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Review questions
1. Name two pork type and two bacon type pig found in your country.
2. Explain the term “breeds” as it relates to swine production.
3 Differentiate between the brittish Saddle Back and the Hamshire.
4. State which breed of swine has a high killing out percentage because of commercial production.
Reference Book R. Ramharacksingh, 2011. Agricultural science for C.S.E.C examination macmillan publishers s. Ragoonanan,2011. Agriculture for C.S.E.C revision course. Caribbean educational publishers. T. De Ponti“, the crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture" in agricultural systems.
Internet Https://www.Roysfarm.Com/british-saddleback-pig/ Https://www.Pork.Org/facts/pig-farming/major-swine-breeds/ video link
https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=8gmbt87i0li https://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=dch7muo9sze
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME OCTOBER 2020 WEEK 5
LESSON # 1
GRADE :11
SUBJECT : AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE TOPIC : SWINE PRODUCTION: SUB TOPIC : BREEDING OF SWINE AND SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT Objectives
To recognize the process of reproduction of swine.
To list and discuss the husbandry practice and systems of rearing swine.
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Breeding
Breeding or mating systems are the approach taken to pairing a boar and a gilt or sow for breeding in order to incorporate or maintain desired traits.
Because the genetics of a pig plays an important role in its performance and meat quality, all pig producers should be familiar with breeding systems for pigs.
MATING TYPES 1.PEN BRED 2.HAND MATED 3.ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATED Artificial insemination
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Selection of Breeding Gilt
It is extremely important to select a good boar since it contributes half the quality of the herd. Gilts selected to have at least 12 teats so as to accommodate a large litter.
Gilts to be selected from sows, which wean 9 -10 or more piglets per litter and are known to be good mothers and first farrowing at one year of age and farrowing interval of seven month.
Select breeding gilts at weaning period, further selection should be done 5-6 months of age.
Select fast growing weaners. These will likely consume less feed per unit live weight gain. Thus less costly to keep.
Select gilts which have developed hams and comparatively light heads.
The selected gilts should have good body confirmation i.e. strong legs, sound feet etc.
Gilt should not select for breeding purpose having supernumerary and
inverted teats, and fat deposited at the base of the teats
Guilt must be at least 8 months old at first service.
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When sow is in gestation after 21 days of serving she does not show heat signs Echo scan pregnancy detection 23 - 35 days, positive results
Reasons for not conceiving The sow is too fat. It is the animal’s first heat cycle. The boar is too young. The boar is overworked (used for more than five matings a week).
Care and Management of New Born Piglets A few minutes after the birth the umbilical cord may be pulled gently away or cut if necessary (to about 5 cm length). After birth, the navel of each piglet should be soaked in a cup of iodine solution to prevent inflammation and tetanus.
Each piglet should be rubbed carefully, dry with a cloth.
Make sure the piglets are able to suck from the udder as soon as possible after birth.
Pig Reproduction
Puberty: 6 - 8 months
Gestation: 115 days
Lactation: 25 days
Wean to breed: 5 days
Total cycle 145 days
Maximum possible: 2.5 litters per year
Pigs per sow per year: 18 to 27
Factors Affecting Productivity
Genetics
Environment
Nutrition
Disease
Management
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Baby Pig Care
• Colostrum • Needle teeth • Tails • Iron • Ear notch • Cross-foster • Castrate
Husbandry Practices
The science of breeding, rearing, and caring for farm animals.
The systems of management are; intensive, extensive and semi intensive. Intensive system
In intensive pig farming animals are usually kept in close proximity to each other in a housing system.
This option is more suited to farmers aiming to supply the meat market.
The idea is to try grow the pigs to slaughter weight as soon as possible to save on long-term feed costs.
The quicker you can get the pig to slaughter weight, the less money you will spend on feed.
Breeding boars will be kept in separate pens, pregnant sows may have their own enclosures, and you have to separate different classes of pigs into different enclosures to reduce feeding competition.
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Extensive system
In this system, the farmer allows the pigs to roam about and fend for themselves.
This system has little or no capital investment and the cost of production is low.
However, disease incidence and worm infestations are very high.
Semi intensive system
The farmer provides housing for the animals and allows them to move out to feed on natural vegetation. The farmer provides paddocks around the housing, which he has fenced. Wallow pits and shades are also provided within the farm. Moreover, the farmer allows animals to move about thereby, exercising themselves to prevent fat build-up in the body. Groups concerned about ethical standards in livestock farming would approve this model. The system needs less capital investment but the labour requirements, disease incidence and parasite infestations are high.
Concentrate feeds are also provided.
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Feeding
Good feed is necessary for growth, body maintenance and the production of meat and milk. You can use locally available feeds that are less expensive, but can be nutritionally complete when properly prepared. In fact, pigs can be fed well, using only kitchen scraps from a family’s household. The nutritional needs of pigs can be divided into six categories or classes. These are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. The feeding trough should be firmly anchored to the floor to prevent overturning and wasting feed. The feeding trough can also be used to supply water. At large farms automatic drinkers are used (bowls or nipples). All pigs need sufficient clean drinking water.
Selection of housing locations
The site should be at an elevated place that cannot be flooded by rain water.
The site should be protected from the sun (shade from trees) and have ample fresh air.
Away from residences (around 8-10 meter away downwind).
In case of a large scale pig farm, the site selected needs also to be: well connected to roads throughout the year, Suitable for manure disposal, connected to reliable water and electricity sources.
Construction plan for a good pig house/shed
The important points about the pig house are as follows:
The floor of the house must be 3 X 3 m.
The floor of the house must be raised about 60 cm above the ground.
The floor boards should have spaces of 2 cm between them.
The roof must be rain, proof.
The high side of the roof should face in a direction where some sun can shine a little way into the house on this side: but there must always be shade in some part of the house.
The house must be strongly built.
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Review questions
1. List three criteria consider for the selection of a breeding animal.
2. Discuss three reasons why a sow will not conceive after experiencing heat.
3. Describe the sequential steps in performing Artificial Insemination.
4. Explain why colostrum is critical for the piglets.
5. Compare and contrast the intensive and extensive system of rearing swine.
References Buchanan, D.S. 2006. Inbreeding in swine. Pork information gateway factsheet 06-01-06 Damron, W.S. 2013. Introduction to animal science: global, biological, social, and industrial perspectives. 5th edition. Pearson education inc., Upper saddle river, NJ. Internet https://blog.agrihomegh.com/raising-pigs/#:~:text=labour%20and%20equipment.-,SEMI-INTENSIVE, https://blog.agrihomegh.com/raising-pigs/#:~:text=labour%20and%20equipment.-,SEMI-INTENSIVE, Video Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpOMsnDwG1U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjPPAXck_l4
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME OCTOBER 2020 WEEK 5
LESSON # 2
GRADE :11
SUBJECT : AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE TOPIC : SWINE PRODUCTION: SUB TOPIC : DIGESTION IN SWINE AND PEST AND DISEASES OF SWINE. Objectives To explain the process of digestion in swine. To describe the management of pest and diseases in swine.
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