ANCIENT TURKEY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Antonio Sagona,Paul E. Zimansky | 420 pages | 10 Mar 2009 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415481236 | English | London, United Kingdom - Wikipedia

The latest archeologic excavations in southeastern Turkey discovered an ancient site older than Gobeklitepe, known as the oldest temple in the world, according to a Turkish university rector. Ibrahim Ozcosar, the rector of Mardin Artuklu University, told Anadolu Agency that the discoveries at Boncuklu Tarla Beaded Field in Mardin province resemble to those unearthed in Gobeklitepe, an archeological site located in Turkey's southeastern Sanliurfa province, and even 1, years older. The excavation work began in at the Boncuklu Tarla in Dargecit district that goes back to the Neolithic period. The area is known to have been home throughout history to Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, , Assyrians, Romans, Seljuks, and Ottomans, among others. Ergul Kodas, an archaeologist at Artuklu University and advisor to the excavation area, told Anadolu Agency that the history of the Boncuklu Tarla is estimated to be around 12,years old. In the Middle East the first indications of the beginning of the Neolithic transition from food gathering to food producing can be dated to approximately bce ; the true Neolithic began about bce , by which time farming and stock breeding were well established, and lasted until about bce. The Neolithic was succeeded by the Chalcolithic Period, during which metal weapons and tools gradually took their place beside their stone prototypes , and painted pottery came generally into use. The Chalcolithic ended in the middle centuries of the 4th millennium bce , when the invention of writing foreshadowed the rise of the great dynastic civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia , and was followed by periods of more advanced metalworking known as the Early and Middle Bronze Ages. Article Media Additional Info. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. Bursa, the first important Byzantine stronghold to the west, falls to them in , the year of Osman's death. After the fall of Bursa the Ottoman advance quickens. Nicaea yields in and Nicomedia in In that direction a narrow neck of land leads directly to Constantinople, but the Ottomans prefer a roundabout route. In they cross into Europe at the other end of the sea of Marmara, capturing Gallipoli. Eight years later Adrianople falls to them, severing the main route westwards from Constantinople. A stranglehold is being applied to the Byzantine capital itself, but the Turks look first for plunder in an easier direction. They continue westwards into the Balkans, where their successes prompt the formation of the formidable Ottoman fighting force known as the Janissaries. The Turks in the Balkans: - A victory at Kosovo in brings Serbia under Ottoman control as a vassal state. The Ottoman sultan Murad I dies on the battlefield of Kosovo and is succeeded by his son Bayazid I, whose name Yildirim 'Thunderbolt' reflects his early military successes. The Slav kingdom of Bulgaria is fully occupied by In the following year Bayazid begins the long expected blockade of Constantinople. A Hungarian army marching as a crusade against the Turks is heavily defeated at Nicopolis in Meanwhile the sultan campaigns south into Greece. But then the Balkans and Constantinople are given a sudden reprieve. Bayazid is confronted by a major threat in Anatolia - the arrival of Timur. After destroying Baghdad in , Timur turns his attention to Anatolia. He finds that several emirs are willing to side with him against the Ottoman Turks. Bayazid's armies have been extending the Ottoman empire to the east as well as the west. But his victims to the east have been fellow Muslims, not Christians. There is resentment to be tapped, not that Timur needs much in the way of assistance. Bayazid meets the threat near Ankara, where his army is heavily defeated. Captured in the battle, he dies as Timur 's prisoner in legend later provides the indignity of an iron cage. Retrenchment and recovery: - The Ottoman domain shrinks drastically after Bayazid's defeat and capture by Timur in The many small emirs of Turkey reassert their independence, as do the Balkan states. The three sons of Bayazid are left with only the family's central territories round the southern and western sides of the sea of Marmara. They fight each other in a civil war which is won by the youngest, Mehmed I, in From this unpromising position, the son and grandson of Mehmed Murad II and Mehmed II, whose combined reigns span nearly seventy years achieve an astonishing recovery for the Ottoman state - posing an ever greater threat to the Byzantine empire. Murad patiently reasserts control over much of western Anatolia, and makes equivalent headway in the Balkans. Serbia is brought back into the Ottoman fold Murad marries a Serbian princess in Much of Bulgaria also is recovered. A strong counter-attack down the Danube in by an army of Hungarians and Poles is at first successful, until the Ottoman Turks win a decisive victory at Varna in This steady process is continued by Murad's son, Mehmed II. HISTORY OF TURKEY

The ancient city of Perga, located in the Aksu district of Antalya province, bears traces of the late classical, Hellenistic and predominantly Roman periods. It is among the most-visited places by tourists. It opens the door to another world for its visitors with its unique structures and endemic plants and wildlife. Patara, one of the 16 cities of the ancient Lycian League that had the right to vote, is among the cities that were besieged by . It is worth noting that Patara, which was an important trade center during the Roman period, maintained its importance during the Byzantine period. The Turkish government has declared as the year of Patara. The ancient city of Myra, located in and around the Demre district of Antalya, is named after the plain it was founded on. The city was connected to the sea via a thoroughfare canal to the west of Demre Creek, while sea transportation and trade were carried out from Andriake Port on the other side of the canal. Rumor has it that there was a city named Andriake at the estuary of the River Andriakos in B. The ancient city of Phaselis, founded in the seventh century B. Its harbors, agoras and the depictions of ships printed on its coins are among the features that emphasize Phaselis' identity as a trade port. The 2,year-old ancient city of Knidos, which is famous for its prime location at the junction of the Aegean and the Mediterranean and for hosting many famous scientists in the past, is being reerected with various projects. The ancient city attracts attention with its churches, theaters, port streets and columns. It takes visitors on a historical journey through its streets. Excavation work in the city, where all visible architectural remains belong to the Roman Imperial period, is being carried out by Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. Ancient Turkey brings together in a coherent account the diverse and often fragmented evidence, both archaeological and textual, that forms the basis of our knowledge of the development of Anatolia from the earliest arrivals to the end of the Iron Age. Much new material has recently been excavated and unlike Greece, Mesopotamia, and its other neighbours, Turkey has been poorly served in terms of comprehensive, up-to-date and accessible discussions of its ancient past. Ancient Turkey is a much needed resource for students and scholars, providing an up-to- date account of the widespread and extensive archaeological activity in Turkey. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. The Ottoman Empire: conquest, organization and economy. Variorum ReprintsPress. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Journal of Genocide Research 10 1 : 7— Helmreich in Slavic Review , Vol. Phoenix Press. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History 3rd ed. Outposts and Allies: U. Army Logistics in the Cold War, — Susquehanna University Press. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge, UK. Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. . Turkey topics. Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics. Sultanate of Rum Mongol invasions of Anatolia . War of Independence One-party period Multi-party period. Cabinet President list Prime Minister. Parliament Speaker Leader of the Main Opposition. Elections Political parties Foreign relations. Constitution Constitutional Court Law enforcement Official gazette. Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Presidential seal. Category Portal Commons. History of Europe. History of Asia. Book Category Asia portal. History of Europe by country. European Union. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Pages using the EasyTimeline extension Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible from September Articles containing Ancient Greek to - language text Articles containing Latin-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Prehistory Palaeolithic Anatolia. Mesolithic Anatolia. Neolithic Anatolia. Bronze Age . . Homer. Iron Age . Median Empire. Kingdom of Alexander the Great. Kingdom of . . Ptolemaic Kingdom. Kingdom of . Kingdom of . . Armenian Empire. . . Sassanian Empire. . Great Seljuk State. . Sultanate of Rum. Armenian Kingdom of . County of Edessa. Empire of Trebizond. Empire of Nicaea. Old Regime. Decline and modernization. Defeat and dissolution. Provisional government. One-party period. Multi-party period. History of Anatolia | All About Turkey

The city of Aizanoi is located in western Anatolia. It has many universally valuable relics and was one of the most important cities during the Roman rule. This city despite its very beautiful artifacts from philosophers and artists gets very little admiration and exposure which is pretty unfair. The city was formerly called The City of Sculptures due to the timeless masterpieces dating to the Roman era found there. This is a historic port city located on the Southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This city is like a resort and is known for its long beaches and classical ruins. Some of the major historical attractions in Side include; the Pamukkale bath, the Roman ruins, the Aspendos, the temple of Apollo and several others. The site also offers a visitor the opportunity to scuba dive, parasail as well as rafting and jeep safari. Surely, Side is worth visiting. Aspendos was an old Greco-Roman city located in the modern-day Antalya province of Turkey. The city is located 7 kilometers 4. It was an old city in , Asia Minor, that is located about 40 km east of the modern city of Antalya, Turkey. The city was situated on the Eurymedon River some 16 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Aspendos shared a border and was hostile to Side. It was once the capital city of Pamphylia Secunda now in Antalya province on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Today, the city is a large site of ancient ruins 15 kilometers 9. An acropolis that is located there dates as far back as the Bronze Age. Hierapolis was an ancient city that was located on hot springs in classical in the southwestern area of Anatolia. The area was excavated from till by a German archeological team. Hattusa was the capital city of the Hittite Empire during the late Bronze Age. Catalhoyuk was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia that existed between to BC to BC. The lost kingdom likely existed between the ninth and seventh centuries B. Though that sounds tiny compared with modern cities, it was actually one of the largest settlements to exist in ancient Turkey at the time. The name of the kingdom is unclear, but its capital city was likely located at what is now the nearby archeological site of Turkmen-Karahoyuk. The Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project had identified this settlement as a major archeological site in , and Osborne and his colleagues had been excavating there at the time when the stone was discovered. This inscription isn't the first mention of King Hartapu. Just under 10 miles 16 kilometers south, archeologists previously discovered hieroglyphic inscriptions on a volcano that referred to King Hartapu. That inscription didn't reveal who he was or what kingdom he ruled, according to the statement. Originally published on Live Science. According to Kodas, there are buildings in the area similar to those in Gobeklitepe. Boncuklu Tarla is almost kilometers east of Gobeklitepe. Please contact us for subscription options. Related topics Boncuklu Tarla discovered Gobeklitepe. We use cookies in a limited and restricted manner for specific purposes.

Discovering Turkey's impressive, must-see ancient cities | Daily Sabah

From the Neolithic site of Catalhoyuk to well preserved ancient Greek and Roman ruins, to Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques, the layers of history in Turkey has myriad architectural, archaeological and religious legacy. Ancient Cities in Turkey Discover Turkey and visit impressive ancient cities. Turkey's Ancient Treasures If you are interested in the history of the place where you spend your holiday in Turkey, we suggest you to visit the impressive ancient cities which are the open air museums of our country. Antique Cities Throughout its long history spanning over 10, years Anatolia, the land that is now Turkey has been the birthplace of many great civilisations and empires all of which have left their mark in unique ways. Archaeological Sites In addtion to ancient cities, there are lots of archaeological ruins in Turkey, for the archeology lovers and fans. The Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project had identified this settlement as a major archeological site in , and Osborne and his colleagues had been excavating there at the time when the stone was discovered. This inscription isn't the first mention of King Hartapu. Just under 10 miles 16 kilometers south, archeologists previously discovered hieroglyphic inscriptions on a volcano that referred to King Hartapu. That inscription didn't reveal who he was or what kingdom he ruled, according to the statement. Originally published on Live Science. Written and presented in a style that makes even the most complex subjects interesting and easy to understand, How It Works is enjoyed by readers of all ages. View Deal. Live Science. Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. A local farmer discovered this stone half-submerged in an irrigation canal in Turkey. Inscriptions on the stone, dating back to the 8th century B. See all comments 0. No comments yet Comment from the forums.

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