ANCIENT TURKEY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Antonio Sagona,Paul E. Zimansky | 420 pages | 10 Mar 2009 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415481236 | English | London, United Kingdom History of Turkey - Wikipedia The latest archeologic excavations in southeastern Turkey discovered an ancient site older than Gobeklitepe, known as the oldest temple in the world, according to a Turkish university rector. Ibrahim Ozcosar, the rector of Mardin Artuklu University, told Anadolu Agency that the discoveries at Boncuklu Tarla Beaded Field in Mardin province resemble to those unearthed in Gobeklitepe, an archeological site located in Turkey's southeastern Sanliurfa province, and even 1, years older. The excavation work began in at the Boncuklu Tarla in Dargecit district that goes back to the Neolithic period. The area is known to have been home throughout history to Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, Assyrians, Romans, Seljuks, and Ottomans, among others. Ergul Kodas, an archaeologist at Artuklu University and advisor to the excavation area, told Anadolu Agency that the history of the Boncuklu Tarla is estimated to be around 12,years old. In the Middle East the first indications of the beginning of the Neolithic transition from food gathering to food producing can be dated to approximately bce ; the true Neolithic began about bce , by which time farming and stock breeding were well established, and lasted until about bce. The Neolithic was succeeded by the Chalcolithic Period, during which metal weapons and tools gradually took their place beside their stone prototypes , and painted pottery came generally into use. The Chalcolithic ended in the middle centuries of the 4th millennium bce , when the invention of writing foreshadowed the rise of the great dynastic civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia , and was followed by periods of more advanced metalworking known as the Early and Middle Bronze Ages. Anatolia Article Media Additional Info. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. Bursa, the first important Byzantine stronghold to the west, falls to them in , the year of Osman's death. After the fall of Bursa the Ottoman advance quickens. Nicaea yields in and Nicomedia in In that direction a narrow neck of land leads directly to Constantinople, but the Ottomans prefer a roundabout route. In they cross into Europe at the other end of the sea of Marmara, capturing Gallipoli. Eight years later Adrianople falls to them, severing the main route westwards from Constantinople. A stranglehold is being applied to the Byzantine capital itself, but the Turks look first for plunder in an easier direction. They continue westwards into the Balkans, where their successes prompt the formation of the formidable Ottoman fighting force known as the Janissaries. The Turks in the Balkans: - A victory at Kosovo in brings Serbia under Ottoman control as a vassal state. The Ottoman sultan Murad I dies on the battlefield of Kosovo and is succeeded by his son Bayazid I, whose name Yildirim 'Thunderbolt' reflects his early military successes. The Slav kingdom of Bulgaria is fully occupied by In the following year Bayazid begins the long expected blockade of Constantinople. A Hungarian army marching as a crusade against the Turks is heavily defeated at Nicopolis in Meanwhile the sultan campaigns south into Greece. But then the Balkans and Constantinople are given a sudden reprieve. Bayazid is confronted by a major threat in Anatolia - the arrival of Timur. After destroying Baghdad in , Timur turns his attention to Anatolia. He finds that several emirs are willing to side with him against the Ottoman Turks. Bayazid's armies have been extending the Ottoman empire to the east as well as the west. But his victims to the east have been fellow Muslims, not Christians. There is resentment to be tapped, not that Timur needs much in the way of assistance. Bayazid meets the threat near Ankara, where his army is heavily defeated. Captured in the battle, he dies as Timur 's prisoner in legend later provides the indignity of an iron cage. Retrenchment and recovery: - The Ottoman domain shrinks drastically after Bayazid's defeat and capture by Timur in The many small emirs of Turkey reassert their independence, as do the Balkan states. The three sons of Bayazid are left with only the family's central territories round the southern and western sides of the sea of Marmara. They fight each other in a civil war which is won by the youngest, Mehmed I, in From this unpromising position, the son and grandson of Mehmed Murad II and Mehmed II, whose combined reigns span nearly seventy years achieve an astonishing recovery for the Ottoman state - posing an ever greater threat to the Byzantine empire. Murad patiently reasserts control over much of western Anatolia, and makes equivalent headway in the Balkans. Serbia is brought back into the Ottoman fold Murad marries a Serbian princess in Much of Bulgaria also is recovered. A strong counter-attack down the Danube in by an army of Hungarians and Poles is at first successful, until the Ottoman Turks win a decisive victory at Varna in This steady process is continued by Murad's son, Mehmed II. HISTORY OF TURKEY The ancient city of Perga, located in the Aksu district of Antalya province, bears traces of the late classical, Hellenistic and predominantly Roman periods. It is among the most-visited places by tourists. It opens the door to another world for its visitors with its unique structures and endemic plants and wildlife. Patara, one of the 16 cities of the ancient Lycian League that had the right to vote, is among the cities that were besieged by Alexander the Great. It is worth noting that Patara, which was an important trade center during the Roman period, maintained its importance during the Byzantine period. The Turkish government has declared as the year of Patara. The ancient city of Myra, located in and around the Demre district of Antalya, is named after the plain it was founded on. The city was connected to the sea via a thoroughfare canal to the west of Demre Creek, while sea transportation and trade were carried out from Andriake Port on the other side of the canal. Rumor has it that there was a city named Andriake at the estuary of the River Andriakos in B. The ancient city of Phaselis, founded in the seventh century B. Its harbors, agoras and the depictions of ships printed on its coins are among the features that emphasize Phaselis' identity as a trade port. The 2,year-old ancient city of Knidos, which is famous for its prime location at the junction of the Aegean and the Mediterranean and for hosting many famous scientists in the past, is being reerected with various projects. The ancient city attracts attention with its churches, theaters, port streets and columns. It takes visitors on a historical journey through its streets. Excavation work in the city, where all visible architectural remains belong to the Roman Imperial period, is being carried out by Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. Ancient Turkey brings together in a coherent account the diverse and often fragmented evidence, both archaeological and textual, that forms the basis of our knowledge of the development of Anatolia from the earliest arrivals to the end of the Iron Age. Much new material has recently been excavated and unlike Greece, Mesopotamia, and its other neighbours, Turkey has been poorly served in terms of comprehensive, up-to-date and accessible discussions of its ancient past. Ancient Turkey is a much needed resource for students and scholars, providing an up-to- date account of the widespread and extensive archaeological activity in Turkey. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. The Ottoman Empire: conquest, organization and economy. Variorum ReprintsPress. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Journal of Genocide Research 10 1 : 7— Helmreich in Slavic Review , Vol. Phoenix Press. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History 3rd ed. Outposts and Allies: U. Army Logistics in the Cold War, — Susquehanna University Press. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge, UK. Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. History of Anatolia. Turkey topics. 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