal aid provided to environmental or internal factors. farmers for crops and/or livestock feed Double Crop - The growing of two crops for when planting is prevented, or crop harvest in one year from the same field. yields are abnormally low because of Dough - The stage in the development of a cereal adverse weather and related conditions. grain in which the inside of the kernel has a Starting in 1982, disaster payments, as a consistency like dough. rule, were available only to those Drench - [Crops] Saturating the soil with a producers who had no access to Federal pesticide. [Fruit] Application of a chemical crop insurance. by wetting the fruit usually before entering Discount - [Buyer] A deduction from an original the packinghouse; usually applied with a price or debt, allowed for paying coarse spray of water with or without an promptly or in cash. [Seller] A deduction added chemical. [Livestock] Oral from the market price for poor quality or administration of a pesticide to an animal. less than market standard commodities. Dressed Fish - Fish which have undergone some Disease - Any morbid condition that impairs the type of processing, such as viscera removal full productive potential of a plant or or head removal, etc. animal. Dressed Weight - The weight of an animal carcass Disk - An implement composed of circular plates after slaughter but before cutting into retail set at an angle with the line of pull. Used cuts. to prepare soil for seeding. Dressing Percent - The percentage which the Dispersing Agent - An additive that reduces the dressed weight is of the live weight. Dressed attraction between particles. weight/Liveweight = Dressing Percent Distress Sale - An owner’s involuntary transfer Drifting - [Pesticides] The carrying of spray or dust of property involving a legal attachment by wind from the intended area when proceeding or in anticipation of such spraying weeds or insects. [Bees] The proceeding, such as foreclosure, moving of bees from one hive to another bankruptcy, or condemnation. because of loss of direction caused by wind Dockage - Foreign material in marketable grain or other circumstances. which is easily removed by normal Drill - An implement for planting seeds which forms cleaning methods. a small furrow, deposits the seed, covers the Docking - The removal of an animal's tail a short seed, and packs soil over it. It can also distance from the body of the animal; deposit fertilizer, insecticides, or other soil cutting off most of the solid part of the preparations into the soil, alone or with the tail. seed. Doe - Female goat or rabbit. Drilled - Designating those seeds or crops which Dogie - A stray or motherless calf; an orphan. have been planted below the soil surface in Dolomitic Lime - Limestone (calcium carbonate) rows by means of a drill or seeder. which also contains levels of natural magnesium.

July 2004 22 Terms And Definitions

Drip - [Irrigation] The application of small Dryer, Bin - Facilities attached to a grain bin which quantities of water, usually daily, directly dry grain added to the bin. Bin dryers are to the root zone through various types of commonly used with both high and low systems. [Chemical] Placement of a temperature drying as well as aeration. perforated traverse bar over a crop to Dryer, Continuous Flow - Facilities outside a bin in allow a solution to pass through and wet which wet grain is continuously added at the the commodity. top and is dried as it moves down through Drone - The male bee hatched from an the facility. These dryers are used almost unfertilized egg. It is larger than exclusively for high temperature drying workers, gathers no honey, and has no although they may have stages where the sting. grain is cooled. Drop - Each place a vehicle stops to unload Drying, Aeration - Removal of moisture by cargo. blowing air through the grain; involves no Drop Code - Refers to the list sampling frame heating. Record Status (RS) codes 1 - 50. Each Drying, High Temperature - Removal of code is assigned a specific meaning moisture by blowing air heated 100 - 200 (RS=01 is deceased, RS=02 is retired, degrees through the grain. If the air blown etc.). through the grain is heated to 25 or more Drop Nozzle Application - A directed spray degrees above the temperature around the application using drop extensions. dryer, the drying method is considered high Drop Tubes - Tubes attached to and which hang temperature. from the main water supply line on a Drying, Low Temperature - The use of fans to center pivot, with special low-pressure blow air (heated to 5 - 10 degrees higher emitters attached to the end of the drop than the temperature around the dryer) tube. through the grain. Drowned-Out Area - An area in a field where Dryland Farming - A system of producing crops in repeated or prolonged ponding or semiarid regions usually with less than 20 flooding has occurred to the extent that inches of annual rainfall without the use of the planted crop has been killed or irrigation. In alternate years, part of the land damaged so badly that it will not yield a may lie fallow to conserve moisture. harvestable crop in that area. Dual Breeds - Breeds of livestock which may be Drumming - Cleaning of mink pelts in cylinder used for more than one purpose; dairy and or drum, usually with fine sawdust or beef in cattle, wool and mutton in sheep, chemicals. etc., depending on the production situation. Dry Cow - A cow which has ceased to give milk Dual Utilization - When two or more different from one lactation and is probably within crops are grown or two different uses are 60 days of calving and beginning another made of the same crop in one growing lactation. season. The term has a broader definition Dryer, Batch - Facilities outside of a bin into than double crop. For example, fall planted which a batch of wet grain is added and cover crops are included as a form of dual dried. The batch dryer is then emptied utilization but are not considered as double and another batch is added. These dryers cropping. are used almost exclusively with high Dubbing - The process of cutting the combs and temperature drying but may also be used wattles from cockerels when they are 12 to for cooling. 18 weeks old to prevent injury from freezing or from fighting. Due Date - [Enumerators] The date assigned

23 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

materials must be received in the State Ecosystem - The natural interaction of all office. [State office] The date assigned components in the environment, including materials must be received in all levels of plants, animals and Headquarters. microorganisms. Duplicate - Two or more name and address Editing - Reviewing entries for reasonableness and records which represent the same validity completed questionnaires. Unusual person(s) or the same operation(s). After but correct responses should be flagged and mailout of questionnaires, the term explained with notes indicating it was describes two or more reports that verified with the respondent. With represent the same operation. impossible data relationships, probe for the Durable Press - Performance characteristics of correct responses. treated textile products, mostly apparel. Effective Price - The direct payment rate for a Referred to as "permanent press" or commodity plus the higher of that "wash and wear." commodity’s national average loan rate or Dwelling - Any house, apartment, mobile home, the U.S. season average price received by trailer, or other housing accommodation producers. if occupied or suitable for housing, if Effluent - Sewage after purification treatment. unoccupied. Egg - [Livestock and Plants] The reproductive body Durum Wheat - Wheat grown primarily in North produced by a female which after Dakota, with Montana, South Dakota, fertilization develops into the embryo. and Minnesota being the other leading [Poultry] The oval reproductive body states. Durum wheat has the hardest enclosed in a shell that when fertilized, the kernel of all wheats and is used to make young develop. Eggs for human semolina, which is used to make consumption are usually not fertilized. macaroni, spaghetti, and other pasta Egg-Feed Ratio - Number of pounds of poultry products. ration equal in value to 1 dozen eggs; that is, Dysentery - Any of the various intestinal the price of 1 dozen eggs divided by the diseases characterized by chronic price of a pound of poultry feed. diarrhea. EIN - Employer Identification Number. Ear Notching - Making notches in animals' ears Elevator - [Grain] A business which buys grain for identification. from the farmers, and has facilities for the Ear Tag - Metal or plastic device attached to an handling and storage of grains, dried beans, animal's ear for identification or to and other seed crops. [Implements] A control flies. device to move grain, hay, feed, or other Earlage - Ears of corn (kernels and cob) chopped commodities by belt, chain, bucket, etc. in a into small pieces and made into silage. vertical or horizontal direction or any Used mainly as a high energy feed for variation thereof. cattle. Embargo - A governmental trade restriction Ecology - Study of an organism’s suspending shipment of a country's interrelationship with one another and commodities to another for political or their environment. economic reasons. Economic Research Service (ERS) - A USDA Embryo - [Livestock] Very earliest stage of agency that is an important user of NASS individual development, during first part of data. ERS studies various topics related pregnancy. [Poultry] Developing of the to agriculture and issues research individual within the egg. [Plant] A young, publications and commodity outlook and viable plant seed which will grow when situation reports. exposed to the proper conditions for germination.

July 2004 24 Terms And Definitions

End - A warp yarn or thread running lengthwise systems, pest management, and erosion or vertically in the fabric. Ends interlace control. at right angles with filling yarn (picks) to Equity - The probable balance remaining after the make woven fabric. selling of assets and paying off existing End Gun - A large sprinkler gun attached at the debt. It is a measure of net worth calculated end of a center pivot system which as total operator assets minus operator debt allows the irrigation system to irrigate outstanding. additional acres. Erosion - The loosening and movement of soil End-use - The final product form of a commodity particles by wind and/or water. for consumption, including food, apparel, Estate - The holdings and possessions of a household products, and industrial items. person upon the death or certified Enhanced List Maintenance System (ELMO) incompetency of the individual. It is The system designed to update, add to, normally short lived. Land in estate must be and retrieve names, addresses, phone listed as managed land or as land owned by numbers, SSN and EIN from the Name & the estate, serving as landlord, with the land Address Master. being operated by someone else. Ensilage - See "Silage." Estate Sale - The sale of property to settle an estate. Enumerator - A person trained to conduct Estimate - An approximate measure of the actual interviews or make field counts and quantity of an item, usually calculated from record the information gathered in the sample data. interviews or counts. Ethanol - A fuel produced by converting crops such Environmental Impact - Changes in the as corn, sugarcane, or wood into alcohol environment, positive or negative, sugar. It may be blended with gasoline to created or caused by some form of enhance octane, reduce exhaust pollution, management. and reduce reliance on petroleum fuels. See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - A "Gasohol." federal agency established to coordinate Evapotranspiration - The loss of soil moisture to effective governmental action on the part the atmosphere by plant transpiration and of the environment. It sets regulations evaporation from the soil surface. for industry and consumers in the proper Eviscerate - To remove the lungs, heart, stomach, disposal of waste to prevent general etc., from a fowl or animal when preparing contamination. the carcass for human consumption. Environmental Quality Incentives Program Ewe - Female sheep. (EQIP) - A program providing cost- Exclusive Use - A term used to describe grazing share, technical, and educational land that is used by only one operator at a assistance and incentive payment to crop time. and livestock producers in implementing Expenditure - The cost incurred by purchasing a structural and management practices to commodity or service, including cost of the protect soil and water resources. EQIP item, sales tax, excise tax, shipment or contracts are for agricultural land that delivery charges, finance charges, and poses a serious problem to soil, water, or installation charge. related resources. The program Expenses, Capital - Expenses for additions to the establishes 5- to 10-year contracts to capital assets used in production activities. provide technical assistance and pay up These items are usually depreciated. to 75 percent of the costs of conservation Expenses, Operating - Total expenses incurred by practices such as manure management the operation during a year associated with the production of gross income.

25 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Exports - The goods and products which are sold Fan-and-Pad Cooling - A cooling device where air to buyers in foreign countries. is pulled through wet pads by fans. Large Extension Service (ES) - USDA's educational quantities of heat are absorbed as water agency. One of the three partners in the evaporates. Cooperative Extension Service with State Fanning Mill - A seed cleaner where screens and air and local governments. All three share in flow separate weed seed and foreign financing, planning, and conducting material from seed. education programs. Farm - Any place which produced and sold or Extractor - A machine that rotates honeycombs normally would have produced or sold at a speed sufficient to remove the honey $1,000 worth of agricultural products during from the comb. the year. Extra Long Staple Cotton (ELS) - Cottons Farm Bureau - See "American Farm Bureau." having a staple length of 1d inches or Farm, Contract - A farm which has land that is more, according to the classification used considered eligible for the program and the by the ICAC. Also characterized by owner or producer chose to enroll all or a fineness and high fiber strength, portion of the eligible land in the program. contributing to finer and stronger yarns, Farm Credit Bank (FCB) - Lending institutions needed for certain end-uses such as created to provide a source of funds as well thread and higher valued fabrics. U.S. as supervision and support to Federal Land growths include American Pima and, Bank Associations (FLBA), Production formerly, Sea Island cotton. Credit Associations (PCA), Agricultural Extreme Operator (EO) - A group of the largest Credit Associations (ACA), and Federal operators in the State based on the Land Credit Associations (FLCA). FLBAs number of cattle, dairy cows, hogs, make long-term mortgage loans for land and sheep, grain storage facilities, or cropland other purchases, PCAs make short and acres they operate. intermediate-term operating loans, ACAs Fabric - See "Cloth." make and participate in long-term real estate Face - The side of a fabric which, by reason of mortgage loans, and FLCAs are associations weave, finish, or other characteristic, to which direct long-term real estate lending presents a better appearance than the authority has been transferred. other side, or back. Farm Credit Service (FCS) - The name used Fallow - Cropland left uncropped during one by FLBAs, PCAs, ACAs and FLCAs when growing season to conserve moisture in operating under joint management in a the soil, control weeds and allow the district. See "Farm Credit Bank." decomposition of crop residue. Farm Credit System (FCS) - A nationwide Family Farm - A farm where the operator and network of farmer-owned lending his/her family make most of the day-to- institutions and specialized service day management decisions, supply the organizations providing loans to the equity capital, and a significant part of agriculture sector. It provides about one- the labor needs. third of the total credit used by America's Family Living Index - An index to measure farmers, ranchers and farmer cooperatives. price changes for food, clothing, health The Farm Credit Bank is the portion of the and medical care, entertainment, and System dealing most directly with the household furnishings, relative to a base farmers. period. Farmers Home Administration (FHA) - An Family Sale - The sale of property between agency of the U.S. Department of related persons. Agriculture that can provide loans to farmers.

July 2004 26 Terms And Definitions

Farm, Noncontract - A farm which, even if it declining production flexibility contract was considered eligible for the program, payments. Participating producers received the owner or producer chose not to enroll payments largely independent of farm in the program. prices, in contrast to the past when Farm Parcel - One of the property classes that deficiency payments were dependent on include farms, ranches, farmstead, and farm prices. land associated with agriculture, such as Federal Crop Insurance - A voluntary risk woodland, idle land, and waste land. management tool for farmers to protect them Exclude residential, commercial, and from the economic effects of unavoidable industrial developments. adverse natural events. Administrative costs Farm Price - The price a farmer receives for his are appropriated by the Congress and 30 products at the farm. percent of the insurance costs are federally Farm Service Agency (FSA) - An Agency of the subsidized. USDA which administers farm Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) - commodity and conservation programs A wholly owned Federal corporation within for farmers and makes loans. FSA USDA that administers the Federal Crop programs are primarily directed at Insurance Program. agricultural producers or, in the case of Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) - A loans, at those with farming experience. USDA agency that establishes official U.S. Farmer - See "Operator." standards for grain and other assigned Farmer Owned Reserve - Government program commodities and administers a designed to provide protection against nationwide inspection system to certify wheat and feed grain production those grades. shortfalls and provide a buffer against Federal Land Bank Association (FLBA) - See unusually sharp price movements. “Farm Credit Bank and Farm Credit Farmers place their grain in storage and Service”. receive extended nonrecourse loans for 3 Feed - The diet provided to livestock or poultry. years, with extensions as warranted by Feed Additive - Anything added to a feed or ration market conditions. Interest on the loan to increase its efficiency or to give it more may be waived, and farmers may receive desirable characteristics. annual storage payments from the Feed Concentrate - Feed component high in Government. Grain cannot be taken out energy or protein and low in fiber content. of storage without penalty unless the Can be fed straight or mixed with grains. market price reaches a specified release Feed Grain - Any of several grains commonly used price. When the release price is reached, for livestock or poultry feed, such as corn, grain may be removed from the reserve sorghum, oats and barley. but it is not required. Feed Supplement - A feed, such as many of the Farmstead - That part of the farm consisting of high protein or vitamin feeds, that is used to the main set of buildings, adjacent yards balance or improve existing rations. or corrals, family garden, and family Feeder - [Livestock] Young livestock on grass orchard. and/or a warm-up or maintenance ration Farrowing - The process of giving birth in hogs. until being put on feed for slaughter market Federal Agricultural Improvement and or being selected as replacement stock. Reform (FAIR) Act - A farm act that [Farmer] A farm operator who fattens removed the link between income livestock for sale. support payments and farm prices by providing for seven annual fixed but

27 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Feeder Pig - A young pig, usually recently Field Sanitation - Removal of dead fruit, limbs, weaned and at least 8 weeks old or 40- debris and other potential pest or disease 100 pounds in weight, to be fed for slaughter. attracting materials from the fields to reduce Feedlot - The confined area where animals are the pest/disease risk. fed. Fieldwork - Any work performed on farms or Fence - To enclose an area. Some common ranches, including nurseries and fencing materials are wire with a small greenhouses, for the purpose of planting, electrical charge, boards, barbed wire, cultivating, growing, harvesting, drying, etc., fastened to posts. processing, or packing any fruits, vegetables Fertigation - Application of fertilizer(s) to a crop or other crop. Supervising others or through irrigation. operating machines engaged in these Fertilization - [Soil] Adding nutrients to soil or activities is also included. plants for use by plants. [Reproduction] Filament - An individual strand of fiber indefinite in The union of egg and sperm in livestock length. Manmade fibers are indefinite in or male and female cells in plants. length. Silk is the only natural filament Fertilizer - Any material put on or in the soil or fiber and may run several hundred yards in on plant leaves to improve the quality or length. quantity of plant growth. See "Micro- Filling - An individual yarn which interlaces with nutrient," "Nitrogen," "Phosphate," warp yarn at right angles in woven fabric. "Potash," and "Trace Element." Also known as pick or filling pick. Fertilizer Analysis - The percentage of nitrogen, Usually has less twist than warp yarn.

phosphate, and potash (N, P25O , K2O), Filly - A young female horse or mule under four specified in that order, contained in a years of age. blend of fertilizer. Fertilizer may also be Financial Health - Income and solvency measures blended with various micronutrients or classify farm businesses into one of four trace elements. categories; (1) favorable: Positive income, Fetus - Stage of individual development within debt-asset ratio less than 0.40. These farms the uterus during pregnancy. are in good financial positions and are FFA (Future Farms of America) - An considered financially stable. (2) marginal organization comprised of high-school income: Negative income, debt-asset ratio students enrolled in the study of less than 0.40. These farms generally face vocational agriculture. an income problem. (3) marginal solvency: Fiber - A slender strand of natural or manmade Positive income, debt-asset ratio above 0.40. material usually having a length at least These farms are generating positive returns, 100 times its diameter and characterized despite higher debt repayment requirements, by strength, flexibility, and cohesiveness. and (4) vulnerable: Negative income, debt- Fiber Crop - A crop grown for its fiber content, asset ratio above 0.40. These farms are e.g., cotton, flax, sisal, etc. highly leveraged and have income Field - A continuous area of land devoted to one deficiencies limiting their viability. crop or land use. Farmstead, pastureland, Fingerling - Fish usually from 2 to 6 inches long. woods, wasteland, etc. are considered Finish - [Livestock] Refers to fatness in animals; fields. highly finished is very fat. [Floriculture] Field Bee - Worker bee 2 weeks old and older Plants ready for retail sale. that collects food for the hive. Finishing - Those processes through which a fabric Field Run - Designating products (potatoes, passes after being taken from the loom, such onions, etc.) harvested in the field and as bleaching, dyeing, lacquering, ungraded as to size and quality. waterproofing, sizing, and removing defects. Finished Plants - Plants ready for retail sale.

July 2004 28 Terms And Definitions

FIPS (Federal Information Processing the program. This program offers a boost to Standard) - Is a numeric system of cash-flow over the seven-year program but coding states and counties. States are ends in 2002. arranged in alphabetical order and then Flexibility Contract, 7-Year Production - To assigned a number - Alabama is 01 and participate, producers with eligible cropland Wyoming is 56. Counties within a state must have signed a production flexibility are numbered in the same manner. contract. They must continue to comply Fire Blight - A major disease of pears and with the requirements of conservation and apples. wetland protection on all farms, comply Fire Cured - A method of curing tobacco leaves with planting flexibility, and use the contract by using open fires in the tobacco barn. acreage for an agricultural or related The leaves are exposed to the fire's activity. If in compliance over the smoke while drying. next 7 years, annual contract payments will Fired - The condition of a plant's lower stem or be received. Producers are also eligible to stalk, often used to describe the impact of receive marketing assistance loans on all dry or drought conditions on a crop. production of contract commodities on the Fiscal Policy - Policy made by executive branch farm with a production flexibility contract, and Congress dealing with the amount of even if produced on noncontract acres. All money expended and the amount of producers are eligible for loans on extra- revenue raised by the federal long staple (ELS) cotton and oilseeds on any government. production. Flat - A shallow box containing soil where seeds Flock - Several birds or domestic mammals, such as are sown or seedlings are transplanted. sheep, which are tended as a unit. Fleece - Natural hair shorn from sheep or lambs. Flood Plain - An area that floods during heavy rains Fleece Weight - Pounds of wool shorn from a or snow melt from surface water runoff. single sheep or lamb, usually 7-12 Floriculture - The production, cultivation and pounds for sheep and 3-6 pounds for distribution of cut flowers, flowering potted lambs. plants, foliage plants, and bedding plants Flexibility Contract - A commodity program being grown as ornamentals. that provides income support to Flour - The fine-ground product obtained in the participating farmers over the next seven commercial milling of wheat. years. To be eligible, farmers had to Flower - The structure of plants involved in the have: a crop acreage base at the FSA sexual reproduction process. office, and been a participant in a farm Flue Cured - A method of curing tobacco leaves in commodity program for at least 1 of the which tobacco barns are heated through previous 3 years, or have land that was ducts or flues. The tobacco leaves are not enrolled in CRP. Participating farm exposed to smoke while drying. operators must continue to comply with Fluid Milk - The fluid product of a dairy farm or conservation provisions related to highly factory in contrast with the more solid erodible land and wetlands preservation products, such as cream, cheese, and butter. to receive contract payments. Farmers have few, if any, restrictions on what crops they can plant on land enrolled in the program. The distribution of payments to individual farmers depends on how many operators participate and the number of contract acres each has in

29 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Flushing - The process of increasing feed fed to Food-Size Fish - Fish grown commercially for food, female animals about two weeks before from pound upward and over 12 inches in the breeding season so they will be length. gaining weight when bred. This is For Hire Fleet - Trucking company with fleets of thought to increase the number of eggs vehicles and drivers, which are not normally produced in ovulation. driven by the owners, and are available for hire. Forage - Grasses, legumes, and other crops used as Foal - A young horse, mule or donkey (colt or feed for livestock, such as hay, pasture, filly), also, to give birth to a foal. silage, or green chop. Foam - Application of a chemical by using a Foraging - [Bee & Honey] The process of plastic curtain to wet fruit. searching for and collecting nectar, pollen, F.O.B. - Abbreviation for free on board. water, and propolis by worker bees. F.O.B. Origin - A business agreement where the Forced Molt - Hens forced into the molting process producer or handler is responsible for through drastic changes in feeding and assembling and loading the cargo onto lighting. transportation that has been arranged and Forcing - [Floriculture] Producing a marketable pot paid for by the receiver. The receiver plant or cut flower out of season by takes title to the goods at the point of manipulation of growing conditions. origin as they are loaded for transport. Forecast - An estimate of probable final production Fodder - Feed for livestock, specifically the dry, outcome, based on current conditions and cured stalks and leaves of corn and the assumption that normal growth and sorghum. In the case of corn, the ears harvesting conditions will prevail from the may be removed from the stalk before time of forecast through harvest. harvesting. Form 483-S - IRS form for reporting rental income Foliar Application - Application of a pesticide to and expenses. the aerial portions of either a crop or Form 941 - Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax weed. Return for Other Than Household or Foliar Fertilization - The practice of applying Agriculture Employees (IRS). plant nutrients in solutions to the foliage Form 943 - Employer’s Annual Tax Return for of crops. Agricultural Employees (IRS). Follow-On Survey(s) - Survey(s) of a sample of Form 990-C - IRS form used by tax exempt farm operations in-scope for the census cooperatives. of agriculture or a base agriculture Form 1040-C - Profit (or Loss) from Business or survey, that are conducted after Profession (IRS). (Attachment to Form completion of the main census or base 1040, Individual Income Tax Return, farm survey. operators excluded). Follow-up - Action to obtain a response from Form 1040-E - IRS form for reporting income from nonrespondents by mailing a letter, card pensions, annuities, rents, royalties, estates or form or by telephoning. and trusts. Food Chamber - Hive body containing honey- Form 1040-F - Schedule of farm income and filled combs on which bees are expected expenses (IRS) (attachment to form 1040). to live. Form 1065 - Partnership Return of Income (IRS). FDA - Acronym for Food and Drug Form 1120 - Corporation Income Tax Return (IRS). Administration. Form 1120-S - Small Business Corporation Income Food Grain - Cereal seeds most commonly used Tax Return (IRS). for human food, chiefly wheat and rice.

July 2004 30 Terms And Definitions

Forward Contract - Selling and pricing Frost Injury - Any injury to a plant which results procedure where the price received by the from low temperatures after plants have farmer is determined at the time the started into spring growth, during a period contract is made, with delivery to be of vegetative activity, or before the plant has made at a specified later date. matured and entered the period of winter Forward Pricing - Contracting or agreeing with dormancy. an input provider to purchase a given Fruit - A mature plant ovary containing seed. quantity of supplies at a given price. Fruit-Set - The process where a fertilized ovule Fossil Fuel - Energy derived from decomposed becomes committed to further development, plants and animals of a prehistoric era. leading to the eventual production of a fruit. Foundation Seed - Seed stock handled to Fry - A newly hatched fish up to 2 inches in length. maintain specific genetic identity and FSIS - Food Safety and Inspection Services. purity as closely as possible under Full Feed - Cattle receiving an equivalent of 10 lbs. supervised or approved methods of of grain or concentrate per day. Cattle could production. be receiving 8 lbs. of grain and 8 lbs. of hay, Frame - [Bee & Honey] Wood case for holding a silage, etc., and still be considered on full honeycomb. [Objective Yield] A device feed. used to aid in laying out count units for Approximately 4 lbs. of silage or forage certain objective yield surveys. Design equals 1 lb. of grain. and size of the frame vary for each crop. Full Figured - Mink pelt in prime condition with [Sampling] See "Sampling Frame." guard hairs and underfur well developed. Freemartin - A sexually imperfect female calf, Fumigation - The use of poisonous gases for normally sterile, born as the twin of a destruction of pests, mainly rodents and male. insects. Fumigation can also destroy Free-of-charge - An arrangement where a microorganisms, but may be less effective producer may use a resource owned by since not all gases which kill animals, such someone else and not have to pay for its as rats, are toxic to bacteria or other use. microorganisms. Free On Board (FOB) - Used in quoting prices Fungi - A lower form of parasitic plant life which of goods at a certain location. Prices do often reduces production and/or lowers the not include transportation costs. grade quality of its host. Fresh Market - Designating fresh produce as Fungicide - A chemical used to kill fungi. opposed to canned, dried, or preserved Furrow Application - Placement of an insecticide produce. or fungicide in a narrow line in the soil Freshen - See "Calving." directly over the seed at planting time. Fringe Benefits - Employer provided cash Futures Contract - An agreement between two payments for any such items as health people, one who sells and agrees to deliver insurance, life insurance, holiday pay, and one who buys and agrees to receive vacation pay, sick leave, time-off with specific kinds and amounts of a particular pay, employer’s share of Social Security, commodity at a specific time, place and Workers’ Compensation, and Medicare, price. pensions, and retirement plans. Futures Market - The formal marketing system that Frost Heaving - Physical uplifting of the soil as a lets farmers promise to deliver or by result of frequent freezing and thawing. commodities at a set price. It can be very harmful because of uprooting of stands of tap rooted plants such as alfalfa.

31 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Gallons per Minute - Measure of water flow- Germination - The sequence of events occurring in rate. The quantity of water flow (or a viable seed, starting with the absorption of pumped) during one continuous minute water, that leads to the growth and measured in gallon units. development of a young plant. Galvanized - Steel or iron coated with zinc to Gestation Period - The time during embryo and resist corrosion. fetus development, from conception to birth. Garden - A plot of ground devoted to growing of Gilt - Female pig that has never farrowed. vegetables, flowers, herbs, fruits, etc., for Glean - To gather the grain, cotton, etc., remaining home or family use. in the field after harvest. Gas - [Fruit] Application of a non-liquid, non- Gosling - A young goose. solid chemical to a crop in a ventilation Government Program Land - Non-government controlled room. land enrolled in a government program such Gasohol - Blend of gasoline and ethanol as the former long-term (10 year) composed of 90 percent gasoline and 10 Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), percent ethanol by volume. Acres in Conservation Reserve (ACR), Gastroenteritis - A hog disease causing an Conserving Uses (CU), or any other federal inflammation of the stomach and the land diversion program. intestine. Symptoms are scours, Grade - [Livestock] An animal not eligible for decreased appetite, weight loss, vomiting registration; however, one or both of its and even death. parents may be purebred. [Marketing] Gated Pipe - A pipe, usually plastic (PVC) or Various methods of classifying commodities aluminum, that is fitted with spaced, as defined by industry standards; examples, closeable gates or holes that permit the according to type, use, fineness of fiber, water to flow into furrows or basins. amount of fat, etc. GATT - Acronym for General Agreement on Graft - The jointing of parts of one plant to the root Tariffs and Trade, an international or trunk material of a different plant. organization responsible for reviewing Grafting is important in fruit tree and vine tariffs, subsidies and other practices production. within a country which may affect free Grain Hay - Grain crops harvested for dry hay. No market trade between countries. grain production will result from these acres. Gauge - Any of a number of devices designed to See “Small Grain Hay”. measure something, e.g. rain gauge, wire Grain Stocks - Any unprocessed whole grains or gauge, etc. [Building materials] A oilseeds on hand regardless of intended use, measuring standard to specify the even those to be used for feed or seed. Does thickness of sheet metal, wire, etc. The not include any grains or oilseeds which are larger the gauge number, the thinner the cracked, ground, crushed, rolled, flaked, material. steamed or cooked. Silage and haylage are Geld - An animal made sterile (for example, also excluded. horse). Grain Storage Capacity - Storage capacity of all Gelding - A castrated male horse. structures normally used (bins, cribs, sheds, Genetic Engineering - One of several "new" etc.) to store whole grains or oilseeds biotechnology methods referred to as usually reported in bushels. Excluded are recombinant DNA. This technique uses ground storage and structures not normally enzymes to "cut and paste" DNA used to store whole grains or oilseeds. molecules, making it possible to move Granary - A storage facility, especially for threshed genes from one organism to another, or husked grain. related or unrelated, bypassing the sexual Grange - A farmer organization. reproduction process. July 2004 32 Terms And Definitions

Granular - A dry formulation of pesticide active specified number of animal units in a ingredients mixed with or coated onto specified area during a certain period of inert carrier material and other time, from seasonal to year-round. Payment components in small particles. The for use of this land is on an AUM or fee per head basis. Land may be controlled by carrier materials may be clays, sand, Federal, State or local agencies or owned by carbon, or ground corn cobs. corporations, such as paper mills, railroads, Grassed Waterways - A natural drainage way or energy companies. within a field which is kept in grass to Grazing Land Association, Public or prevent soil erosion. Includes channels Industrial (PIGA) - Associations established to used as outlets for terraces and for the administer and enforce the rules and disposal of runoff from diversion regulations for a specific area of Public or channels, stabilization structures, Industrial Grazing Land. contoured rows, and natural depressions. Green Chop - Forage chopped in the field while Grasses - A class of plants, including cereals, succulent and green and fed directly to sugar cane, turf sods, sorghum, and livestock. If allowed to ferment it will turn millet, that are important for human food, to silage. domestic animal feed, ornamental use, Green Manure - A crop that is grown for soil and soil holding characteristics. protection, and then plowed under while still Gray or Greige Fabric - Woven or knitted green and growing to improve soil fertility goods direct from the loom or knitting and organic matter. machine, before receiving any finishing Greenhouse - Any of several different types of treatment. heated, glass or plastic covered rigid framed Grazing Allotment - The area of rangeland structures used for the growing of plants. controlled by a public agency which is Greenhouse Effect - The effect of the earth's leased to a rancher on a fee per head or atmosphere on incoming and outgoing animal unit month (AUM) basis. radiation. The atmosphere acts like the glass Grazing Association - A member owned, in a greenhouse in its selective transmission operated, and managed nonprofit of radiant energy. association of farmers and ranchers, Greenweight - Pounds of outdoor tobacco as organized to provide shared seasonal removed from the barn, after stripping and grazing for their livestock. before sweating. For shade tobacco, as Grazing Fee - The charge on an AUM, cow-calf, removed from the barn before sweating. or fee per head basis, levied on a farmer Gross Farm Income - All the income within a or rancher to graze livestock on land in calendar year that farm operators realize accordance with the terms of a grazing from farming before deducting production allotment or association. expenses. It includes cash receipts from the Grazing Period - A specified time when a farmer sale of farm products, government or rancher may graze on specific grazing payments, value of food and fuel produced land. and consumed on farms where grown, rental Grazing Permit - A document authorizing the value of farm dwellings, and an allowance use of public or other lands for grazing for change in the value of year-end purposes under specified conditions inventories of crops and livestock. which is issued to the livestock operator Gross Value - Value of a commodity after by a PIGA. adjusting for discounts and premiums, not Grazing Land, Public or Industrial - Lands including deductions for handling, cleaning administered through permits or licenses (except dry edible beans), storage, grading, allowing one or more ranchers to graze a drying, etc.

33 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Ground - [Grain] A process where grain is Habitat - Arrangement of food, cover, and water crushed or cracked to enhance the grains' required to meet an animal’s biological digestibility. [Soil] See "Soil." needs. Ground Water - All water in and saturating soil. Half Section - An area of land or a field that is one Grove - An orchard; a small stand of trees. half of a surveyed section or 320 acres in Growing Degree Day Units (GDU) - A system size. Also expressed as ½ Section. to relate the cumulative effects of Ham - The thigh portion of a hog carcass. temperature above a given base to plant Hammer Mill - A feed grinding device or mill in growth. The base temperature varies which hammer-like projections are mounted with type of crop. Using corn as an on the surface of a cylinder which revolves example, GDU is calculated by at a high speed within a heavy perforated subtracting a base temperature of 50 metal enclosure and shatters the grain degrees F. from the average of maximum material by beating it to pieces. When the and minimum temperatures for the day grain pieces become small enough from the (corn does not grow much at hammering action, they pass through the temperatures below 50 degrees F). As perforations and are then used as feed. The the temperature rises, corn grows faster if fineness of the feed is controlled by the size moisture is plentiful. At a temperature of the perforations. higher than 86 degrees F, the roots have Hand - A subjective measurement of the reaction increasing difficulty taking in water fast obtained from the sense of touch created enough to keep the plant growing at full when handling a fabric, reflecting the many speed. GDU is calculated by the factors which lend individuality and following equation: character to a material. Hanging Baskets - Flowering and foliage type. GDU= (Max. temp. + Min. Temp.)/2 - 50 Bedding plants that are placed in hanging baskets for indoor or patio decorations. Min. temperatures below 50 degrees F Hanging Weight - See "Dressed Weight." are counted as 50, and temperatures Hard Fibers - Comparatively stiff, elongated, above 86 degrees F are counted as 86. woody fibers from the leaves or leaf stems Growing-on - Taking a plant started by another of certain perennial plants. These fibers are grower/supplier and growing until it is generally too coarse and stiff to be woven; finished. used in twine, netting, and ropes. Examples Growing Season - The period from the last are abaca, sisal, and henequen. See “Soft spring freeze to the first killing frost in Fibers”. the fall. Hardpan - An impervious layer in soil, which Growth - An irreversible increase in cell size or restricts root penetration as well as in the number of cells causing an increase movement of air and water. in dry weight. Harvest - To cut, reap, pick, or gather any crop or Growth Hormone - A chemical substance that product of value. interacts with the growth process to increase the rate of normal growth. Growth Regulator - A chemical substance which alters normal growth and development or if deficient, causes abnormal growth. Gypsum - Calcium sulfate often applied to the soil surface to supply calcium and to correct the alkaline content of soils.

July 2004 34 Terms And Definitions

Harvest Loss - The loss of grain or forage as a cabbage or lettuce. [Livestock] Number of animals. result of the harvesting process. It is the Head Month - A month's use and occupancy of difference between biological yield and range by one animal, except for sheep or net harvested yield. The condition of the goats. A full head month's fee is charged for harvesting equipment (design, wear, etc.), a month of grazing by adult animals; if the the crop (lodged, disease, etc.), the terrain grazing animal is weaned or 6 months of age (muddy, hilly, etc.), the weather (dry, or older at the time of entering the range; or rainy, snowy, etc.) and the harvester's or will become 12 months of age during the the harvesting equipment's ability to deal permitted period of use. For fee purposes, 5 with harvesting conditions all affect sheep or goats, weaned or adult, are harvest loss. equivalent to one cow, bull, steer, heifer, Harvested Acres - Acres of a crop actually horse, or mule. harvested. May be smaller than planted Heading Back - Type of pruning cut in which the acres if there is abandonment brought on terminal portion of the shoot is removed but by weather, pest damage, other disasters, the basal portion is not. or market prices too low to cover Hectare - A measure of land area (metric)equal to harvesting costs. See “Harvested 10,000 square meters or about 2.5 acres. Cropland”. Hedge Row - Trees grown closely together so the Harvested Cropland - Land from which crops branches intertwine to form a continuous were or will be harvested at any time row. during the year. This also includes any Hedging - In the futures market, the execution of land with fruit, nut trees, vineyards, opposite sales or purchases of contracts to orchards, citrus groves, and greenhouse offset purchases or sales of commodities. crops regardless of whether or not any This practice gives some protection to quantity was harvested (except for sellers and buyers of grain against abandoned orchards). Includes land in uncertainties that are the result of unstable nursery crops and greenhouse area also. grain prices. Hatch - To bring forth young from the egg by Heifer - Female bovine that has never given birth. natural or artificial incubation. Hen - Female chicken usually over one year old. Hatchery - A facility where eggs are incubated Herbicide - Any chemical used to control, suppress, until they hatch. or kill plants, or to severely interrupt their Hay - A crop which has been cut and cured by normal growth processes. Some kill drying for storage; principally legumes, essentially all plants, but others are grasses, or grain crops. selective. Hay Mow - A loft or space in a barn where hay is Herbicide Resistant - Biotech seed varieties stored. which provide the plant resistence to the Hay Stocks - All hay on hand or stored on the effects of certain herbicides which total acres operated, regardless of would otherwise harm that plant. ownership or intended use. Herbivores - Animals that feed mainly on plants. Haylage - High moisture hay crop stored as Herd - A group of animals (especially cattle, horses, silage. swine), collectively, considered as a unit in Hazard - The potential adverse effect on man or farming or grazing practice. the environment by the use of a pesticide. Hide - The tanned or untanned skins of animals; Head - [Plants] Any tightly-formed fruit cluster especially of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. such as a head of wheat, or a compact, High Density - The compression of a flat, modified orderly mass of leaves such as a head of flat, or gin standard bale of cotton to high

35 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

density of about 32 pounds per cubic Hog Facilities - Locations and buildings foot. Previously used for exported associated with the hog business cotton; currently replaced by universal entity(ies) used to produce or raise hogs density compression of about 28 pounds and pigs. Such buildings would be used per cubic foot. for breeding, gestating, farrowing, and Highgrading - Logging where only the best or finishing. choice trees are taken. Hogged Off - To pasture hogs on a crop grown for Highly Erodible (HEL) Land - Erodibility is a stock feed; eliminates the harvesting function of rainfall, soil erodibility, field process. slope, and length. NRCS uses these Hog Operation Types - characteristics and a measure of soil loss 1) Nursery - A swine facility where weaned tolerance to construct an erodibility pigs are raised until they reach the size of index. If the index is greater than 8, the feeder pigs. field is highly erodible. 2) Farrow-to-Wean - A swine facility that Hill - [Crops] Plants growing from one or more includes breeding stock and new born pigs seed pieces in close proximity to form a that are not yet weaned. The weaned pigs cluster of plants. (potatoes and beans) are sold to other producers to raise until they Hilling - Piling of soil around plants or rows of are sold for feeder pigs (see “Nursery”) or plants. are raised until they are marketed for Hired Farm Labor - The employment of a slaughter (see “Finish”). directly paid worker or workers by the 3) Farrow-to-Feeder - A swine facility that farm operator. Paid members of the includes breeding stock and pigs ranging operator’s family are to be included. from newborn to feeder pig size. The feeder Any work which was necessary to the pigs are sold to other producers (see agricultural operation of the place that “Finish”) to raise until they are marketed for was paid for in cash. (Personal or slaughter. business checks are considered cash). 4) Farrow-to-Finish - A swine facility that Hired Manager - A person who is paid a salary, includes breeding stock and pigs and are wage, or commission to operate land for raised from birth until sold for slaughter. another person, corporation, or other 5) Finish - A swine facility that includes organization. A hired manager is makes market hogs, but not breeding stock, that are the day-to-day decisions on the operation fed until they are sold for slaughter. and may supervise others. Hogshead - A very large cask or barrel often filled Historical Data - Data from previous censuses, with 1000 to 2000 lbs. of cured tobacco. and surveys. This term applies to Holding - Maintaining finished merchandise published totals as well as data stored purchased from other growers until sold to internally for individual farm records. final consumer. Hive - A home for honeybees provided by man; it Homestead Exemption - An exemption from all or usually consists of a base, removable part of the property taxes which are levied supers, and a top. on the value of the house and adjoining land Hog Business Entity - A individual, partnership, where the head of the family lives. or managed operation that owns hogs. Homogenization - A process of breaking up milk fat Hog-Corn Ratio - See "Corn-Hog Ratio." into tiny particles so that the cream will not separate from the milk. Honey - An aromatic, sweet food material derived from plant nectar through collection by honeybees; modified by the bees into a denser liquid and stored in honeycombs. July 2004 36 Terms And Definitions

Honey Flow - Period when bees are collecting regeneration of vegetation associated with nectar from plants in plentiful amounts. saturated soils. Honeybee - See "Bee." Hydrocooling - The cooling of fresh produce by Honeycomb - The waxy structure built by flooding the product with cold water. honeybees from beeswax in which honey Hydroponics - The science of growing plants in is stored by bees. solutions containing the necessary nutrients Hormone - Chemical substance produced in the and minerals, instead of in soil. body that has a specific effect on the Ice Packed - The packing meat or produce where activity or function of a certain organ. alternate layers of ice and the commodity Increased dosages of specific hormones are placed in a shipping box or crate. can be given to plants or animals to effect Idle Land - Farm land that is tillable and capable of certain growth or development processes. producing a crop without major clearing of Horticulture - The intensive cultivation of trees and stones or drainage of water but is plants. not being cropped, pastured, or fallowed. Host Free Zone - An area in which the natural Implement - Any farm machine used to perform habitat for a pest is eradicated such that various field operations when raising crops. the pest has no suitable area in which to Imports - The goods and products that a country breed. buys from foreign countries. Household - The operator, spouse, and all Import Quota - The maximum amount for individuals living in the operator's importing in a specified time period. residence who share the financial Improved Gravity - Improving water runs by resources of the farm operator. Include compacting or shortening runs, utilizing students living away from home who are gated head pipes to prevent seepage, dependent upon the operator's household leveling land using laser technology and for support. practicing intensive management techniques HPLA - Acronym for "Hens and Pullets of to conserve water by uniform application of Laying Age." See "Layer." water to the field. Humus - The advanced stages of organic matter Improvements - Houses or other buildings, fences, breakdown by microorganisms and clearing of rocks, wells or other related chemical reactions in the soil. It is capital assets that increase land's usually a dark color. productivity or value. Hundredweight - A marketing term referring to Imputation - Systematic estimation for survey 100 pound of a commodity. Abbreviated nonresponse. "cwt." Industrial Fabrics - Fabrics used for nonapparel Husk - The leaves enclosing the ear of a corn and nondecorative uses. These uses fall into plant. several classes: (1) a group of fabrics used in Hutch - A boxlike pen used to shelter livestock. industrial processes such as filtering, Hybrid - The offspring from a cross of two polishing, and absorption; (2) fabrics genetically dissimilar parents. [Mink] combined with other materials to produce a The kits from the mating of a mutation different type of product such as tires, hose, mink with a standard ranch mink. and electrical machinery parts; and (3) Hydraulic - A system where fluids, usually oil, fabrics incorporated directly in a finished under pressure are used as a mechanism product such as tarpaulins, tents, and to transfer power. awnings. Hydric Soil - Soil that, in its undrained state, is In Heat - A period when female mammals will flooded long enough during a growing accept mating. season to support the growth and

37 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Inaccessible - A sample unit which cannot be Input - Items such as seed, fertilizer, chemicals, contacted, interviewed, enumerated, etc., feed, machinery, fuel, labor, and land used during the survey period. in the production of an agricultural product. Inbreeding - [Livestock] The mating of closely Input Provider - The company or individual that related individuals, generally including sells or contributes products used in the such matings as sire and daughter, or son production of agricultural commodities. and dam. [Plants] The self-fertilization Input Traits - Plant traits that influence the for a number of generations to produce a production practices of a crop. For population of similar and highly example, Round-Up ready soybeans homozygous individuals. allow the operator to apply that chemical Income, Off-farm - A figure that includes all to acres intended for soybean income from off farm sources received production. Prior to this biotech change, by farm operator households. Incorporated - See "Corporation." this was not possible. Incubator - An apparatus or chamber which Insecticide - A chemical killer of insect pests. provides favorable environmental Institutional Farm - A farm or ranch operated as conditions for the hatching of eggs. part of an Indian reservation, religious Independent Grower - The grower makes all group, university, government agency, decisions on growing and marketing farm prison, etc. products. This contrasts with production Institutional Worker - Any farm laborer, director, and marketing agreements entered into supervisor, or administrator, etc. employed by contractors and contractees. on an institutional farm. Index Numbers - A computed number Integrated Pest Management - The control of measuring the relative change in the price one or more pests by a broad spectrum of of items included in the specific index techniques ranging from biological means to from some base period. As an example, a pesticides. The goal is to keep damage price index for feed items of 250 (based below certain economic levels without on 1967=100) implies the current eliminating the pest completely. aggregated price for the items included in Integrator - See “Contractor”. this feed index cost 2½ times as much Intentions - An estimate of probable future action now, than the same or comparable items based on current plans reported; i.e. acres to did in 1967. be seeded to corn or sows to be farrowed. Individual - See "Operating Arrangement, (1) Intercropping - The growing of two or more crops Individual." on the same land at the same time. Inert Material - The inactive materials added to Example: cotton grown in the same field an active ingredient in fertilizers and with sorghum such as two rows cotton and pesticides to help its preparation, storage, two rows sorghum. Also known as shipment, or use. interplanting. Infection - Invasion of the body by germs or International Cotton Advisory Committee parasites other than insects. (ICAC) - A worldwide association of governments Inoculation - [Disease] To introduce disease which assembles, analyzes, and publishes producing organisms into plants or data on world production, consumption, animals to influence the production of stocks, and prices. ICAC closely monitors antibodies. See “Vaccines” and developments in the world cotton market “Vaccination”. [Legumes] Introduction and promotes inter-governmental of nitrogen fixing bacteria on the seed or cooperation in developing and maintaining a into the soil. sound world cotton economy. Headquartered in Washington D.C.

July 2004 38 Terms And Definitions

International Institute for Cotton (IIC) - A Kilogram - A measure of weight equal to 1,000 nonprofit organization of cotton grams or about 2.2 pounds. producing countries founded in 1966. Its Kit - A young mink. purpose is to increase world consumption Knitting - A method of constructing fabric by of cotton and cotton products through interlocking a series of loops of one or more utilization research, market research, yarns. The two major classes of knitting are sales promotion, education, and public warp knitting and weft knitting. In warp relations. Headquartered in Brussels, knitting, yarns run lengthwise in the fabric; Belgium. in weft knitting, the thread runs back and Interplanting - Same as intercropping. forth crosswise in a fabric. Warp knit Interview - Asking questions of someone or fabrics are flatter, closer, and less elastic taking objective measurements of than the weft knit. Tricot and Milanese are something representing a selected sample typical warp knit fabrics, while jersey is a unit, and recording the question typical weft knit. responses or the measurements on a Lactation - The period in which an animal is questionnaire, form, or into a computer producing milk. device, such as in CATI or CAPI. Lactose - The mildly sweet sugar in milk. Irradiation - Subjecting products to ultra-violet Lagoon - A pond used to hold manure or water light to increase vitamin D and destroy runoff. pests. Lamb - A young sheep, usually less than 1 year old. Irrigated Field - A field watered at least once Lamb Crop - The number of lambs produced by a during the growing season by any given number of ewes, usually expressed as artificial or controlled means, such as the percent of lambs weaned of ewes bred. sprinklers, furrows or ditches, and Lambing - The process of giving birth in sheep. spreader dikes (including partial, Land Capability - A measure of the suitability of supplemental, and preplant irrigation). land for use without damage. Irrigation - Artificial watering of land by surface Land Plaster - See "Gypsum." flooding, sprinkling, or subirrigation Landlord - The owner of land or buildings which methods to stimulate plant production in are rented to another person for cash, a place of, or in addition to, natural portion of the crop or livestock, other precipitation. proceeds, or free. Irrigation Set - The area of the field irrigated by Landlord Operator - A landlord who operates or is an irrigation system as it moves across a a partner in another farm. field while not ceasing operation. Lard - The fat rendered from the fatty tissues of Item Code - A 3 or 4-digit code assigned to a hogs at the time of slaughter. It is used as a specific crop, livestock, product or food product for frying or as shortening. question item for keying, editing and Larva - Stage between egg and pupa in the life tabulation purposes. cycle of insects. Kernel - The whole grain of corn, wheat, etc. Layer - Hens (including those being molted) or Kid - A young goat less than one year old. pullets producing eggs. They are usually at Kidding - The process of giving birth in goats. least 20 weeks of age. See "HPLA." Killing Frost - A frost or temperature condition Layering - A vegetative method of propagating new sufficiently low to kill staple crops. individuals by producing adventitious roots Kiln Dried Lumber - Lumber dried by artificial before the new plant is severed from the heat to a moisture content less than that parent. obtained through natural air seasoning. Leaching - The downward movement of salts or nutrients through the soil by water; it

39 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

accounts for nutrient losses but can also List Sample - A sample of potential farm operators be beneficial in ridding a soil of excess or agribusinesses selected from a LSF. salts. List Sampling Frame (LSF) - A list of agricultural Legume - A family of plants with a fruit called a operators in a State. Each classified legume or pod. It can convert free operation name becomes a sampling unit. nitrogen from the air by means of The name may be an individual, manager, nitrogen-fixing bacteria contained in farm or ranch, corporation, institution, etc. nodules on the roots, to build up nitrogen Litter - A group of pigs farrowed by a sow in one in the soil. Examples of legumes are farrowing. alfalfa, clovers, peas, peanuts, vetches, Live Weight - The gross weight of a live animal as soybeans, beans and cowpeas. compared to the slaughtered dressed weight. Lepto - See "Leptospirosis." Livestock - Any domestic animal produced or kept Leptospirosis - A bacterial infection which may primarily for farm, ranch, or market occur in many species of animals purposes, including beef and dairy cattle, including man, but is associated with the hogs, sheep, goats, and horses. hogs. It causes sows in late gestation to Loading Chute - A narrow ramp to move livestock abort, farrow dead pigs, or farrow weak, from a pen or corral onto a truck or trailer. live pigs that die in a short time. It is Loam - [Soil] A soil not definitely sandy or clayey, spread through the urine of infected pigs. but well supplied with organic matter. [Soil Lessee - Party which leases equipment or Texture] See "Soil Texture (3) Loam." property. Loan, Marketing - A nonrecourse price support Levee - An earthen dam placed at varying loan which may be repaid at less than the distances from the banks of a river to announced loan rate whenever the world serve as a containing, protective barrier market price or posted county price is less to adjacent low land during flood periods. than the commodity loan rate. Liability - Outstanding debt such as money, Loan, Marketing Assistance - A loan received goods, services, etc., which a person or from the CCC at a designated rate per unit business legally owes to another, of production. A quantity of commodity is regardless of payment terms. pledged and stored as collateral. Most loan Lime - Ground limestone (calcium carbonate) rates continue to be based on 85 percent of that helps correct an acidic soil condition. the preceding 5-year average of farm prices, Linehaul Vehicle - An over-the-road truck used excluding the high and the low. Maximum to transport cargo long distances. loan rates are specified for some crops. Lint - Cotton fiber. Loan, Nonrecourse - Eligible producers may Linters - The short fibers remaining on obtain a loan from the CCC by pledging cottonseed after ginning. Too short for crops in storage as collateral. Farmers usual textile use, they are used for batting redeem their loans by paying them off with and mattress stuffing and as a source of interest, or if a farmer cannot sell the cellulose. commodity and repay the loan when it Liquid Manure - Manure, with no bedding, matures, turn the stored commodity over to which has had water added in the the government. The government has no cleaning process of flooding the floor and choice but to accept the pledged commodity collecting the runoff into a sealed storage as complete settlement for the loan. device. Loan Rate - The price per unit (bushel, bale, Liquidity - The ease of turning an asset into pound, or cwt.) at which the Commodity money. Credit Corporation (CCC) will provide loans LISA - Low Input Sustainable Agriculture. to farmers to hold their crops for later sale.

July 2004 40 Terms And Definitions

Lobbyists - Individuals and organizations trying Loom - A machine which weaves fabric by to influence decisions by Congress and interlacing a series of lengthwise (vertical) other officials. parallel threads, called warp threads, with a Locality - The neighborhood the respondent series of crosswise (horizontal) parallel knows. Should not exceed an area bigger threads, called filling threads. than a county. LP Gas - Liquified petroleum gas such as butane or Lodged - A condition where plants are bent at or propane. near the soil surface and lie more or less Lost Sample - In the Objective Yield Survey, flat on the ground making harvest more those sample fields where the entire field is difficult and often increasing harvest destroyed (grazed, cut for hay, or is no loss. longer standing for grain harvest) after the Log - Any section of the trunk, or of the thicker first visit to the field and the units were laid branches, of a felled tree, after trimming. out. Logs are sawed into lumber of specific Low Input Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) - dimensions. Logs are usually a minimum Farming techniques designed to use lower of 16" in diameter at the thick end. levels of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, Loganberries - The plant, thought to be a cross fuel, etc. Techniques include limited tillage, between a red raspberry and a dewberry, the prudent application of pesticides and is a semierect type of blackberry and fertilizer, more row cultivation, crop usually grows on thornless canes. Fruits rotation, and utilization of cover crops and are sweeter, ripen sooner and are in intercropping. looser clusters than blackberries. Plants Low Volume Application - (1) A spray grow horizontally, compared to the erect application rate at less than 5 gallons per habit of most blackberries, so plants are acre but greater than one-half gallon per tied to supports. Loganberries need acre. (2) A spray application rate at less protection from freezing temperatures than that specified on the label but greater requiring removing the canes from than ½ gallon per acre. supports and covering them with straw. LSF System - A system used by NASS to Logged Off - To harvest nearly all trees suitable manage its list sampling frame. It consists for logs from a woods for lumber of a series of computer programs and production. computer data files designed to meet NASS Long - [Market] Designating one who has bought sampling needs. a futures contract and has not yet sold Lug - A crate or box approximately 6 x 12 x 24 another futures contract to offset his inches, inside measurement, used as a position in the market. A contract is container for berries, grapes, etc., during bought in expectation of selling for a harvesting or transportation to processing higher price, another contract with terms plants or to market. equal to the contract bought. Once an Lugs - The leaves on the bottom portion of the offsetting contract is sold, the purchaser tobacco plant. is no longer long in the market. Lumber - The dimensional sized boards, planks, Long Staple Cotton - Refers to cotton fibers wood strips, etc. suitable for building and whose length ranges from 1-1/8 inches to construction obtained from the sawing of 1-3/8 inches. Fibers whose length is 1- logs. 3/8 inches or more are known as extra Mailing Date - The date enumerators must mail long staple (ELS). materials at a post office to meet the due Long Ton - See “Metric Ton”. date. Maize - See “Corn”.

41 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Major Name Change - Any change to the purchase a commodity, usually for delivery primary name on the label which would or payment in the future. The terms of prevent the changed name from being marketing contracts are generally matched with the original primary name determined by the producer (contractee) in an alphabetic listing of the List with the primary responsibility of the agent Sampling Frame. For example, the name being to provide the market for the 'Gable, Tom' would probably not be commodity. The producer may exercise a matched if it is learned that the proper high degree of control over the production spelling is 'Goebbel, Tom'. of the commodity and receives a payment Male Rows - The rows of plants used as close to the market value of the product. pollinators to assure cross pollination The buyer does not control the production of during the commercial production of the commodity. The contract establishes for hybrid seed. delivery and payment which may allow the Mammary Gland - Gland that secretes milk. buyer to take control of the commodity See "Udder." before the final price or payment is made. Managed - See "Operating Arrangement, (2) Market Gardening - Growing an assortment of Managed." vegetables for local or roadside markets. Manmade Fibers - Industrially produced fibers, Market Hog - A finished hog ready for slaughter. as contrasted with such natural fibers as Marketing Allotment - Provide each processor or cotton, wool, and silk. Examples are producer of a particular commodity a nylon, rayon, acetate, acrylics, polyester, specific limit on the volume of sales for the and olefin. year, above which penalties would apply. Manufacturing Milk - Raw milk produced or Marketing Assistance Loans - used for the manufacture of dairy Marketing Assistance Loans are loans products, such as cheese, butter, for determined crops where the farmers powdered milk, etc. It may or may not decide how much of their current year’s be of lower quality than milk used for production they want a loan on and bottled milk and may sell for less. pledge that amount as collateral. Manure - Excreta of animals (feces and urine sometimes with bedding), collected from Farmers can use funds for immediate barns and other areas housing livestock. needs and enables them to wait until It is usually disposed of by spreading on prices have improved to settle their loans or injecting into the soil. As the manure and market their commodities. They decomposes it adds organic matter and have a 9 month maturity and accrue serves to fertilize the soil. interest. These loans are nonrecourse, Manure Pit - A large pit or container building meaning that the government must used for storage of manure. accept the collerateral as full payment of Maple Syrup - A sweet, concentrated food the loan at loan maturity if a producer so product made during the spring of the chooses. Some commodities have a year by boiling the natural sap of the national loan rate while others have a sugar maple tree to the proper concentration. county loan rate. Farmers can receive Maple Sugar - Boiling of sugar maple tree sap benefits from marketing assistance loans past the maple syrup stage, leading to in four ways, two of which are now crystallization of the syrup into sugar. subject to payment limits: 1) Marketing Mare - A mature female horse. Loan Gains (MLGs) 2) Loan Deficiency Marketing Contract - An agreement between a Payments (LDPs) 3) Gains from the producer and a firm or agent to market or July 2004 42 Terms And Definitions certificate exchange process and 4) producer exchanges the Forfeiture gains. certificates for the quantity of the commodity that was previously 1) Marketing Loan Gains - under loan and regains control of MLGs are when producers the collateral. repay a marketing assistance loan anytime before loan 4) Forfeiture gains - A gain when maturity at the alternative loan the market value of collateral repayment rate announced by forfeited is less than the loan USDA, if the alternative rate balance. The producer forfeits is less than the loan rate plus ownership of the loan collateral accrued interest. The to the government when the loan alternative repayment rate for reaches maturity. upland cotton and rice are Market News Service (MNS) - A branch of announced weekly and are Agricultural Marketing Service. Its function commonly called “adjusted is to provide market reports depicting world prices” (AWPs). For current conditions on supply, demand, most other crop, the prices, trends, movement, and other pertinent information affecting the trade in alternative repayment rates are livestock, meat, and wool. announce daily and are Market Spread - The difference between the retail commonly called “posted price of a product and the farm value of the county prices” (PCPs). ingredients in the product. This spread includes the charges made by marketing 2) Loan Deficiency Payments firms for assembling, storing, processing, - LDPs are similar to MLGs transporting, and distributing the product. except that farmers receive Market Value - The price real estate, other property LDPs on current production or a commodity would receive in the current not placed under loan. market. Market Year or Marketing Year - A one year period, beginning at the start of the new 3) Gains from the certificate harvest for a commodity and extending to exchange process - Another the same time in the following year. The way for farmers to reestablish beginning of harvest has been averaged to unencumbered control of their establish a standard U.S. marketing year for loan collateral. There are three each commodity, For example, the U.S. steps 1) The producer takes cotton marketing year begins on August 1 out a marketing assistance and ends on July 31 of the following year. loan 2) The producer turns the Marketing Assessment - Require producers to collateral over to the CCC. repay nonrecourse price support loans at less The certificate’s unit price is than the announced loan rates whenever the world market price or posted county price the alternative loan repayment for the commodity is less than the rate for the commodity (PCP commodity loan rate. or AWP) at the time of the certificate purchase. 3) The

43 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Marketing Board - A central government maturity the line has reached the tips of the authority in certain foreign countries that kernels. directs all purchases and sales of a given Meadow - An area covered with perennial fine- commodity in both the domestic and stemmed grasses and often used to produce foreign markets. The most frequently hay. performed function of a marketing board Mercantile Exchange - A commodity exchange is the management of exports. specializing in trading livestock futures Marketing Order - Federal authorization for contracts. It is sometimes called the Merc, agricultural producers to promote orderly and is located in downtown Chicago, IL. marketing by influencing such factors as Metric Ton or Long Ton - A measure of weight supply and quality, and to pool funds for equal to 1,000 kilograms, or about 2,200 promotion and research. Marketing pounds. orders are initiated by the industry, and Micronaire Reading - The results of an airflow are approved by the Secretary of instrument used to measure cotton fiber Agriculture and by a vote among its fineness and maturity. members (usually a two thirds majority). Micro-Nutrient - A mineral required in a relatively Once approved, a marketing order is small amount for plant growth. mandatory. Mid America Exchange - A commodity exchange Marsh - A flat, miry, treeless area commonly trading smaller contract sizes than the CBT. covered by standing water, with a native Middling - The designation of a specific grade of growth of grasses, etc. cotton. Grades are determined by the Mash - A complete poultry ration composed of amount of leaf, color, and the ginning ground grains, soybean meal, meat preparation of cotton, based on samples scraps, dried skimmed milk, alfalfa meal, from each bale of cotton. Middling is a high limestone, salt, fish oil, vitamins, or other quality white cotton. fortifying materials. Migrant Worker - Any farm laborer who moves Mastitis - A chronic and acute inflammation of from one locality to another according to the mammary gland of milking animals. variations in time of harvesting crops, or one Infected animals have reduced milk who lives in a locality only for the time production and milk produced is not required to the produce and harvest crops. marketable. Military Time - A system of time as a unit of a 24- Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia (MMA) - One of hour day rather than as a time within AM or the major problems of sows and gilts at PM. See the NASDA Employee Handbook, farrowing time. They may occur singly or Appendix A, Clock Hour Conversion, for a in various combinations. Metritis is an Military time table. inflammation of the uterus, and agalactia Milk - [Livestock] The natural food produced by means literally no milk or interference female mammals to nurse their young. with milk secretion. See "Mastitis." [Crops] A stage of development in a kernel Maternity Pen - A special pen in a barn where of grain. animals about to give birth may be Milk Cow - Cow, excluding a nurse cow, isolated from the rest of the herd. It is regardless of breed kept primarily to usually of good size, well bedded, warm, produce milk for home use or for sale. and with good sanitation. Milk-Feed Ratio - Number of pounds of dairy Matron - A mare that has produced a foal. concentrate ration that are equal in value to Maturity Line - A dark ring appearing in the butt one pound of milk; that is, the price received end of a broken ear of corn. The line by farmers for 1 pound of milk divided by moves down the kernel toward the cob as the price of a pound of dairy concentrate the plant gets closer to maturity. At feed. July 2004 44 Terms And Definitions

Milk Fever - A common disease in milk cows Minor Name Change - Any change to the primary occurring right after calving. The cow is name on the label that does not interfere unable to get up and its legs act as if with the matching of the changed name to paralyzed. The disease is caused by low the original name in an alphabetic listing of blood calcium levels and is usually the List Sampling Frame. For example, the treated by giving an intravenous injection name 'Goebel, Tom' would probably still be of calcium solutions. matched if it is learned that the proper Milk Goats - Straight haired goat breed, selected spelling is 'Goebbel, Tom'. for production of milk. Miticide - A chemical agent to control mites. Milk: Grade A - Raw milk produced on dairy Mixed Grain - A combination of two or more small farms in which the average bacterial plate grain crops (such as wheat, rye, barley, or count does not exceed Grade A oats) mixed together, seeded and harvested standards. This milk is primarily for the all from one field. fluid market, although it may be diverted MMA - See "Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia." to manufacturing use. Modified Cash Rent - Rent paid in cash but Milk: Grade B - Raw milk which violates the determined by production and/or commodity bacterial standard for Grade A raw milk, price rather than predetermined and fixed. but conforms with all other requirements Moduled Seed Cotton - Cotton compressed into for Grade A raw milk. Primarily a large modules in the field after harvest so it manufacturing milk. may be held temporarily on the farm or at Milk Nonfat Solids - Food materials in milk after the gin while awaiting ginning. About 40 fat and liquid are removed. percent of the U.S. cotton is moduled. Milk Production - Collection of milk for sale or Mohair - The long hair from the Angora Goat. home consumption. Moisture Test - A test performed on a commodity Milk Replacer - A dry commercial substitute for sample to determine the percent moisture in the cow's milk usually mixed with liquid. the commodity. Each grain, forage, etc., has Milk Shed - The rural area from which an urban specific marketing moisture standards. community draws its fluid milk supply. Mollusk - Mollusks (there are over 50,000 species) Milk Solids - Food materials in milk after liquid are some of the most well known of is removed. invertebrate sea creatures, like snails, clams, Milking Machine - A mechanical device used to mussels, squid, and octopods. In general, draw milk from the udder. mollusks have 3 body regions: a head, a Milking Parlor - A specially arranged and visceral mass for the internal organs, and a equipped room where cows are “foot” or muscular lower part of the body. individually fed concentrates and Mollusks usually have a shell (although machine milked. some do not) and are valued for their meat, Mill - [Textile] A business concern or factory shells, or pearls. which manufactures textile products by Molt - A process during which hens stop laying and spinning, weaving, or knitting. shed their feathers. Occurs naturally every Mill Consumption - The quantity of a fiber 12 months or may be artificially induced. processed in manufacturing Monammonium Phosphate - A common establishments. chemical fertilizer having the analysis 11- Millage Rate - The actual tax rate imposed by 48-0. the State or local government on the Monetary Policy - Policies carried out by the assessed value of real estate. Federal Reserve Board to influence the Milo - See “Sorghum”. supply of money and the rate of interest. Minimum Tillage - See "Conservation Tillage."

45 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Motes - Cotton waste material from the cotton Mutations - Relatively permanent changes in ginning process, mostly from the lint hereditary material involving a physical cleaning. change in chromosome relations or a Motor Carrier - A firm that uses over-the-road biochemical change in the structures that trucks to transport goods. make up genes. [Mink] Refers to all natural Mouthing - Inspecting an animal's teeth to ranch mink colors developed by breeding determine age (usually sheep and horses). since the original dark brown shade. Mulch - Any material applied to the soil surface Mutton - [Sheep] The flesh of a grown sheep (at to protect roots of plants from heat, cold, least one year old) used for food. [Goat] or drought, and to contain weeds. Castrated male goat. Mulch-Till - A conservation tillage system in Mutton Breeds - Meat-type sheep breeds selected which the total soil surface is worked for carcass quality and growth rate. with tillage tools such as a chisel, disk, or Name & Address Master - The storage in field cultivator prior to planting. Mulch- ELMO of the name(s), address, control data, till incorporates part of the crop residue and other information for the list sampling into the top few inches of the soil, frame, the area sampling frame operators, helping increase roughness and moisture and the release frame. retention where it's needed. Nannie - See "Doe." Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) - The MFA, Naps - Large tangled masses of fibers often negotiated under the auspices of the resulting from ginning wet cotton. Naps are General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade not as detrimental to quality as neps. (GATT), provides a set of complex rules National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) - which signatory nations agree to abide by A USDA agency responsible for when negotiating bilateral agreements to collecting, estimating, and publishing control trade in cotton, wool, and current statistics on the Nation's agriculture. manmade fiber textiles and apparel. National Cotton Council of America (NCC) - Multi-Frame Sample - Involves using an area The central organization representing all and list frame together. An area sample seven sectors, or interests, of the raw cotton measures list incompleteness. Each area industry of the U.S.: producers, ginners, tract operator is matched against the list warehouses, merchants, seed crushers, of ag operators on the list frame to cooperatives, and manufacturers (spinners). determine if it is overlap or nonoverlap. NCC is a voluntary private industry Multi-Purpose Chemicals - Spray or dust, association established in 1939. NCC containing a combination of chemicals to programs include technical services, foreign control more than one thing such as operations, communication services, insects as well as diseases. economic services, and government liaison. Mummified - Young that died sometime during Headquartered in Memphis, TN. gestation and were born dead and National Sample - A sample of farms selected in degenerate (discolored and shriveled or such a manner that every farm in the United decomposed). States in the census files having the “Must” Codes - A 1-digit code in the mail label characteristics specified has an equal or to indicate that the case was designated known probability of selection. as a mailed “must” in the current census. National Processing Center (NPC)- This facility located in Jeffersonville, In mails and receives the census report forms and captures the data for NASS edits. National Turkey Federation (NTF) - An organization of turkey producers.

July 2004 46 Terms And Definitions

Native Cover - A plant growth in which the income derived differently for census species are wild or native in contrast to purposes. See “Net Cash Farm Income of the seeded pastures of cultivated land. the Operation” and “Net Cash Farm Income Natural Fibers - Fibers of animal (wool, hair, or of the Operator” in the 2002 Census of silk), vegetable (cotton, flax, or jute) or Agriculture glossary. mineral origin (asbestos or glass). Net Farm Income - The money and nonmoney Natural Resources Conservation Service income a farm operator realizes within a (NRCS) A USDA agency charged with calendar year from farming as a return for thenational soil and water conservation labor, investment, and management after program in cooperation with landowners, production expenses have been paid. operators, developers, community Computed as gross income minus planning agencies, and other local, state, production expenses. Definition for net and federal agencies. Soil Conservation farm income derived differently for census Service is now part of NRCS. purposes. See “Net Cash Farm Income of NAWG - National Association of Wheat the Operation” and “Net Cash Farm Income Growers, an organization of wheat of the Operator” in the 2002 Census of producers. Agriculture glossary. NCA - National Cattlemen's Association, an Net Harvested Yield - The total crop production organization of cattle producers. harvested and recovered for sale, feeding, NCGA - National Corn Growers Association, an etc., expressed as a quantity per unit of area. organization of corn producers. Net Worth - The net ownership of a farmer or NPC - See “National Processing Center”. individual in his business; the difference Nectar - Sweet secretion, primarily a solution of between the assets and liabilities; the dissolved sugars in varying proportions, owner's equity. Net Worth is not calculated produced in the nectarines of many in the census. flowering plants and is the basic raw New Crop Lambs - Lambs born during the product of honey. lambing season defined as October 1 Needle Teeth - Eight small, sharp, tusk-like teeth (September 1 in California) and December which pigs have at birth. 31. Nematicide - Any substance used to kill New Operator - Also referred to as successor. An parasitic, root-infesting nematodes. operator who takes over control of an Nematode - Microscopic, worm-shaped parasitic agriculture operation through sales, rental or animals. Damage to many crops can be other arrangements. Mailing lists tend to severe. become outdated rapidly due to the change Neps - Very small, snarled, difficult to remove in farm operation control. Many names on masses or clusters of fibers that look like the mail list will change from one year to the dots or specks in the cotton lint. If not next. Therefore, it is very important to find removed, they will appear as defects in out the successor’s name, address, and date the yarn and fabrics. of succession for large operations in order to Neppy - Cotton fiber that is full of knots and improve coverage. snares that cannot be removed by the New Segment - A segment not surveyed in the spinner. previous year's area sample. Each year 20 Net Cash Farm Income - The amount of funds percent of the segments are new. generated by the farm business used for NFO - Acronym for National Farmers Organization, debt repayment, to expand the business, a farmer organization. or to pay for family consumption or other obligations. Definition for net farm

47 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Nitrogen - A chemical element essential to life Noncellulosic Fibers - Fibers made from and one of the primary plant nutrients. petroleum derived chemicals. The major Animals get nitrogen from protein feeds, types are polyester, nylon, acrylic, and plants get it from soil, and some bacteria polypropylene. get it directly from air. Nitrogen is one Nonfarm Income - Includes all income from of the three primary ingredients in nonfarm sources (excludes money earned complete fertilizers. Nitrogen content is from working for other farmers) received by the X in a fertilizer’s analysis of X-0-0. owner-operated families residing on a farm Nitrogen Fixation - The conversion of and by hired farm labor residing on a farm. atmospheric nitrogen into a stable form Nonoperator Landlord - A landlord who does not used by plants. This process is operate or is not a partner in another farm. accomplished naturally by bacteria living Nonoverlap (NOL) - A tract operator in an area in legume plants. frame sample whose name is either not on the NMPF - Acronym for The National Milk list sampling frame or is not eligible to be Producers Federation, an organization of selected, from the list sampling frame. milk producers. Non-Point - Usually associated with pollution No-Till - Method of planting crops without coming from a large area with no single, seedbed preparation. Seeds are planted well-defined source. directly into sod or the previous crop Nonresponse - Failure of a respondent to reply to a stubble. The only soil disturbance is in survey questionnaire; may be item the opening of small slits in the soil nonresponse (refuse to answer one or more created by coulters, row cleaners, disk questions), survey nonresponse (refuse to openers, in-row chisels, or rotary tillers, answer any or most of the questions), or so seed can be placed at the intended inability of enumerator to locate respondent depth. There is usually no cultivation during the survey period. during crop production with chemicals Nonwoven Fabrics - Material made primarily of used for weed control. No-till can help randomly arranged textile fibers held together reduce erosion by up to 90 percent by by an applied bonding agent or by fusion. cutting down on runoff. It also helps Noxious Weed - Any weed injurious to the farm build up the organic matter content of the crops, to other useful plants, or to livestock. soil. Usually, these are perennials and very Node - Enlarged regions of stems that are difficult to destroy or control. Some may be generally solid, to which leaves may be poisonous to livestock or parasitic to other attached and at which buds are frequently plants. Many states specify which weeds are located. Stems have nodes, roots do not. noxious and have control requirements for Nonagricultural Land - Land permanently them. Canadian thistle, Russian thistle, field withdrawn from agriculture, such as bindweed, chickpea, Johnson grass, morning roadways, railroads, factory sites, towns, glory, etc. are some weeds recognized as etc. Parcels of idle land, including woods noxious. should not be considered nonagricultural N-P-K - Chemical symbols for nitrogen, phosphorus unless permanently withdrawn from and potassium, chief ingredients of fertilizers. agricultural use. Nurse Bee - Young worker bees that feed larvae. Non-Bearing Acres - New or immature tree/vine Nurse Cow - A cow used to supply milk for plantings not yet commercially nursing calves other than her own. producing.

July 2004 48 Terms And Definitions

Nurse Crop - A crop grown with another crop; poultry. They are also used as a raw material often used to secure a return from the land in processing edible vegetable-protein in the first year of a new seeding or to help products. the other crop get established (i.e. oats On Farm Stocks - All whole grains and oilseeds on sown with alfalfa). hand or stored on the total acres operated, Nursery - [Plants] Any place where plants, shrubs, regardless of ownership or intended use. and trees are grown either for Includes grain and oilseeds in temporary or transplanting or as grafting stock. permanent storage facilities or on the ground. [Livestock] A building especially On Feed - Livestock intended for slaughter market designed and controlled for raising young that are being fed a fattening ration such as animals, usually calves or pigs. grain or other concentrates or on excellent Nut - A dry, single seeded fruit with a hard, pasture. Cattle are expected to produce a woody covering. carcass that will grade "select" or better, NWG - Acronym for the National Wool Growers, while sheep have no minimum grade an organization of sheep and wool expectations. producers. On-Off Dates - The date upon which a rancher can Occupied Dwelling - Any primary residence move his livestock onto a grazing allotment (legal or illegal) for a person or family. If and the date by which they must be removed. a person or family spends their time Oncogenic - Capable of producing or inducing between two or more residences, it is tumors in animals. where they spent most of the year. Open-end Spinning - Processing fibers directly from Occupied Farmstead - See "Occupied Dwelling." a fiber supply, such as a roving sliver, to the Off Farm Stocks - All whole grains and oilseeds finished yarn, in contrast to ring spinning. stored in a commercial storage facility Three basic open-end methods are (elevator, processor, etc.), regardless of mechanical, electrostatic, and fluid or air. ownership or intended use. Includes grain Advantages over ring-spun yarns include and oilseeds in temporary or permanent increased speed, less labor, and less floor storage facilities or on the ground. space for equipment. Off Feed - An animal that has stopped eating or Open-Fire Cure - A method of curing tobacco eats very little (usually from having eaten by hanging it on scaffolds in a tobacco barn too highly concentrated feed or too great a and building fires under it. quantity). Operating Arrangement - The managerial Off Flavor - An unacceptable flavor in milk, eggs organization of farm or ranch operations by or other meat caused by the diet of the which day-to-day decisions are made. animal, or in cooked fish by algae growth Operating arrangements are classified as: (1) in the fish prior to cooking. Individual - A land operating arrangement Oilseed Crops - Primarily soybeans, cottonseed in which one person makes the day-to-day peanuts, sunflower seeds, and flaxseed management decisions. This includes used for the production of oils and high incorporated family farms even though a protein meals. Lesser oil crops are canola, legal partnership involving spouse, sons, safflower, rapeseed, mustard seed, castor daughters, etc. exists. (2) Managed - A land beans, and sesame. operating arrangement in which day-to-day Oilseed Meal - The product obtained by grinding management decisions are made by a hired the cakes, chips, or flakes remaining after manager. The ranch foreman or farm most of the oil is removed from oilseeds. manager must have managerial authority to Oilseed meals are high in protein and make the day-to-day decisions instead of the mainly used as a feedstuff for livestock or land owner. Managers are usually paid a

49 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

salary, although bonuses may be tied to Organic Farm - A production system which production or performance. (3) avoids or excludes the use of synthetically Partnership - A land operating compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth arrangement where two or more persons regulators, and livestock feed additives. contribute some combination of land, Organic farming systems rely upon crop labor, capital, equipment, materials, and rotation, crop residues, animal manures, management. Each person participates in legumes, green manure, off farm organic day-to-day management decisions and wastes, mechanical cultivation, and aspects of shares in profits or losses, but not biological pest control to maintain soil necessarily on an equal basis. productivity and tilth, to supply plant Operating Arrangement, Multiple - Farming nutrients, and to control insects, weeds, and operations operated separately and other pests. distinctly from each other by an operator. Organic Matter - Decomposing plant or animal Example: a person is the sole proprietor of materials in the soil, exists in all stages of one agricultural operation, and is also the decomposition. senior partner in an agricultural Other Hay - The Other Hay category should only be partnership operation and is also a used if the harvested hay does not fit the manager of a third agricultural operation. other categories (i.e., alfalfa and alfalfa A separate census report is required for mixtures, wild hay, small grain hay) that may each of these operations. be identified on a questionnaire. Examples of Operation - Establishments primarily engaged in Other Hay crops include bluegrass, timothy, the production of crops or plants, vines fescue, bermuda, and sudan grasses and and trees (excluding forestry operation) clover (if it is not part of an alfalfa mixture). and/or the keeping, grazing or feeding or Out-of-Business - A previous farm or ranch livestock or poultry for animal products, operator who no longer makes the day-to-day for animal increase or value increase. decisions on land suitable for agriculture; Questionnaires with “This Operation” or raises no crops, livestock, or poultry; has no “On This Operation” terminology on-farm grain storage facilities. They may reference the questionnaire label. own farmland which is being operated by Operator - The person responsible for all or most someone else. See "Retired", and "Sold-out." of the day-to-day decisions such as Outdoor Tobacco - Term used in the Connecticut planting, harvesting, feeding, or marketing River Valley, the tobacco growing area of for the tract or total land operated. The Connecticut and Massachusetts, to operator could be the owner, hired distinguish cigar binder tobacco from the manager, cash tenant, share tenant or a shade-grown wrapper type grown there. partner. If land is rented or worked on Outlier - A very unusual survey value when shares, the tenant or renter is the operator. compared with most other responses to same Orchard - An acreage of planted fruit or nut trees. question. Order Buyer - A person or firm purchasing Overlap (OL) - Tract operators in the area frame livestock on behalf of another person or sample who are also on the list frame and firm (packer, feedlot) according to eligible for sampling. specifications. The buyer is paid a fee for Output Traits - Plant traits that influence how his services and may or may not take title the grain, oilseed, or lint is used. For to the animals. example, white corn is a biotech output trait of corn used to satisfy a particular market for that product. Overseeding - Seeding into a crop already

July 2004 50 Terms And Definitions

established, such as seeding a forage crop in Parity - [Livestock] The number of times a female the spring on a field of winter wheat has given birth. [Economic] A relationship established the previous fall. which defines a level of purchasing power for Overspray - The application of pesticide beyond farmers equal to an earlier base period. Some the boundaries of the target area to be farmers, rather than using the technical treated, by the failure to control the direct definition above, think of parity as simply "a flow or application of pesticide from the fair price plus a reasonable profit." application equipment. Parity Index - See "Prices Paid Index." Ovum - The female reproductive cell, the egg. Parity Price - The price giving a unit of a farm Ovum Transplant - An operation where the cow's commodity the same purchasing power or ovum is transplanted into the uterus of exchange value in terms of goods and another cow. The receiving cow is bred services bought by farmers, as farm and carries the calf during the gestation commodities had in the base period, 1910- period. This practice increases the number 1914. of offspring that can be born from a cow Parity Ratio - The ratio of the prices received with desirable characteristics. index over the prices paid index, using 1910- OYS - Acronym for Objective Yield 1914 as the base period. It measures the Survey. relative purchasing power of products sold by Packer - [Livestock] A slaughter and meat farmers. processing business. [Crops] Pertaining to Partial-Year Operator - An operator for a portion of the business of packing fresh or processed the annual survey cycle. See “Operator”. fruits and vegetables or meats. Partner - An individual within a partnership. Pack - A subunit of a flat which facilitates retail Partnership - See "Operating Arrangement, (3) sales. There may be 6 or 8 packs per flat. Partnership." Package Bee - Bees produced for sale, supplied Passive Solar Design - A design incorporating by the pound, and transported in a box the use of solar energy in a building for with a wire screen on two opposite sides. purposes of heating and cooling without The most popular size package contains relying on moving parts. two or three pounds of adult bees, without Pasteurization - Process of heating food material, brood or comb. usually a liquid, to a specific temperature for Packinghouse - An establishment where food a specific length of time. This heating products are prepared and packaged for process destroys some pathogenic bacteria market. and delays the development of others. Packout - The percent of a commodity received Pasture - An enclosed area of untilled ground by the packinghouse that is boxed and covered with vegetation and grazed by shipped to market. animals. Paddock - Small fenced in grazing units within a Patronage Refund - A payment from a larger pasture. Livestock are moved or cooperative to its regular customers from the rotated among paddocks allowing the profits based on quantity or value of business vegetation in some paddocks to regrow done with the cooperative. while other units are grazed. Payment, Advanced - A provision in the farm Parcel - A unit of land described by boundaries on program where a program participant which taxes are levied. receiving payments may choose to receive a portion of the projected final payment early in the year. However, at the end of the program year, if the final payment is less than

51 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

the advance amount, producers must Pedigree - A written statement giving the record of refund the excess portion. an animal's ancestry. Payment, Cost-share - Payments made under a Pegging - A stage of development of the peanut plant program where a participant in the farm where the fertilized flower produces an program receives partial cash assistance elongated ovary which enters the soil. Once from the government when the participant underground, the ovary develops into a pod pays for the cost of a service or good. and eventually into the peanut. Payment, Final - This term is used in conjunction Pelleted Formulation - A dry formulation of with deficiency payments and transition pesticides and other components in small payments. Advanced payments are made particles. to participants on the basis of projected Pelt - The natural, whole skin covering, including the payments. The final payment is the actual hair or fur of the smaller animals, such as payment level that the participant is mink or fox. authorized under the terms of the program Pen - An enclosed area used to confine livestock. which is determined at the end of the year. Pencil Shrink - The estimated weight loss of Payment Limitations - Limitations set by law livestock from the point of weighing to final on the amount of money any one person destination. Payment is made on the may receive in farm program payments estimated weight at the destination. each year under the feed grain, wheat, Penny (d.) - [Building Materials] Standard used to cotton, rice and other farm programs. designate the length of nails. The larger the Payment, Loan Deficiency - Payments made to a penny size, the longer the nail. producer who, although eligible to obtain Perennial - A plant with a life span greater than 2 a marketing assistance loan, agrees to years. forgo the loan in return for the payment. Permanent Pasture - Pasture planted and A loan deficiency payment is available established with perennial or self-seeding only when the adjusted world price is annual plants that have been maintained below the loan rate. through several years of grazing. Payment Quantity - The payment quantity of a Permanent Sod - A soil management system in contract commodity for each fiscal year which a sod is periodically mowed but no equals 85 percent of the contract acreage tillage is carried out. Benefits include multiplied by the farm program payment prevention of soil erosion, maintenance of yield. good organic matter levels, and improved soil Payment, Transition - The payment participants structure. receive are referred to as transition Pesticide - A substance or mixture of substances to payments because over the 7-year period control insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, and of the program, the payments will decline. other forms of plant or animal life considered At the end of the program, the producers being pests. Pesticides include insecticides, will operate under free market conditions fungicides, herbicides, and nematocides. with no payments received. Pesticide Product Formulation - The Payment Yield - The farm commodity yield of concentration of a pesticide and other record (per acre), determined by a ingredients which make up the product. procedure outlined in the farm bill Pesticide Residue Free - A crop that does not legislation. Payment yields can be based contain any detectable pesticide residue. on a 4-year farm historic yield or a county average yield or a combination of both. Peat-Lite Mix - A growth medium of peat and either vermiculite or perlite often used for potted plants.

July 2004 52 Terms And Definitions

PH Number - Number that indicates acidity or Pile - The cut or uncut loops which make the surface alkalinity of a solution. Number 7 a pile fabric. Some common pile fabrics indicates a neutral solution. Numbers include velvet, corduroy, terry toweling, above 7 indicate an alkaline solution, and furniture covering, and rugs and carpets. numbers below 7 indicate an acidic Pima Cotton/Ameri-Pima Cotton - Grown in solution. Southwest U.S. and Peru, this superior Pheromone - A chemical substance produced by quality, long-staple cotton is named for the an insect or animal and serves as a Pima Indians who helped to raise it in stimulus to other individuals of the same Arizona test fields in the early 1900s. Its species for one or more behavioral longer length makes Pima cotton softer, responses. smoother, and stronger than other cotton Pheromone Traps (Lures) - A trap that uses a fibers which becomes even more comfortable chemical sex attractant to capture insects. with age. Its fewer imperfections in the yarn, Phosphate - A term indicating a fertilizer which allow for creating finer finished lustrous supplies phosphorus, one of the three garments and bedding. primary ingredients in a complete Pinching - Breaking off the terminal growing point, fertilizer. The phosphate content in a allowing the axillary buds to start growing. fertilizer's analysis is indicated as the XX's Placements or Placed on Feed - Cattle put into a in 0-XX-0. feedlot, fed a ration to produce a carcass to Photodegradation - A process of breaking down grade select or better, and are intended for the a substance through reaction to light. slaughter market. Phytotoxic - Injurious or lethal to plants. Plant Growth Regulator - A substance which Pick - A filling yarn or thread that runs crosswise increases, decreases, or changes normal in woven goods. growth and/or reproduction of a plant. Pick Your Own - A system of direct marketing in Plant Nutrients - Elements required for normal which the customer harvests the product. growth and development of plants. Well adapted to strawberries, raspberries, Plant Propagative Material - Seeds, bulbs, some tree fruits, and many vegetables. corms (similar to head of garlic), rhizomes Pickup - [Shipping] Each place the carrier stops to (e.g. iris bulbs), tissue culture slips and/or load cargo. plugs. Pig - A young hog weighing less than 120 pounds. Planting Flexibility - Under the farm bill, except for Pig Crop - The number of pigs produced by a fruits and vegetables, any commodity or crop given number of sows, usually expressed may be planted on contract acreage on a as the percent of pigs weaned to sows farm. The planting for harvest of fruits and bred. vegetables (other than lentils, mung beans, Pig Pneumonia - A viral pig disease infecting the and dry peas) is prohibited on contract lungs. Less severe cases may cause only acreage, except in the following situations: occasional coughing while more severe Harvesting double-cropped fruits and cases exhibit hard coughing and breathing, vegetables on contract acreage is permitted, thumping, and obvious weight loss. without loss of payments, in any region Infected pigs are 10 to 20 per cent less which has a history of double-cropping efficient in weight gain and are more contract commodities with fruits and susceptible to bacterial infections of the vegetables. An individual farm does not have lungs than healthy pigs. to have a double-cropping history, only the PIGA - Abbreviation for Public, Industrial, or region. Harvesting of any fruits or vegetables Grazing Land Association. on contact acreage is permitted, with an acre- for-acre loss of contract payments for each

53 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

contract acre planted to fruits or Pod - A dry, many-seeded fruit that splits open, such vegetables, if the Secretary of Agriculture as a soybean or pea. determines that there is a history of Point - A term used in quoting the price of raw planting fruits and vegetables on the farm. cotton. One point is equal to 1/100 of a cent. Harvesting of specific fruits or vegetables Point Farm - An operating arrangement which has on contract acreage is permitted, with an agricultural production, land , commodity acre-for-acre loss of contract payments for inventory, or government payments each contract acre planted to the specific equivalent to $1,000 or more based on the fruit or vegetable, if the Secretary of point system. Agriculture determines that a producer has Point of First Sale - The point in the marketing an established planting history of the channel where the firm selling the product specific fruit or vegetable. In such a case, gives up the ownership of the product. the quantity harvested cannot exceed the Point System - A system that permits determination producer’s average annual planting history of whether an operation meets a potential of the specific fruit or vegetable during the minimum level of total value of agricultural 1991--1995 crop years (excluding any products sold even if no products were sold. crop year with zero acres planted). Haying A set number of points equivalent to dollars and grazing restrictions have been are applied to each acre of crops and head of eliminated, except for CRP acres. There livestock reported. are no minimum planting requirements for Polled - Animals, especially cattle, that normally do contract commodities. There are no not develop horns. restrictions as to what a producer can plant Pollen - Microspore male bodies produced by plants on non-contract acres. capable of fertilizing the ovary of that or Plant Tissue Test - Plant tissue analysis provides another plant. information on how the plant is using Pollination - The transfer of the pollen from the male particular nutrients and gives clues for portion to the female portion of that flower or deciphering nutrient deficiency or excess another flower of the same species. The first problem step in producing a fruit or seed. Pleasure Horse - A light horse of any breed used Pollinators - An agent that pollinates blossoms or for riding, driving, or nonprofessional flowers. racing or show. Pollution - Substances that make another substance Plot - A. small parcel of land, usually rectangular unclean, dirty, or impure. in shape and of a definite size, used in Pomology - Horticulture branch dealing with fruits. calculating yields in crops. Ponding - Small ponds in fields formed from the Plow - Any of various implements designed to collection of runoff water due to poor soil perform primary deep tillage operations drainage and heavy precipitation or irrigation. on the soil, usually in preparation for Pool Auction - See "Auction Pool." planting. Pooled Grain - Grain which has been delivered to a Plow Down - To bury by plowing material lying cooperative for collective marketing. on a field’s surface (fertilizer or green Farmers agree to share marketing expenses manure). and returns on a basis equal to the amount of Ply - The number of single yarns twisted together commodity they are marketing. Farmers may to make a composite yarn. When applied receive one or more advance payments, but to cloth, it means the number of layers of will not receive full payment until the fabric combined to give the composite cooperative markets the grain. fabric. Poor Stand - A seeding of any crop which Pneumonia - [Hogs] See "Pig Pneumonia." germinates poorly and produces an uneven distribution of young plants. July 2004 54 Terms And Definitions

Population - A defined set of farm operations to such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. which a survey pertains. The elements Pour-on - Pesticide application to livestock by must be defined in space and time as well pouring the material along its back. as content. For example, the population to Power-Take-Off (PTO) - System of shafts used to be surveyed might be described as all transmit power from a tractor's engine to an farms in the state of Wisconsin in attached implement. Standard PTO speeds operation on June 1. are 540 rpm and 1000 rpm. Pork - The meat of hogs or pigs. Predator - Any animal, including insects, that Postemergence - After the appearance from the preys upon and devours other animals. A soil of a specified weed or crop. predator is distinguished from a parasite, Postharvest - All activities following harvest. which lives only on one host at a time and Pot-Bound - Growing a plant in a pot until its root usually does not destroy the host. system has become densely matted; a Preemergence - Before the emergence of a method used by florists to promote specified weed or crop. flowering. Preferential Assessments - The valuation of Potash - A term used to indicate fertilizers which farm or ranch land for property tax purposes supply high levels of potassium. The according to its current use value rather than potash content in a fertilizer's analysis is its market value. It attempts to preserve indicated as the XX's in 0-0-XX. farmland and land devoted to agricultural and Potassium Chloride - A common chemical open space from the economic pressure of fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis, 0- encroaching. 0-60. Prefinished Plants - [Floriculture] Plants not Potassium Nitrate - A common chemical ready for retail sale. These plants are finish fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis, 13- grown by a grower who purchased the plants 0-44. from another grower. Potassium Sodium Nitrate - A common Premium - An added payment by the buyer to the chemical fertilizer having the analysis, 15- producer over and above the market price of 0-14. similar products of equal grade and quality. Potassium Sulfate - A common chemical Prewashing - The area before washing on the fertilizer having the fertilizer analysis of packing line where the commodity is sprayed 0-0-49. with water and/or a chemical additive to Potted Flowering Plants - African violets, remove field dirt and pathogens. chrysanthemums (excluding Price, Farm - The season average price received by Hardy/Garden mums), finished florist farmers is a sales weighted average of prices azaleas (showing color), Easter and other received by farmers during the marketing lilies, poinsettias, and other potted season at the point of first sale, usually on the flowering plants. Referred to as “pot farm or at a local delivery point. crops” by the industry. Price, Futures - The current price of a commodity Potted Foliage Plants - Any of a variety of established at a futures exchange to be indoor or patio plants grown for their delivered at a future data. Futures contracts greenery. are primarily traded by merchants to hedge Poult - A young turkey before its sex can be their price risks but also are used by growers, determined. Sometimes applied to the mills, and others to reduce risks of adverse young of other fowl. price movements. Poultry - Any or all domesticated fowls raised Price, International - There is no statistically primarily for their meat, eggs, or feathers, valid, single estimate of a world price for any agricultural commodity.

55 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Price, Mill - The price of a commodity delivered Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) - An area of land, to a buyer at the mill. These prices, typically square to rectangular in shape. A including landing and brokerage costs, are PSU size is based on the shape, size and quoted for commodities at given grades complexity of the resources being and commodity descriptions. inventoried. Price Paid by Farmers - The price farmers pay Private Carrier - A motor carrier which primarily for goods and services necessary for them hauls its own cargo. to produce and market commodities. Private Variety - A variety developed by a private Prices Paid Index - An index to measure changes company which can be patented. in average prices paid by farmers for Probability Sample - A sample where every goods and services used in family living sampling unit of the sampling frame (area or and in production, together with interest, list) has a known, nonzero chance of being taxes and farm wage rates, relative to a selected. base period. The index of prices paid is Probing - A means of providing the respondent with called the parity index when using the encouragement or stimulus, to keep thinking base period 1910-1914=100. about the question that has been asked. It Price Received by Farmers - The price farmers indicates to the respondent that the question receive for commodities they sell in their is important, and provides additional time for local market or at the point where they the respondent to organize his or her thoughts deliver their product. The farmer delivers and feelings. the product to market, so transportation Processing Plant - Business and corresponding discounts should not be subtracted from buildings designed to carry out the the price received. operations, such as pasteurizing milk, curing Prices Received Index - An index to measure meats, canning and preserving fruits, etc., changes in average prices received by required to prepare agricultural products for farmers for agricultural commodities they sale and consumption. sell, relative to a base period. Processor - One who processes or prepares Price, Spot - A spot or cash market price is the agricultural products by cooking, curing, etc. price a commodity of various qualities Production Area - That area devoted to producing a was sold in different areas. These crop. It would include all areas that are exchanges provide a means of establishing necessary for production but not devoted to premiums and discounts to producers and it. The area may be indoors or outdoors. for settling futures contracts. Production Contract - An oral or written Prick Off - In the greenhouse, to lift very small agreement whereby the owner of the seedling plants from the seed beds and commodity (contractor) supplies some or transfer them to transplant flats. most of the inputs for production and Primary Name - The first line of the name and generally the terms of the contract are very address on the mailing label, representing specific in nature. See "Contract an individual, partnership or operation Production." name of a farming, ranching or Production Control Program - Any government agribusiness operation. program intended to limit production. At Primary Nutrients - The three major plant various times these programs have been nutrients which are nitrogen, phosphorus called acreage reduction, reduced acreage, (phosphate) and potassium (potash). set-aside, diverted acreage, acreage allotments, marketing quotas, PIK, and soil bank.

July 2004 56 Terms And Definitions

Production Credit Association (PCA) - Pseudorabies - An acute, highly contagious viral Lending groups, owned by their farmer- disease that is most severe in young pigs. borrowers, that provide short and Newborn pigs affected by pseudo often go intermediate term loans for up to 10 years from a normal appearance into a coma and from funds obtained from investors in the death in 6 to 24 hours. With young pigs, money markets. See "Farm Credit Bank" litter mortality rate is very high. Often, bred and "Farm Credit System." sows abort when infected; those not aborting, Production Expenses - A measure of all costs deliver dead or mummified pigs. associated with the production of gross PTO - Abbreviation for Power-Take-Off. farm income including purchased inputs, Public or Industrial Grazing Land - See labor, interest, net rent paid to nonoperator "Grazing Land, Public or Industrial." landlords, depreciation, and property Public or Industrial Grazing Land Association taxes. (PIGA) - See "Grazing Land Association, Production Flexibility Contract - Owners and Public or Industrial." producers of farms with eligible cropland Public Law 480 (PL 480) - The principal who want to participate in the farm legislative authority for channeling U.S. food program must have signed a production and fiber to needy countries. First enacted in flexibility contract. The producer must 1954, PL 480 was extended by the Food for comply with the conservation and wetland Peace Act of 1966 and subsequent protection requirements on all their farms, legislation. comply with the planning flexibility Public Variety - A variety developed by a public requirements, and use the contract acreage university, public research lab or with public for an agricultural or related activity. The funds making the seed stock available to benefits are: transition payments over the anyone. 7-year period and eligibility for marketing Pullet - A female chicken or turkey under one year. assistance loans. Pulpwood - Wood used in the manufacture of paper, Production Flexibility Contract Payment - fiberboard, and so on. Another term for the contract transition Pupa - Stage in the life cycle of a developing insect payments received by program when the larval body is reorganized into that participants. of the adult. Production Index - An index of 12 subgroup Purchased Water - Water purchased by the indices to measure changes from a base operator and/or landlord by paying a fee for period in prices paid for most of the items water used on a field and originating from an farmers buy in producing their crops and off-farm source. Even if an irrigation district, livestock. water-supply ditch association, or canal Professional Scouting - See "Scouting." company does not charge a water fee, but Program Crop (FSA) - A crop that FSA is only charges the producer for the cost of allowed to distribute program payments. water delivery or for the maintenance cost of Prop Root - See "Brace Root." water delivery facilities, report the water as Propagation - To increase through reproduction. purchased water. Pruning - The removal of live or dead branches, Purebred - An animal of pure breeding, registered or roots, and other parts from trees, shrubs, eligible for registration in the herd book of vines, etc., for the purposes of the breed to which it belongs. improvement. QAS - Acronym for Quarterly Agricultural Survey. Pseudo - See "Pseudorabies." Quarter Section - An area of land that is one fourth of a surveyed section and 160 acres in size. Also expressed as 1/4 Section.

57 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Quicklime - See "Burned Lime." Receiver - The recipient of goods or produce such as Queen - A fully developed, mated female bee, a wholesaler, an individual retail outlet, or a whose lives to lay eggs. Normally, she is major grocery chain. the mother of all other bees in the colony. Receiving - [Fruit] The area at a packinghouse where A queen bee is larger and longer than a fruit is first delivered from the grove, worker bee. unloaded, and trash and debris are removed Queen Cell - The cell in which the queen before moving into the packinghouse. develops. This cell is the largest built and R-factor - A measure of resistance in a material to hangs vertically in the hive while the the transfer of heat from one side to the other others are horizontal. in a material. Questionnaire - A form or computer program Reference Date - The date used as a reference point (CATI, CAPI) used to ask specific for asking respondents survey questions. For questions from and to record the responses example, the reference date for the given by selected sample units to the Agricultural Surveys is the first day of the survey questions. month, for Farm Costs and Returns Survey R-Value - Measure of resistance to heat flow, used it's a specific year. comparatively in rating insulation Referendum - The referral of a question to voters to materials. The higher the R-value the be resolved by balloting; for example, greater the insulating ability of the marketing quotas, acreage reduction, or material. marketing agreements. Raisin - A dried seedless grape used for food. Refilling - Using the same area to grow the same Ram - Male sheep, usually kept for breeding crop or a mix of crops more than once during purposes. the year. Also referred to as multiple Ranch - Similar to a farm, except primarily cropping. involved in raising livestock, usually on Refusal - A person representing a sample unit who pasture or rangelands. will not cooperate in the survey and who Ranch Parcel - See "Farm Parcel." refuses to provide sufficient information to Rancher - Ranch operator. satisfactorily complete the questionnaire, or Range - See "Rangelands." who will not give an enumerator permission Rangelands - Unimproved, non-irrigated pasture to complete the field counts or measurements. or grazing land not suitable for growing Registered - [Livestock] Recorded pedigrees of crops. Ground covered by natural Purebred animals in their respective breed vegetation only. registry. [Seed] Seed produced from Raptor - Bird of prey. foundation and other registered seed, and Ration - The amount of feed an animal receives in used to produce certified seed. a 24-hour period. Release Date - The date the survey results are Ratooning - The practice of harvesting a second published and released. crop from the original seeding, usually in Remote Sensing - Detection of information from a rice or sugarcane. distance. Usually the information is collected Raw Fibers - Textile fibers in a natural state from measurement instruments aboard before manufacturing activity has taken aircraft or space satellite. place; for example, cotton as it comes Render - [Commercial] To process dead animals from the bale. (killed as a result of something other than Real Estate - Real property, such as land and normal slaughter) for tankage, pet food, mink improvements (clearing, wells, etc.); and food, etc. [Home] While butchering an houses and buildings and their animal, the process of heating the natural fat attachments. to separate the usable lard or tallow from the unusable fat.

July 2004 58 Terms And Definitions

Rent - Reimbursement to the owner (landlord) Restricted Use Pesticide - A pesticide which is from the user (tenant) for land, buildings, designated as such by the Environmental equipment, livestock, etc., used in Protection Agency (EPA) because it is felt production. that it may generally cause, without Replacement - An animal selected to be kept for a additional regulatory restrictions, breeding herd. unreasonable adverse effects on the Resident Farm Operator (RFO) - A farm environment, including injury to the operator whose residence is located within applicator. A restricted use pesticide may be the boundaries of a segment. In the case used only by a certified applicator. of a partnership, there is only one operator Retired - A previous farm or ranch operator who is per farm. The partner making most of the now out-of-business because he/she has day-to-day decisions is considered to be reached an age to retire from farming or the operator. When partners share equally ranching. He/she may still own farmland, in decision making, the oldest partner is which is being operated by someone else. considered to be the operator. See "Out-of-Business." Resident Tract - A tract within the segment Revisions - A change made by the Agricultural boundaries which contains an occupied Statistics Board to an earlier published dwelling. USDA estimate. Revisions are made as a Residential Areas - Populated areas within a result of more current information or segment such as housing developments. additional information learned about the Residue - [Crops] Decaying plant material on the commodity since the original estimate was soil's surface. [Pesticide] The quantity of published. pesticide or its degraded products Ridge-Till - Method of planting crops that leaves the remaining on or in the soil, plant parts, or soil undisturbed from harvest to planting. animal tissue. Ridges, formed while cultivating the current Residual Supplier - A country which furnishes season's crop, serve as next year's seedbed. supplies to another country only after the At planting, residue from the previous year's latter has obtained all it can from preferred crop is moved between the ridges with sources. sweeps, disk openers, coulters, or other row Respondent - The person who provides the cleaners, so there is less on the ridge to information necessary to complete a interfere with planting. Herbicides and survey interview. cultivation work together to control weeds, Response Code - A questionnaire coding and cultivating helps rebuild the ridges. requirement that identifies the status of its Ridge-till is good for poorly drained areas data collection. Response Codes can because the elevated soil drains faster and indicate that a questionnaire is complete, a warms more quickly in the spring. respondent has refused, a respondent was Ripe - Mature seeds which are fit for germination, or inaccessible, the records was out-of-scope, fruit which has attained full development. and so forth. Rooster - Male chicken usually kept for breeding Retailer - [Food] A person or firm that sells small purposes. quantities of a product directly to Root - Vegetative plant part which anchors the plant consumers. in the soil, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and may store food in some types of plants. Rotation - See "Crop Rotation."

59 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Roughage - Coarse livestock feed such as hay and Salary - A fixed payment at regular intervals for silage, high in fiber and low in total services. Often associated with professionals digestible nutrients. given a responsibility certain performance Round Weight - A term for fish live weight. standards or quotas. Used for positions such Roving - An intermediate stage of yarn making as managers and administrators. See between sliver and yarn; the last operation “Wages.” before spinning into yarn. Sale Barn - See "Auction Barn." Row - Plants planted in a continuous straight line. Sample - Sampling units selected from a sampling Rows are evenly spaced to facilitate frame. See "Area Sample"; "List Sample"; mechanical cultivation and harvest and "Multi-Frame Sample." operations. Sample Field - A field within a segment designated Row Space - For crops planted in rows, the to contain one or more survey samples, distance from the center of one row to the usually objective yield samples. Fields are center of the next row. identified by field number on aerial Royal Jelly - Food secreted by worker bees and photographs. placed in queen cells for larval food. Sampling Frame - A population or list of all RTC Weight - Ready to cook weight of possible units which meet a specified criteria defeathered, eviscerated, and processed to draw a sample. birds. Sampling Unit - An identifiable unit of a Ruminant - Cud chewing animal with a digestive sampling frame that may be selected when system of four stomachs, the rumen, drawing a sample. For an area frame sample reticulum, omasum and abomasum (cattle, it may be a segment, tract or field and for a sheep, goats). list frame sample it is a name. Runner - See "Stolon." Sand - [Soil] Soil particles finer than gravel but Running Bale - Any cotton bale of varying coarser than silt, ranging in size from 0.05 to weight as it comes from the gin. To 2.00 mm. in diameter. [Soil Texture] See maintain comparability, bale weights are "Soil Texture (4) Sand." commonly converted to 480-pound net Sandy Clay - See "Soil Texture (5) Sandy Clay." weight equivalents. Sandy Clay Loam - See "Soil Texture (6) Sandy Runoff - That portion of total precipitation that Clay Loam." finds its way into drainage channels. Sandy Loam - See "Soil Texture (7) Sandy Runt - Designating a small or poorly nourished Loam." animal, especially a young pig. Scalping - A method of range renovation where Rural - Country rather than city, usually vegetation is turned over in strips to improve associated with agriculture. water infiltration, hasten organic matter Rural Land - See "Rural Parcel." decay, and reduce water and soil nutrient Rural Parcel - A parcel outside of an urban area competition. (cities, towns, villages). Includes Scarification - To scratch, chip, or nick the seed coat agricultural and forest land, idle land, to enhance absorption of water in the seed waste land, individual, recreational, and causing germination. Some seeds must be residential tracts. It excludes multi-tract scarified before they germinate. recreational, and residential, commercial, Scours - Diarrhea or loose-running feces. [Hogs] See and industrial developments. "Gastroenteritis." Rusts - A parasitic fungi which attack plants, Scout - Crop specialist who visits fields to make including most food and feed grains. It assessments of crop development. Monitors stunts the plants normal growth and field insect populations, presence of weeds, development. and disease damage to crop. Gathers

July 2004 60 Terms And Definitions

information about pest population levels, Seed Potatoes - Pieces of potato planted to activity, size and/or density. produce a crop. Scouting - A process of checking a field for the Seedbed - The upper portion of the soil prepared by presence of weeds, insects, or diseases and natural or artificial means to receive seed and gathering information about pest promote germination and growth. population levels, activity, size, and/or Seedling - The early growth stage of a plant grown density. from seed as it emerges above the ground. Scouting Program - A complete program where a Segment - Land areas with identifiable boundaries. scout regularly monitors a field or all crop Segments serve as sampling units in an area fields. The scout recommends to the frame. They are assigned a permanent operator specific control measures for number and outlined in RED on aerial problems found. photos. Segments generally range in size Sea Island - An extra long staple cotton originally from one-half square mile to three square from the Bahama Islands. Produced in miles. SC, GA, and FL until early 1920's when Segment Boundaries - Centerline of physically U.S. production virtually ceased due to observable boundaries such as roads, competition from foreign ELS cotton, railroads, streams, ditches, etc., and the inside production of American-Egyptian cotton of red-inked lines for areas such as woods, in Western States, and production desert land, or rangelands that have no problems with Sea Island cotton. observable boundaries. Commonly about 1½” in length but Selective Herbicide - A herbicide which kills only ranged up to 2". certain groups of plants, e.g., 2,4-D kills Secondary Name - The second line of name and broadleaf plants but not grasses. address information on the mailing label. Selective Pesticide - A chemical that is more It represents an individual or group of toxic to some species than to others. individuals associated with a partnership Self-Feeder - Feeding equipment that supplies or operation name of a farm, ranch or feed continuously so animals may eat at will. agribusiness. Self Pollination - Pollen from a plant is used to Secondary Nutrients - Essential plant nutrients fertilize a flower on the same plant. needed in less quantity than primary Seller's Invoice - An itemized listing of all goods or nutrients but in greater quantity than commodities delivered to a firm by a seller in micronutrients. These nutrients are one delivery. calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Serial Application - The application of one Section - A surveyed and recorded unit of land pesticide to a site immediately or shortly after equal to 640 acres; 1 mile x 1 mile. the application of another. Seed - An embryonic plant with sufficient Service Work - Work of a service nature in a farm nutrients required during germination and related business such as veterinary, early growth until the plant is able to commodity grading, marketing services, milk produce its own food. testing, etc. Seed Corn - Corn raised to produce seed stock. It Set - A plant, e.g., tomato or tobacco, which is first may involve complicated pollination sown in flats or beds and later transplanted in programs designed to retain desirable the field; a small bulb (onion, garlic), shoot, hereditary traits. tuber (potato), etc., for planting. Seed Cotton - The raw product which has been Shade Tobacco - See "Cigar Wrapper." harvested but not ginned, containing the Shattering - Falling off and consequent loss of lint, seed, and foreign matter. potentially harvestable grain or fruit caused by strong winds, heavy rains or hail.

61 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Share Rent - Method of paying rent, where the between feedlot and market scales due to owner receives a share of the crop, transit or other handling processes. [Crops] livestock (or product, such as milk or The weight lost in grain, vegetables, or wool) as payment for use of land, potatoes during storage through the loss of buildings, equipment, livestock, etc. moisture. Sharecropper - A tenant who shares the crop, Side-Dress - To apply fertilizer to soil at the side livestock, and/or livestock products with of a row, usually by a cultivator fitted with a the landowner, who often extends credit to fertilizer distributing attachment or by a and closely supervises the tenant. The machine especially designed for this purpose. sharecropper generally supplies only Silage - Feed for livestock, kept juicy and succulent labor. by fermenting chopped green corn, corn ears, Shearing - The operation of using shears to clip legumes or grasses. Crops are stored in silos wool from sheep or goats. or mounds to restrict the supply of oxygen, Shed - A simple building for shelter of livestock, this is necessary to create the fermentation storage of feed, farm equipment, etc. process. The chief crops stored this way are Sheep Off - To pasture sheep in a field after the corn, sorghum, and various legumes and crop has been harvested. grasses. The main use of silage is as cattle Sheet - A standard size of plywood, insulation, feed. paneling, and other building materials. A Silk - The long, hairlike membrane coming from the sheet is 4 feet by 8 feet and available in ear of the corn plant, each of which is various thicknesses. connected to an ovary (kernel) on the ear. Shelterbelt - A plant barrier of trees, shrubs, or Each silk must be pollinated to form a full ear other approved perennial vegetation of kernels. After pollination the silks become designed to reduce wind erosion. dry and turn brown. Shipping Season - The time period during which Silo - A structure for making and storing silage. Silos a crop is marketed. Normally beginning can either be upright (vertical) or trench or shortly after harvest starts and ending bunker (horizontal) type structures. before the next crop season harvest Silt - [Soil] Small, mineral, soil particles, ranging begins. from 0.002 to 0.05 mm. in diameter. [Soil Shoat - A young hog of either sex which is Texture] See "Soil Texture (8) Silt." weaned but which usually weighs less Silt Loam - See "Soil Texture (9) Silt Loam." than 150 pounds. Silty Clay - See "Soil Texture (10) Silty Clay." Shoot - A plant stem, 1 year old or less, that has Silty Clay Loam - See "Soil Texture (11) Silty leaves. Clay Loam." Short - One who has sold a futures contract and Simple Layering - A method of layering in which has not yet bought another futures contract the stem behind the end of the branch is to offset his position in the market. A covered with soil to promote rooting and the contract is sold in expectation of buying tip remains above ground. back at a lower price, another contract Sire - A male animal that is the parent of an animal. with terms equal to the contract sold. Skep - Beehive made of straw. Once an offsetting contract is bought, the Skip-Row Planting - Planting with uniform purchaser is no longer short. spacing, one or more rows of a commodity Short Rotation Woody Crop - Trees grown for (especially cotton), then skipping one or pulp or tree stock having a typical growth more rows. cycle of 10 years or less (Christmas trees, Skirted - Wool from which belly-fleece and other cottonwood for pulp, tree farms). inferior type fleece has been removed. Shote - See "Shoat." Slaughter - The butchering of cattle, sheep, and other Shrinkage - [Livestock] The animal weight lost animals for food. July 2004 62 Terms And Definitions

Slaughter Plant - A business and corresponding Soft Fibers - Flexible fibers of soft texture obtained buildings designed to butcher meat from the inner bark of dicotyledonous plants. animals. Soft fibers are fine enough to be made into Slaughter Weights - The average weight at which fabrics and cordage. Examples are flax, a livestock species goes to slaughter hemp, jute, kenaf, and ramie. See “Hard market. Fibers”. Sled Row - The unplanted area of skip rows Soft Pork - A soft, flabby, oily pork which is the between the planted rows of tobacco for result of hogs being fed high fat content feeds the movement of equipment and in which the fat is liquid at ordinary machinery. Normally, a sled row is the temperatures. Some example feeds are share of two rows that is left between each soybeans, peanuts, mash, and certain garbage. four rows of planted tobacco. Also called Soil - Earth material that will support rooted plants. a truck row. It is made up of inorganic particles, organic Sliver - A strand or rope of fibers without twist. In matter, organisms, water, and air. yarn manufacture, a sliver is formed by Soil Application - Application of a pesticide to the the carding machine and is of greater soil rather than to a growing crop or weed. diameter than roving. Soil Compaction - The pressing of soil particles Slope - Any land surface with an incline or closer together, reducing the soil's capacity to decline, such as a hillside or terrace. hold organic matter, organisms, water and air, Small Grain - Any of the cereal crops, such as which are essential for optimum plant wheat, oats, barley, rye, and rice. growth. It is often caused by driving on or Small Grain Hay - Includes small grains such as tilling soil with heavy equipment or when the wheat, oats, and rye harvested as hay soil is very wet. instead of grain. Small grains harvested Soil Fertility - The soil quality that provides for hay are a source of feed for a feedlot. nutrients in proper amounts and balance for Sometimes a small grain is intended to be the growth of crops when other factors such harvested for grain, but if grain quality as temperature, moisture, etc., are favorable. and quantity has poor potential, grain Soil Map - A map designed to show the distribution prices are low, or a second crop will need of soil types on the earth's surface. to be planted before the grain is ripe, then Soil Moisture - Soil water available for plant use. harvesting for hay is an alternative. Soil Profile - A vertical section of a soil that shows Smoker - Device used to blow smoke on bees to the layering beneath the soil surface. reduce stinging. Soil Structure - The natural arrangement of Smothering - The suffocation of a plant, usually individual soil particles into separate due to ice or water remaining on the plant aggregates, varying in form and size. and the surrounding soil for a prolonged Soil Survey - The systematic classification and period. mapping of soils in an area. Sod - A tight growth of grass or other plants. Soil Test - A variety of lab and field examinations of Sodbuster - A farmer who plows highly erodible soil samples to determine the amounts, kinds, land currently in sod to plant cultivated and availability of plant nutrients. crops, often with more than the allowable Soil Texture - The relative proportions of sand, amount of erosion occurring. silt, and clay particles in the soil. Sodium Nitrate - A common chemical fertilizer (1) Clay: 40%+ clay size particles. having the fertilizer analysis, 16-0-0. (2) Clay Loom: 27 to 40% clay, 15 to 53% silt, and 20 to 45% sand. (3) Loam: 7 to 27% clay, 28 to 50% silt, and < 52% sand.

63 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

(4) Sand: 85%+ sand and <10% clay. fatal to cattle. One sorghum variety has (5) Sandy Clay: 45%+ sand, 35%+ clay, leaves that are pressed to create molasses. and < 20% silt. Sow - Female pig that has farrowed at least once. (6) Sandy Clay Loam: 20 to 35% clay, Sow, Brood - See “Brood.” <28% silt, and 45%+ sand. Spay - To remove the ovaries of a female animal (7) Sandy Loam: <20% clay, <50% silt, making her unable to produce eggs and thus, and 43 to 52% sand. unable to produce young. (8) Silt: Soil with 80% or more silt and Special Furrowing - The modification of furrows to less than 12% clay. reduce runoff, capture precipitation and (9) Silt Loam: 50%+ silt and 12 to 27% improve irrigation efficiency. clay, or 50 to 80% silt and <12% Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) - A special clay. birthing process performed under sterile (10) Silty Clay: 40% + clay and 40%+silt. conditions using sterile procedures. The (11) Silty Clay Loam: 27 to 40% clay process is only performed in special and <20% sand. operations, usually hog operations interested Soil Tilth - The overall physical condition of the in selling selective breeding stock. A soil, frequently regarding its suitability as Caesarean section procedure is usually used a seedbed. to achieve sterile conditions. This procedure Solar Energy - Energy, in the form of heat, is used to prevent exposure of baby pigs to generated by the sun. common diseases, as could occur during Sold-out - A previous farm or ranch operator or normal farrowing procedures. operation that is now out-of-business due Speculation - Trading in futures contracts in which to selling the entire farming or ranching traders take the risk of price change, hoping operation; no longer owning any for a financial gain. farmland; crop, livestock, or poultry Speculative Commodities - Commodities facilities or grain storage facilities. See designated by USDA regulations because “Out-of-Business.” they are traded on organized commodity Soluble Powder - A finely ground, dry powder exchanges. Forecasts and estimates for these formulation where the technical active commodities are prepared under special ingredient as well as the other formulation precautions. See “Agricultural Statistics components will dissolve in water or other Board.” liquid for which the powder is formulated. Speculator - People who underwrite the risk for the Solvency - A measurement of what would be left hedging process. Speculators usually have if all an operation’s assets were converted no commodity to deliver or do not intend to to cash and all its liabilities were paid. take delivery on any contracts. They will try Sorghum (Milo) - Sorghum is used primarily for to offset their market position before the livestock feed. It is a plant similar to corn, contract is due. but the grain grows on a head like wheat, Spike - [Floriculture] A stalk or stem of gladiolus rather than on ears. Sorghum grows to a having more than one bloom or flower. height of about 3 feet, but some types, Spinning - The process of drawing fibers in roving or especially those used for silage, will grow rope form, twisting the appropriate number of much taller, creating more plant to be turns per inch and winding the yarn on a chopped for feed. Stalk residue remaining bobbin or other suitable holder. after harvesting for grain can be used as Spinning Quality - The ease with which fibers lend pasture for cattle after a few days, themselves to yarn-manufacturing processes. following a killing frost. In drought years Spot Price - See “Price, Raw Cotton.” milo stalks contain prussic acid, which is Spot Treatment - Application of a pesticide to small, discrete areas. July 2004 64 Terms And Definitions

Spray - Pressurized application of a chemical by Statistically Defensible Survey - A survey placing fixed or traveling (wig-wag) whose procedures and specifications can with nozzles over the crop. stand court challenge or other investigation. Springer - A pregnant cow of heifer due to calve The survey should have an adequate sample shortly. size, randomly selected respondents, Sprinkler Irrigation - Overhead application of carefully worded questions, professional water to a crop by any of a wide range of interviewing, reasonable editing, correct systems, e.g. center pivot. summarization, and appropriate publication. SSN - Abbreviation for Social Security Number. Statistics - Totals, averages, percentages, and other Stacked Gene Variety - Biotech seed numbers computed from population or varieties that include both genetically sample data. modified insect resistance and Steer - Castrated male cattle. genetically modified herbicide Stem - The portion of the plant that supports the resistance. Only include varieties that bloom and on which the bloom grows. Sterile - [Plants] Florets which were not fertilized have both. If the variety contains more during the period of pollination. [Livestock] than one gene for resistance to Animals incapable of reproduction. different types of insects but not Stillborn - Giving birth to a dead but fully herbicide resistance, it is NOT a developed fetus. stacked gene variety. Stock Sheep - Sheep in the breeding flock, Stag - Male animal castrated as a mature animal, including ewes and rams used for breeding, normally after being used for breeding. wethers one year old and older, ewe lambs Stalk - The main stem of a plant, which often and ram lambs. supports leaves, stems, flowers, fruit, etc. Stocker - [Cattle] Cattle being backgrounded prior to Stallion - A male horse used for breeding finishing. Sometimes referred to as yearling purposes. cattle. [Fish] Fish usually 6 to 12 inches in Staple - Fiber of such plants as cotton and flax, length and less than ¾ pound. [Livestock] wool, etc., especially with reference to See “Feeder.” length. Stockyard - A holding area for livestock being sold Staple fibers - (1) Natural fibers whose length through commission firms. usually ranges from about 1 inch to 1½ Stolon - Stems that, as they grow, bend over with inches, such as cotton. (2) Manmade fibers their weight so that the tips touch the soil, cut to the length of various natural fibers often continuing growth along and on the to facilitate blending and processing with soil. Roots may be produced at nodes other fibers. touching the soil. Starting Corner - [Objective Yield] The first Storage Capacity - Capacity of all permanent and corner reached when approaching a field; temporary storage structures normally used to the point of entry into the field. store grain. These facilities can be silos, State Land - Lands which belong to and are cribs, bins, granaries, buildings, trailers, administered by a state, and are leased to trench storage, etc. individuals. Stover - The stem and leafy parts of a corn plant after the ears have been removed.

65 July 2004 Terms And Definitions

Stratification - The classification of sampling Subsistence Farm - A low income farm where units in a population into homogeneous production emphasis is for use by the groups. An area frame is stratified based operator and his family rather than sale. on land use, such as intensity of cropland, Sucker - A tiller or shoot arising from a bud. rangeland, wasteland, urban areas, etc. A Suckle - To nurse at the udder. list frame is stratified based on operation Summer Fallow - See “Fallow.” control data, such as number of livestock, Summer Range - Rangeland grazed during the grain storage capacity, cropland, and total summer growing season. acres operated. Super - A top compartment of a beehive above the Straw - The dried stems of small grains remaining brood nest area in which bees deposit their after grain harvest is complete. nectar and honey. Strick Low Middling 11/16 Inch Cotton - The Supima - Trademark of an ELS cotton, commonly grade and staple length used as a basis on referred to as American Pima cotton, which the CCC, USDA, establishes its produced in Arizona, New Mexico, and West loan rates. Higher qualities receive loan Texas. Supima Association of America is a premiums and generally higher market producer association headquartered in prices, while lower qualities receive lower Phoenix, Arizona. loan rates an lower prices. See “Cotton Supplement - See “Feed Supplement.” Quality.” Surface Irrigation - The application of water Strip-Till - A conservation tillage method where directly on the soil surface, e.g. flooding the the soil is left undisturbed prior to entire area or flooding furrows. planting. Tillage in the row is done at Surface Water Sources - Water stored in natural planting using tools such as a roto-tiller, ponds or lakes, flowing in streams and rivers, an in-row chisel, or other row cleaners. and water stored in man-made reservoirs. Weeds are controlled with herbicides Surfactant - A chemical added to a pesticide which and/or cultivation. improves the emulsifying, dispersing, Strip Cropping - Growing crops in a systematic spreading, and/or wetting properties of the arrangement of strips or bands to serve as pesticide. barriers to wind and water erosion. Surge Flow - A gated-pipe, furrow irrigation Stubble - That portion of the forage or grain plant system where a surge control valve is used to remaining after harvest is complete, control the direction and water flow rate. usually the root and a portion of the stem This system minimizes irrigation runoff. or stalk. Surge Flow with Cutback - Delivery of water to the field Sub-irrigation - Water supplied through where after the initial surge irrigation, water underground tile or perforated pipe in flow rate is cutback sufficiently to maintain sufficient amounts to maintain a water water in the furrow while delivering a more table close to the soil surface to supply uniform supply of water to the furrow. water for crop needs. Survey - The collection of data pertaining to Sub-Tract - See “Tract and Sub-Tract”. specific sample units. A sample is selected Subsampling - A general term for selecting a and information collected from individual sample from a sample. sampling units. Data reported by the selected Subsidy - Any national tax rebate on exports, sampling units, when summarized, provides financial assistance on preferential terms, an indication of what the total would be if all financial assistance for operating losses, or the sample units within the sampling frame expenses for production, processing, or had reported. distribution of a product. Survey Management System - A management program used to take sampled record information from ELMO and prepare those July 2004 66 Terms And Definitions

records for data collection. The program Tallow - Fat rendered from the tissue of cattle and also provides information related to sheep used in candle, or soap manufacture, enumerator performance. etc. Survey Period - The time period during which Tame Hay - Hay cut from domesticated, cultivated survey data collection can occur. crops such as clover, timothy, etc., as Primarily determined by the survey’s opposed to hay cut from wild or native reference date and due date. See “Data grasses. Collection”, “Date, Due”, and “Date, Tank Mix - Two or more pesticide products mixed in Reference.” the spray tank by the applicator immediately Susceptibility - [Pesticide] Capacity to be before application and applied to the field as adversely affected by pesticide treatment. a single treatment. Swampbuster - Persons who drain natural Tankage - A highly nutritive feed concentrate wetlands to convert land to other uses, consisting of processed meat by-products. It mainly annual crops in the case of is high in protein and minerals. farmers. Tare - The weight of the ties (or bands) and Swarm - Natural division of a colony of bees. wrapping materials around a bale of cotton. Sweet Corn - A variety of corn with kernels high The quoted net weight of a bale excludes the in sugar that is eaten by humans as fresh tare, whereas the gross weight includes tare. or processed corn. Target Crop - A crop selected for inclusion in a Sweetening - [Crop] Seeding additional seed into survey. an already established crop without Target Operator / Operation - Reference to the destroying original seeding. This is operator / operation listed on the usually done because the original stand questionnaire label. See “Operator”, was too thin. “Operation”, and “Operating Arrangement”. Swine - A hog or a pig. Target Price - The 2002 Act establishes target prices Swine Influenza - A very contagious disease in for eligible commodities. hogs. Infected pigs lose their appetite, Tariff - A system of duties (taxes) imposed by a become weak, run a fever, and may government on imported goods. develop a cough. The disease runs its Tassel - The male flower of the corn plant. course in 3 to 7 days and death loss is Tenant - A person who reimburses the owner with usually very low. Infected pigs take money, labor, or a share of the product, for longer to reach market weight because of the use of the owner’s land. weight loss and infected sows may abort Term Permits - Grazing rights or privileges, for during gestation. national forests, issued to qualified applicants Synthetic Fibers - Fibers made from petroleum for ten year periods. derived chemicals that were never fibrous Terminal Market - A city or market into which in form; categorized as noncellulosic large amounts of produce are brought for sale fibers. and distribution. T-Value - The maximum rate of soil erosion under Terrace - Raised earthen embankments in a field which a high level of crop production can supported that direct rainfall to an outlet such be maintained indefinitely. a waterway or tile intake. Terraces are Tags - Mohair (goats) and wool (sheep) clipped usually classified by the method of runoff from face and crotch area. disposal, the shape of the terrace cross Tailing - Material unthreshed after going through section, or by the alignment between terraces. the cylinder and concaves of the thresher.

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Tex - A system of yarn numbering that measures Tolerance - Capacity to withstand pesticide the weight in grams of 1,000 meters of treatment without adverse effect on normal yarn. A 30 tex yarn weighs 30 grams per growth and function. The amount of 1,000 meters. pesticide residue that is permitted by federal Textile - Any product made from fibers, including regulations to remain on or in a crop. yarns, fabrics, and end-use products such Tom - A male turkey less than 1 year old. as apparel, home furnishings, and Ton (T) - Weight equal to 2,000 pounds. industrial applications. Tonne - See “Metric Ton.” Texture - The number of warp threads (ends) and Top-Dress - To apply fertilizer or manure on top of filling yarn (picks) per square inch in a the ground without working it into the soil. woven fabric. For example, 88 x 72 Topping - The cutting off or removal of the top means there are 88 ends and 72 picks per portion of plants. [Tobacco] This practice is square inch in the fabric. commonly done to prevent plants from TGE - See “Transmissible Gastroenteritis.” developing flowers and allowing plants to use Thinners - Chemical products produced to more of their nutrients to grow larger leaves. decrease fruit set or to thin the fruit [Seed Corn] Detasseling is a form of topping. production. Topsoil - The naturally forming, upper layer of soil Thinning - Type of pruning cut where entire rich in organic matter; it is easily lost by shoots are removed; an extension of, or erosion. complement to, heading back. Total Confinement - Production under a roof with Thumps - A respiratory disturbance in pigs which no access to exposed lots or pastures. resembles hiccoughs. Pigs breathe rapidly Toxicity - The capacity of a substance to produce and with difficulty. Associated with illness or cause an adverse effect; the swine influenza and pig pneumonia. measure of damage resulting from exposure Tiled - An area of land which has had an to a substance. underground drainage system installed to Trace Element - A chemical substance essential in remove excess water from the soil. very small amounts for both plants and Tillable Acres - That part of a farm’s land which animals. can be used for crops without additional Tract - An area of land inside a segment under one drainage, clearing, or irrigation. type of land operating arrangement. It may Tillage - The practice of working the soil to bring have one or more parcels of land. A tract about more favorable conditions for seed may consist of agricultural land (ag tract), germination, root growth, and weed nonagricultural land, residential areas, and/or control to improve plant growth. some other land use. A tract consists of land Tiller - A shoot which arises from the crown of a the operator owns and operates as well as grass plant. land rented from others. Tilth - See “Soil Tilth.” Tract and Subtract(s) - Terms used to describe an Timber Tract - See “Short Rotation Woody operating arrangements on list frame surveys Crops”. with the tract being the primary operating Tip Layering - Layering in which rooting takes arrangement and the subtracts being place near the tip of the current season’s additional operating arrangements for an shoot which falls to the ground naturally. operator. Tobacco Barn - A barn specially designed for Tractor - A self-propelled machine with a gasoline curing tobacco. or diesel engine that supplies power to other Tobacco, Shade - See “Cigar Wrapper.” machines in one of 5 ways: (1) pulling at the drawbar; (2) pushing from the front; (3) rotary power from the power-take-off (PTO); (4) hydraulic power; and, (5) electric power July 2004 68 Terms And Definitions

(direct current from a generator). This Treatment Acres - The total number of acres machine is used to perform much of the covered by applications of a product work on farms. regardless of single or multiple applications. Trade Deficit - The amount a country’s imports Tree Farm - A tract of land on which trees are exceeds exports. grown as a managed crop. Tranquilizer - A chemical substance which has Trench Silo - A trench dug in a hillside, sometimes the ability to calm or pacify an animal lined with wood or concrete retaining walls when injected into the bloodstream. used as a silo to store forage. Must be well Transfer - [Land] A change in the ownership of a drained; used in arid or semiarid climates. parcel, including voluntary sales, forced Trickle Irrigation - See “Drip Irrigation.” sales (bankruptcies, etc.) and non-sales Truck Broker - A firm, for a fee, coordinates (gifts or inheritances). This also includes transportation deals for carriers and receivers the rights, responsibilities, and decision and provides other administrative, making ability that go with ownership. information, safety, and bookkeeping Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) - A services. digestive disease in hops. Pigs may Truck Farm - A farm producing one or several vomit, scour profusely, and lose weight kinds of vegetables which are shipped to and rapidly. Young pigs often die in 5 to 7 sold at markets. days, some within 48 hours. Most Tuber - The enlarged, fleshy portion of an survivors remain stunted. Mortality may underground stem or shoot which bears approach 100% in pigs less than a week minute, scalelike buds or eyes. old. Tumble Weed - Any weed that breaks away from the Transpiration - Release of water vapor by plants. ground, usually at or near the surface, at the Transplant - A seedling which has been moved end of the growing season and because of its one or more times, or the transferring of a shape is often blown considerable distances, seedling from the seedbed into the ground. scattering seeds as it goes. Trap Crops - Any crop planted for the purpose of Turkey-Feed Ratio - Number of pounds of turkey attracting insects, fungi, etc. away from ration equal in value to one pound of live other nearby crops. turkey; or, the price per pound farmers Trash - Leaves, stalks, husks, etc. left on the receive for turkey divided by the price per ground after harvest. pound of feed. Tray - A wide, flat-bottomed, topless, shallow Twenty - A term commonly used to indicate an area container used for picking, carrying, of land or a field that is 20 acres in size. handling, drying, or storing produce. Twist - The number of turns per unit of length of the [Grapes] Heavy weight, brown paper fiber, strand, roving, or yarn. In the U.S., it is treated to withstand weather upon which measured by the number of turns per inch. raisin grapes are placed to dry. Trays UAA - Undeliverable as Addressed - Mailings generally measure 24" x 36", although returned by the post office and marked some new types are 30" x 30". undeliverable with reason shown. Treated Acres - The actual physical acres of a Udder - Mammary glands of cattle and certain other crop that were treated with chemical female animals. products. Underground Outlets - Systems of water runoff Treated Wood - Lumber that has been soaked, control carrying water through an dipped, sprayed, or treated with any of a underground pipe to disposal areas. The variety of petroleum by-products to give underground outlet consists of vertical intake long term resistance to rot, decay, or risers carrying water to an underground outlet insect damage. such as tile drainage.

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Undrawn - Designating killed poultry with the buildings, but excludes manufacturing or feathers removed but with the insides processing plants and buildings used for non- intact. agriculture purposes. Universal Density Bale - A bale of cotton Vapor Drift - The movement of vapors created compressed to 28 pounds per cubic foot. when applying pesticides from the area of Unit - See “Count Unit.” application to adjacent areas. Untied Egg Producers (UEP) - A national egg Variety - A group of related plants or animals that producer organization. differ from similar groups by characteristics United States Department of Agriculture too trivial to be recognized as a species. (USDA) - A Department within the Veal - Young calves fed by hand, or allowed to nurse Federal a cow, their milk ration is supplemented with government having a cabinet level grain to prepare them for slaughter. Calves Secretary reporting to the President. It are usually sold and slaughtered before 3 functions to propose legislation and months old, weighting from 100 to 200 establish regulations in the best interest of pounds. agriculture. Vegetable - The edible part of any plant. Upland Cotton - The predominant type of cotton Vegetative Cover - Perennial grasses, legumes, or grown in the U.S. and most of the world. shrubs with an expected life span of 5 years; The fiber staple length ranges from ¾ inch trees are also used as a cover. to 1¼ inches, averaging nearly 1 3/32 Vernalization - The induction of certain plants to inches. flower following a cold period. Urea - A nonprotein, organic compound of Veterinarian - A doctor licensed to attend to nitrogen, made synthetically by a animals’ medical needs. combination of ammonia and carbon Vinegar - A liquid made from sugary and starchy dioxide, and used in fertilizers and as a materials, usually apples and grapes, with livestock feed supplement. [Fertilizer] The subsequent acetic, fermentation; must contain fertilizer has analysis of 45-0-0. at least 4% acetic acid. Utilization [Crops] - Uses of a crop. For Vineyard - A plantation, farm, or land where example, planted oats can have several grapes are grown. utilizations: whole grain, grain hay, green Virus Pig Pneumonia (VPP) - See “Pig chop, grazed acres. (If not utilized, see Pneumonia.” “Abandonment”.) Vitamin - An organic substance which performs Vaccination - An injection of a vaccine to specific and necessary functions for normal produce immunity or tolerance to disease. growth and maintenance. It is required in Vaccines - Products containing high numbers of relatively small concentrations. weakened or killed organisms known to Volunteer - Any plant growing from self-sown seed cause a particular disease. (corn growth from kernels lost while Vacuum Cooling - A cooling system for fresh harvesting). In some cases, especially small leafy vegetables (lettuce). The wet grains, volunteer crop may be thick enough to product is put into a vacuum chamber and harvest as a crop. the atmospheric pressure is lowered. As VPP - See “Pig Pneumonia.” water evaporates, the heat of vaporization Wages - Money paid to an employee for work quickly removes heat from the product. (often manual work) done; usually figured on Value of Land and Buildings - The farm an hourly, daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, operator’s estimated current market value or piecework basis. See “Salary.” of the land and buildings of the operation Warm-up Ration - A cattle ration of grain and/or which should include the operator’s silage which prepares animals for placement dwelling, if part of the place, and farm in a feedlot on full feed. July 2004 70 Terms And Definitions

Warp - The yarns that run lengthwise in a woven Waterway - A natural or artificially constructed or warp-knit fabric. course for the flow of water runoff from Washing - [Wool] The process used to remove the heavy rainfall or snow melt. suint (dried sheep perspiration), or natural Waxing - [Fruit] The area of a packing line after grease, and dirt from the fleece. The wool washing and grading where wax is applied to is treated first in alkaline liquor to soften fruit in a water emulsion by dip, foam, or the grease and then washed in fresh water. spray. [Crop] The area of the packing line after Wax Moth - An insect whose larvae destroy a prewashing but before grading where the beehive’s wax combs. crop is washed with some form of a foam Waxy Corn - A variety of corn with waxy kernels application of soap. Sometimes a high in starch. It is used as feed and corn fungicide or other product may be added. meal. Wash and Wear - A term applied to any garment Wean - To separate nursing young from their which can be washed, dried, and then mother so they can no longer nurse. worn again with little or no ironing. Also Weaner - A young animal reaching the age where it called “durable press” or “permanent can be weaned or it has been weaned. press.” Weaning Weights - Average weight when Water Quality Program - Farm Bill program to livestock species are weaned. help producers develop plans and Weed - A plant growing where it is not wanted. implement practices to protect water Weft - The filling yarns that run crosswise in woven quality. Producers with approved plans fabric or weft-knit fabric. receive cost assistance. Weight of Fabric - Three methods measure fabric Water Right - A legal right to use the water of a weight: (1) linear yards per pound (2) ounces natural stream. It may entitle a person to per linear yard, and (3) ounces per square use the canal to full capacity, to a yard. measured extent, or for a definite period of Well Casing - The outer metal or concrete liner of an time, and to change the place of diversion, in-ground well. Within the well casing will storage, or use of water as long as it does be the pipe through which the water is not infringe upon others’ rights. pumped. Water Sources - Water sources include only Wether - Castrated male sheep. surface and/or ground water. Surface Wetlands - Land characterized by an abundance of water consists of water stored in natural moisture and is inundated by surface or ponds or lakes, water that flows in streams ground water often enough to support a and rivers, and water stored in man-made prevalence of vegetation adapted for reservoirs. Surface water may originate saturated conditions. on farm, but also includes all water Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) - A supplied by an off-farm water supplier. voluntary program offering landowners Ground water is water stored beneath the financial incentives to enhance wetlands in ground surface in aquifers. Water pumped exchange for retiring marginal agricultural from on-farm wells is ground water. land. To be eligible, land must be restorable Water Tolerant - A plant which will continue to and provide significant wetland and wildlife thrive in soil with considerable moisture. habitat. The program offers landowners three Watershed - The total land area, regardless of options: permanent easements, 30-year size, above a given point on a waterway easements, and restoration cost-share that contributes runoff water to the flow at agreements of a minimum 10-year duration. that point.

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Wettable Powder - A finely ground, dry powder Wool - The fleece shorn from sheep. Wool is spun formulation which mixes with water to into yarn or thread and eventually made into form a suspension (does not dissolve) for garments. application in spray equipment. Wool Breeds - White-faced sheep breeds selected for Continuous agitation is required to their adaptability to environmental and forage maintain suspension. conditions, reproductive efficiency, milking Whey - The part of milk left after cheese is made. ability, wool production, and longevity. Ewe White Corn - A variety of corn with white kernels lambs are generally selected from these breed used for making white corn meal. types or crosses among these breeds. Wholesale - The selling or buying of goods or Wool Pool - A grouping of the wool of many commodities in large quantities, usually at producers into a single total amount so it can a lower price per item. be sold on the market as a single unit. Such Wholesaler - [Food] A person or firm that sells commodity pools are very helpful in securing larger quantities of a product normally to a more satisfactory market than the individual retailers. producer could command for his small Wild Hay - Hay made from native or wild, quantity. uncultivated grasses and plants. Wool Sorting - The process of separating fleeces into Wilderness - Lands intentionally managed, or left groups according to fineness and length of alone, to maintain their primitive the staple. character. Worker - [Labor] Person doing work. [Bees] The Wilt - Loss of freshness and a drooping of the female bee, other than the queen, whose foliage of a plant due to a lack of organs of reproduction are only partially moisture. Plants roll their leaves in an developed. Workers gather nectar and effort to reduce moisture loss through the pollen, tend to the brood, bring water, protect surface of their leaves. the hive, etc. Windbreak - A natural (grove of trees) or Worker Bee - The name given to a sexually artificial (wall) barrier intended to stop or underdeveloped female bee. slowdown the wind as it blows across a World Price - Often refers to the C.I.F. price of an field, or upon exposed livestock. imported agricultural commodity at the Windrow - The gathering of grains or forage in a principle port of importation of a major row to facilitate mechanical harvesting. importing country or area (see “Prices”). Winter Froage - Combination of wheat, barley, World Trade Organization (WTO) - Established by and oats harvested as greenchop or silage, the Uruguay Round Agreement to replace the fed mainly to dairy cattle to increase milk GATT on January 1, 1996. production during the winter months. Woven Fabric - Fabric made by interlacing two sets Winter-Hardiness - The ability of a plant to of yarn at right angles. The warp yarns run tolerate severe winter conditions and to lengthwise in the fabric; the filling (weft) retain its vigor the next season. yarns are passed over and under the warp Wood Shavings - Very short thin strips of wood yarns. resulting from planing boards. Sometimes Yardage - A per head fee charged by the stockyards used as animal bedding. company at the terminal markets or fee Woodland - Wood lots or timber tracts, natural or charged by a feedlot owner to a cattle owner, planted. Exclude cropland (bearing of the use of the pen, waters, scales, and other orchards, etc.) and pasture, but include facilities. woodland occasionally grazed. Yarn - A continuous strand of twisted (spun) fibers Woody Crops - See “Short Rotation Woody of any kind and of varying staple length, Crops”. usually used in the weaving or knitting of fabric.

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Yarn Size - Numbering of yarns or threads by weight. A “1s” cotton yarn has 840 yards in a pound; a “30s” cotton yarn has 25,200 yards in a pound; a “30/2" is a two-ply yarn containing two strands of 30s. Yean - To give birth to young, especially by goats and sheep. Yeanling - A newborn or young sheep or goat. Yearling - An animal at least 1 year old, but less than 2 years old. Yield Map - A map prepared from data collected by a yield monitor attached to harvesting equipment. A yield map shows the variation in yields for small areas within a field and is a key component in the detailed planning inherent in precision farming. Yield Monitor - A monitor mounted on harvesting equipment that measures yields continuously as the harvester moves through a field. These yield measures can be tied to specific locations in the field through GIS and converted into yield maps. Such yield maps can then be compared with the fertilizer or pesticide application map, and used to customize a new application map of the next season. Yolk - [Poultry] The yellow part of a fowl’s egg from which the embryo develops. [Wool] All the substances, such as perspiration, present in the fleece when sheared. Zero Tolerance - No amount of the pesticide chemical may remain on or in the raw agricultural commodity when it is offered for shipment.

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2002 Census of Agriculture a single operation. Control may be Glossary exercised through ownership or Introduction: This glossary contains management or through a lease, terms and definitions associated with rental or cropping arrangement. conducting, processing, and tabulating the Land managed for someone else is 2002 United States Census of Agriculture. always considered to be a separate place. It may consist of one or more Index of Frequently Used tracts. Abbreviations/Acronyms Advanced Follow-up - These are operations that did not respond in previous ADVFU - Advanced Follow-up censuses and have not yet responded BDC - Blaise Data Capture to the current census. These records CASIC - Computer Assisted Survey will be prioritized so that cases in Information Collection counties with low response rates will CATI - Computer Assisted Telephone be contacted first. This will reduce Interview the low response county follow-up COS - Computer Out-of-Scope work. DLT - Decision Logic Table Agriculture Report Form Guide, 2002 EDSKIP - Edit Skip Code Census of Agriculture - (AC02-R-2) - FHA - Farmers Home Administration A publication prepared by the (formerly FmHA) Census Planning Branch for use in I/S - In-Scope assisting farmers and ranchers in ITC - Incoming Telephone Call completing their 2002 Census of LRCFU - Low Response County Follow- Agriculture Report forms. The up "Guide" is mailed out to county MIS - Management Information System agriculture extension agents, high NAICS - North American Industrial school vocational-Ag teachers, FSA, Classification System NRCS, and FHA county offices of NNI - Nearest Neighbor Imputation the United States Department of NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Agriculture (USDA). Service (formerly SCS) Analyst Out-of-Scope (O/S) Reports - O/S - Out-of-Scope Reports determined by an analyst as POS - Possible Out-of-Scope Codes being out of scope because records PRD - Previously Reported Data were duplicated with another RD - Referral Disposition Code operation in the Census of S O/S - Suspicious Out-of-Scope Agriculture, O/S status was TAGGED - Records selected for determined through ELMO criteria enumeration by the SSO (i.e., inactive status codes, enumerator comments showing TVP - Total Value of Products Sold inactivity) or other sources. A UAA - Undeliverable as Addressed census status code of 59 indicates a VLABALL - Value of all Land and case has been set O/S by an analyst Buildings during census data review. Acres in Place - All land on which Census - An enumeration in which all agricultural operations were or elements of the population are will be conducted at any time in counted. the census year under the day-to- Census Coverage - The degree of day control or supervision of one completeness and accuracy in the or more operators but constituting July 2004 74 Terms And Definitions

count of producing units and Form Received/Satisfied, 5 = Out-of-Scope, items counted by the census, e.g., 6 = In-Scope, 7 = Split County farms, land in farms, etc. Parent Certainty Level - Agricultural Census Check-in Unit - This processing unit is reports which are designated to be located in the National Processing included in the sample of farms Center (NPC) in Jeffersonville, getting the "long form" or "sample Indiana and is responsible for receipt form" with a probability of one. and check-in of Agricultural census A Certainty level report may or questionnaires and other materials. may not equal the "Must" level for This unit opens incoming mail bags, a particular state. Sample weights sorts envelopes by type, and prepares for Certainty reports will equal for check-in via bar code 1.0. (Also see Sample Report scanner/sorter machines, hand-held Form and Weight definitions). wands, or data capture. Check Digit - A digit used in data capture Cold Deck - Refers to the method of to verify correctness of an entry, imputing missing values into records in most cases the Census File (or from preset parameter values rather some other identification) than from actual respondent reported Number. Usually this digit is values. The Total Value of Products precomputed and shown as the Sold (TVP) and Production Contract last number of the punched edits in the 2002 Census of information being checked. Agriculture used preset parameter Check-in Status Code - A 2-digit code values for calculating contractor sales assigned to a report in the and contractor expense values. Preset National Processing Center (NPC) parameter values were also used in in Jeffersonville, Indiana or by the the TVP edit to compare operator computer edit to indicate the type reported sales versus edit calculated of response. The primary purpose operator sales. The preset parameter of census status coding is to values do not typically change during determine and remove as quickly the edit process. as possible from follow-up Computer Edit - The part of the computer mailings those establishments or program that verifies and tests the farming operations which have consistency of data relationships of satisfied their reporting the data captured for each report. requirements for the census. The Computer edit specifications are status coding system also permits documented in Decision Logic maintaining complete and Tables (DLT's) for the census. accurate status information on Computer Out-of-Scope (COS) Reports - each agriculture operation. The Reports which have been determined first digit (primary code) indicates by the computer data edit program as the major response status, the having less than the minimum total second code provides additional value of agricultural products sold information. Primary Check-in (TVP) or an equivalent number of Status codes are: 0 = Unsatisfied points computed from applying - no returns, 1 = Form Remail, 2 = specified points to reported crops and UAA, 3 = Correspondence, 4 = livestock. The Census of Agriculture minimum TVP level is $1,000. Types

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of COS records are located in the used to protect those cells that reveal 2002 PRISM Code Book. too much information. Disclosure Content Test - A pretest of the census analysis is comprised of two phases; report form using one or more first, the disclosure risk associated forms with varying content to test with each table cell is assessed. response rates and quality of Based on agency standards, data cells report completion. are determined to be sensitive to a Coverage Adjustment - Coverage weight disclosure if a data user can estimate is assigned to farms in the census the value reported by a respondent to represent other like farms too closely. The p-percent rule is within the farm population not used to measure the sensitivity of identified on the Census Mail List. these individual data cells. A table Coverage Adjustment is done at cell that is indeed sensitive according the state level. to the sensitivity rule is called a Data Duplicates - Refers to two or more primary suppression and is sets of data about the same suppressed from the publication. The operation existing in the census second phase selects complementary data file, but under different State suppressions and is necessary POID's. because the primary suppressions are Data Review - Review of computer edited not enough to protect sensitive cells. data. Data problems are flagged Since the primary suppressions are by computer edit (warning, part of additive relationships within required review and critical are the data structure, additional cells flag types). Historical or must be suppressed so that the value previously reviewed data (P.D.) of the primary suppression cannot be are provided for comparisons to mathematically derived from these current data. relationships. Decision Logic Table (DLT) - A Donor Imputation - See “Nearest Neighbor formalized logical arrangement of Imputation”. conditions and actions used for Dup POIDs - Duplicate Person Operator computer specification Identification Numbers. A situation documentation and where two reports are found with communication. identical mailing labels (identical Detailed Record Layout -Documentation POID's, identical names, codes, etc.). of all keycodes and their One report is then marked "Void- associated definitions for the 2002 Dup" and is sent to be destroyed. Census of Agriculture. Located in These "Dup POID Cases" should not the 2002 PRISM Code Book. be confused with the term "duplicate Deterministic Editing - Process of reports" which refers to two or more assigning values based on reports with different POID's preexisting information on a containing information about the census form. same operation. Disclosure Analysis - For tabular data, Edit Flag - A code or value set by the disclosure analysis is used to computer edit for specific situations. identify cells of aggregate data that are at risk of revealing Warning - Edit/Imputation changed a individual data reported to us by a reported value or provided a value respondent. Cell suppression is which originally was missing or

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blank. Usually requires no action Form Recodes - A 1-digit code which by an analyst. identifies a report as Sample or Nonsample and if a Sample form, Required Review - classifies it as Noncertainty, Edit/Imputation changed a Certainty or “Must”. The code also reported value or provided a value identifies computer edit conversions which originally was missing or from Nonsample to Certainty or blank. Analyst action is usually “Must” and conversions from Sample verifying that updated or provided Noncertainty to Certainty or “Must”. value is accurate. All form recode values greater than one are sample or long forms. A form Critical - Edit/Imputation was recode value equal to one is a unable to update reported value or nonsample or short form Form provide value from an edit Number/Types are located in the parameter or “nearest neighbor”. 2002 PRISM Code Book Analyst intervention required to Farm Definition Code - A 1-digit code update or estimate value. Edit Skip Codes (EDSKIP) - Codes set in the computer edit to define indicating which (if any) sections farms. Farm Definition Codes of the computer edit are to be are located in the 2002 PRISM skipped when editing a record. A Code Book. list of the edit modules allowed to Final Mail Size Code - The final value be edit skipped when submitting of sales size code assigned to data to the edit from Data Review each operation on the mail list are located in the 2002 PRISM prior to mail out based on a Code Book. Extension - Request by an establishment source priority list. It appears in or operation to delay the deadline the mailing label and can be used date for filing their census report to identify and sort out large and to stop any cases for selective follow-up by follow-ups until after the telephone. extension date. This action can be Follow-up Extension - Action taken to accomplished interactively. delay the date of the next follow- Family Held Corporation - One in which up on a case by entering a check- 51 percent or more of the stock is owned by persons related by in status code of 3-1 and the blood or marriage. month and day of the extension. Farm Criteria Code - A 2-digit code in Follow-up Mail Code - A 1-digit code the computer edit that identifies appearing in the mail label various combinations of indicating which mailout-initial, agricultural situations that would 2nd, 3rd, etc., the label was retain a place as a census farm created from. The database based on a point system to estimate potential sales. Farm value of FOLNO will remain "0" Criteria Codes are located in the until a form is checked in, at 2002 PRISM Code Book. which time the label value will be posted to the database.

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Form Number/Type - Alphanumeric data capture, editing and designation that identifies the tabulation purposes. various Last Call follow-up - Last Call CACTI Geo-Transfer - Process of changing occurs after a state has met the principal county or reported 75 percent response rate criteria county on ELMO of an for each county. Last Call is used operation from one county to to increase the overall U.S. another county either within response rate. state or state to state. Linkage Codes - A series of codes Historical Replication - The which indicate that there is a computerized process of using relationship between two or more ELMO control data or 1997 reports. Linkage codes are Census of Agriculture data as located in the 2002 PRISM Code input data to produce a data Book. record for a POID. This process is done for Low Response County Follow-up - All nonrespondents to the 2002 counties must reach at least a Census of Agriculture for 75% response rate, and Low POIDs with large size (e.g., Response County Follow-up is acres, sales) codes and which used to meet this goal. are determined to be in-scope Match - A term describing name and based on secondary source or address comparisons from one or other information. more sources to a name and Imputation - See “Cold Deck”, address on the Ag Census Mail “Donor”, Previously Reported file and is considered to represent Data” the same person or farm In Scope (I/S) - Report forms (cases) operation. Matching criteria which meet the criteria for a specify the essential farm or ranch and are included characteristics which must agree in the Census of Agriculture or or not conflict between the two survey being conducted. A names and addresses in order to census status code of 61 be declared a match. indicates a case has been Must Cases - Operations exceeding a computer edited and will be certain total value of products tabulated as an I/S record. sold or acreage are designated as Key Code (Item Code) - A 2,3, or 4 “must” cases for the census. A digit code assigned to a report form or a satisfactory specific crop, livestock, explanation of why they are not product or question item for in agriculture production during

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the census year must be direct values (i.e., “Yes/No”, or obtained for them. a specific numeric value) or Must Codes - A 1-digit code in the ratioed values (i.e., Ratio of a mail label to indicate that the recipient record’s variable (e.g., case was designated as a Total land or TVP) divided by mailed “must” in the current that same variable on the census. Must codes are located donating record. The ratio is in the 2002 PRISM Code then multiplied by a donor Book. record’s item value which is then NAICS - North American Industrial supplied to the recipient record). Classification System is Net Cash Farm Income of the organized in a hierarchical operation - In the 2002 Census structure. The first two digits of Agriculture, this represents the designate what in NAICS is Total Value of Products Sold by known as a “subsector;” the both operator and contractor, third digit designates the Government Payments and Off- industry group, and the fourth Farm Related Income minus total digit designates the industry. expenditures incurred by both The NAICS coding system is operator and contractor. In the expanded beyond the four 1997 Census of Agriculture, Off- digits used in the former SIC Farm Related Income was not (Standard Industrial included in the calculation of net Classification Code) to meet cash farm income of the national needs. The detail can operation. be expanded to the sixth digit. Net Cash Farm Income of the operator The NAICS coding structure - In the 2002 Census of for agriculture is located in the Agriculture, this represents the 2002 PRISM Code Book. Total Value of Products Sold by Nearest Neighbor Imputation - The an operator, Government process of selecting a record Payments and Off-Farm Related (generally called the donor Income minus total operator record) within a predetermined expenditures only. In the 1997 distance (usually within same Census of Agriculture, Off-Farm state and county) with similar Related Income was not included characteristics (i.e., number of in the calculation of net cash acres) and donating specific farm income of the operator. values from that record to a Nonresponse Weight - This weight is recipient record. Donated derived from the respective ratios values were generally either of total respondents and

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nonrespondents to largest proportion of his total respondents. A land. With few exceptions, land nonresponse weight of 2 reported by an operator in two or represents 1 nonrespondent more counties is tabulated in the and is assigned to a respondent principal county. operation presumed to be Previously Reported Data (PRD) - The similar in sales to the process of using historical data nonrespondent. Nonresponse for analysis, edit and/or weighting is done at the county imputation purposes. Historical level. data for the 2002 Census of Nonsample Report Form - The Agriculture included recent version of the 2002 Census of survey history (i.e., within 2 Agriculture report form which years), current ELMO control does not include Section 17 - data or 1997 Census of Production Expenses, Section Agriculture data. 18 - Fertilizers and Chemicals Referral Disposition Code (RD Code) - Applied, Section 19 - Referral disposition codes are Machinery and Equipment, assigned by the user or system Section 20 - Market Value of after any action is taken against Land and Buildings, Section the record in Data Review. The 21 - Farm Labor; referred to possible values and their as the sample sections. meanings are located in the 2002 Out-of-scope - See “Analyst” or PRISM Code Book. “Computer” out-of-scope. Regionalized Report Forms - Different Place - See “Acres In Place”. versions of the agriculture census Possible Out of Scope Codes (POS report forms that are designed to Codes) - A 1-digit code list the predominant crops grown assigned during the computer in each region. There are 14 edit which identifies conditions regionalized versions for each of which make the operation out- the Nonsample, Sample and Must of-scope for the Census. POS report forms. Rhode Island and Codes are located in the 2002 Alaska receive only the Sample PRISM Code Book. type report form. The XX shown Principal County - For census in the preceding form numbers purposes, this is defined as the will identify the regional version. county where the largest value States in the regions are located of the agriculture products was in the 2002 PRISM Code Book. raised or produced by a farm Replication - See Historical Replication. operator. It usually is where the operator reports all or the

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Report Forms - See Form remaining counties, every eighth Number/Type and name/address receives a Sample Regionalized Report Forms. form. Data items in sample Sample Code - Used in follow-on sections 17 to 21, (production surveys to indicate the expenses, fertilizer/chemical selection of a case for mailing. usage, machinery and equipment Sample Report Form - The longer inventory, market value of farm version of the 2002 Census of land and buildings and farm Agriculture report forms that labor) will, therefore, be includes questions asked of all expanded by sample weights (1, respondents in addition to a set 2, 4, 6, or 8) derived from the of questions asked of a sample sampling rate to represent totals of respondents. The Sample for all census forms. report forms are mailed to a Sample Weight - This weight represents sample of approximately 25 a ratio of the total number of percent of the names on the responding farms on the census census mail list. This sample mail list receiving and responding includes all pre-identified to a long or sample form. For Certainty “Must” cases and example, a long or sample form Certainty Nonmust cases (both with a sample weight equal to 20 selected with a probability of contains economic data from one) and a systematic sample sample sections 17 to 21, of remaining records. (production expenses, Sampling rates are dependent fertilizer/chemical usage, upon the number of farms in a machinery and equipment county and size of operation. inventory, estimated market value For counties with less than 100 of farm land and buildings and farms, all names/addresses on farm labor) for 20 farms which the mail list receive the received a nonsample or short Sample form; for counties form. Sample weighting is with 100-199 farms, every done at the county level. second name/address receives Secondary Source Information - a Sample form; for counties Information about an agricultural with 200-299 farms, every operation from a person or fourth name/address receives a organization other than the farm Sample form; for counties operator or his/her immediate with 300-999 farms, every household, or employee staff, or sixth name/address receives a attorney or bookkeeper. Sample form; for the

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Split-County Record - During the a landlord. Tenants rent all of the Census enumeration, some land which they operations that contain large operate. Tenure codes are acreage or livestock located in the 2002 PRISM Code inventories in two or more Book. counties are given Census Title 7, U.S. Code - Title 7, United report forms for each county States Code specifies that the in which they farm. census of agriculture is required Split-State Record - During the by law. Census enumeration, some Total Value of Products Sold (TVP) - operations that contain large The dollar value of all acreage or livestock agricultural products sold from inventories in two or more an agricultural operation in a states are given Census report specified year. A TVP code forms for each state in which appears in the mail label to they farm. identify the measure of size of Status Code - See Check-in Status sales for the case. Codes. Total Value of Products Sold plus Suspicious Out of Scope (S O/S ) - Government Payments (TVPG) Records made out of scope - The dollar value of all prior to the edit, and for the agricultural products sold from most part, these will contain an agricultural operation plus no data (i.e., just notes government payments received indicating nonfarm). for an agricultural operation in a Tagged Records - Tagged Records specified year. are operations that require TVP - See “Total Value of Products special handling by State Sold”. Statistical Offices (SSOs). Type of Organization Code - A 1-digit SSOs are responsible for code appearing in the mail label coding, collecting, and indicating whether the capturing data for all tagged agricultural activities are records. conducted by an individual or Tenure - The ownership status of family (Code 1), a partnership land. There are three (Code 2), a corporation (Code 3), categories of tenure. Full or other (Code 4). owners own all the land which Volume 1, Geographic Area Series - they operate. Part owners own Includes the publication of some of the land which they Census of Agriculture tabulated operate and rent the rest from data collected for the census year and displaying tables and text for

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individual counties and state through 24 - Operator totals. Each state is published Characteristics for all census as a book or part, (some states forms (short or nonsample and require two parts) and are not long or sample forms: usually published until later in the second year after the 1. Nonresponse weight is a census year. noninteger nonresponse weight. Volume 2, Subject Series - Included the publication of the 2. Coverage nonresponse weight following parts from the 1997 is a noninteger nonresponse Census of Agriculture: weight (adjusted for coverage).

Part 1 - Agricultural Atlas of 3. Final nonresponse weight is the United States an integerized nonresponse weight. Part 3 - Ranking of States and Counties 4. Final coverage nonresponse weight is an integerized Part 4 - History nonresponse weight (adjusted for coverage). This is the final Part 5 - ZIP Code Tabulations weight used for census tabulation of Selected Items purposes of items in sections 1 through 16, and sections 22 Note: Part 2 - Coverage through 24 for short or Evaluation was dropped from nonsample forms and long or Volume 2 for the 1997 Census sample forms. of Agriculture. Weight - A factor applied to data to Weights 5 to 8 were assigned to adjust for missing or sample long form or sampled items in data. There were eight types sections 17 - Production of weights generated for the Expenses, 18 - Fertilizers and 2002 Census of Agriculture: Chemicals Applied, 19 - Machinery and Equipment, 20 - Weights 1 to 4 below were Market Value of Land and assigned to all items in Buildings, and 21 - Farm Labor: sections 1 - Acreage through 16 - Income from Farm- 5. Sample weight is a noninteger Related Sources, and sections sample weight (adjusted for 22 - Type of Organization nonresponse)

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6. Coverage sample weight is a noninteger sample weight (adjusted for nonresponse and coverage)

7. Final sample weight is an integerized sample weight (adjusted for nonresponse)

8. Final coverage sample weight is an integerized sample weight (adjusted for nonresponse and coverage). This is the final weight used for census tabulation purposes of items in sections 17 through 21 for long or sample forms.

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