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British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971
British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2014 Robert Steele School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives and Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Statement on Primary Sources............................................................................................................................... -
Persian Royal Ancestry
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry. -
Zarathushtra As Victor in the Verbal Contest DALE L
Zarathushtra as Victor in the Verbal Contest DALE L. BISHOP Columbia University In a long note to his translation of the Canaanite Poem of Baal, Professor Gaster em phasized the significance of the exchange of curses and taunts as a " standard element of the Ritual Combat." 1 Scholars of the Indo-Iranian religion have long debated the importance of the verbal contest in the Aryan tradition. In the Indo-Iranian journal of 1960 F. B. J. Kuiper presented a summation of the textual evidence supporting his argument that the verbal contest was a central component of the whole series of ritual battles celebrating the Aryan New Year. Although the bulk of the evidence for Kuiper's thesis was drawn from the Rig Veda, he also cited several Avestan texts which, he felt, praise·the virtues of the eloquent warrior in the verbal contest. Most of these citations are from the Yashts, which might be expected to reflect pre-Zarathushtrian concepts later introduced into "catholic Zoroastrianism. ,,2 Kuiper thus did not examine in detail the early Gathic evidence for the verbal contest because he felt that Zarathushtra had modified the old Aryan conccpt to bring it into accord with his own ideas about eschatology. Nor did Kuiper bring into con sideration the post-Yasht Videvdad material or the Middle Persian evidence because both lack the complex of terms derived from his hypothetical Aryan verb root 'yZik(!J)- 'to pro claim solemnly') We will examine here the opening section of Fargard 19 of the Videvdad and the Middle Persian Denkard's account of the prophetic predecessors of Zarathushtra from the point of view of the significance of the verbal dispute in these texts. -
Circular No 8
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF INVENTORS’ ASSOCIATIONS Established in 1968 ♦ Members from 84 countries (2007) P.O. Box 319, 1591 Budapest, Hungary ♦ Tel.: +3620 945 8078 ♦ Fax: +361 422 0936 E-mail: [email protected] ♦ www.invention-ifia.ch ♦ www.1000inventions.com Bank : U B S Branch Vermont-Nations, C.P. 2600, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Account N°: C8-108.868.2 ♦ Swift Number : UBSWCHZH 12 B ♦ IBAN: CH15 0027 9279 C8-108.868.2 Ref.No.: VA008/18/02/2009 Circular No 8 Dear IFIA member, The IFIA 40th Birthday Jubilee Year was closed. It was unforgettable and fantastic year! The main celebration in Suzhou was the greatest innovation event of the history thanks to your activity and support of the China Association of Invention. Our world federation meets with new challenge in year 2009. This is the world economy crisis. The IFIA answer is: more inventors – more inventions – wide innovation and general prosperity! Therefore our activity must be more efficient and more professional. Information 1.) The new ExCo members were elected by the IFIA General Assembly 2008 in Suzhou: Adam Rylski, Poland Lennart Nilsson, Sweden Alireza Rastegar, Iran Mohammed Al-Fawzan, Saudi Arabia Augustine S. H. Ong, Malaysia Octavian Plesa, Romania Fan Mingyi, China Pavao Havlicek, Croatia, EIN Gerard de Villeroche, France Virgilio Malang, Philipines Hussein Hujic, BIH Vladimir Petriasov, Russia Idrissa Hassane Souley, Niger, AIN Wouter Pijzel, Holland Joel Shaka Momodu, Nigeria 2.) The IFIA members’ main activity is proposed to select and to present the new inventions on official IFIA exhibitions decided by IFIA ExCo. Here is the list of official IFIA exhibitions where free or reduced cost booths for our members are provided by the appropriate organizer: 1. -
IFIA Executive Committee Meting Minutes
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF INVENTORS’ ASSOCIATIONS Established in 1968 ♦ Members from 86 countries (2009) P.O. Box 319, 1591 Budapest, Hungary ♦ Tel.: +3620 945 8078 ♦ Fax: +361 422 0936 E-mail: [email protected] ♦ www.invention-ifia.ch ♦ www.1000inventions.com Bank : U B S Branch Vermont-Nations, C.P. 2600, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Swift Number : UBSWCHZH 12 B ♦ IBAN: CH15 0027 9279 C8-108.868.2 Ref. No.: 020/25/09/2009/Budapest IFIA Executive Committee meting Minutes Date: 11 September, 2009 16:00 h Venue: Budapest Fair Center Hal 16, GENIUS-EUROPE International Invention Fair, Office Calling of ExCo members The IFIA President called the ExCo members. The above mentioned IFIA ExCo members were present on the meeting: 1. Mr. Dr. Adam Rylski, Poland 2. Mr. Alireza Rastegar, Iran 3. Mr. Dr. Fan Mingyi, China 4. Mr. Hussein Hujic, BIH 5. Mr. Dr. Idrissa Hassane Souley, Niger, AIN 6. Mr. Lennart Nilsson, Sweden 7. Mr. Dr. Octavian Plesa, Romania 8. Mr. Pavao Havlicek, Croatia, EIN 8 persons of IFIA ExCo members were present. Absent: 1. Mr. Dr. Augustine S. H. Ong, Malaysia 2. Mr. Gerard de Villeroche, France 3. Mr. Joel Shaka Momodu, Nigeria 4. Mr. Mohammed Al-Fawzan, Saudi Arabia 5. Mr. Virgilio Malang, Philipines 6. Mr. Vladimir Petriasov, Russia 7. Mr. Wouter Pijzel, Holland 7 persons of IFIA ExCo members were absent. The IFIA President declared: This ExCo meeting is quorum. The Agenda of ExCo meeting was proposed by the President: 1. IFIA anti crisis declaration 2. Cooperation with WIPO 3. Report of IFIA work in the first period of 2009 4. -
48Th INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION of INVENTIONS GENEVA
48th INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF INVENTIONS GENEVA UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE SWISS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, OF THE STATE, THE CITY OF GENEVA AND OF THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION WIPO 25-29 MARch 2020 PALEXPO inventions-geneva.ch The world’s unique annual Exhibition • 1’000 new inventions and products • 825 exhibitors from 42 countries • 80% companies and universities • 20% private inventors and researchers • More than 30’000 visitors from all 5 continents Stand of WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) and IPI • Journalists, reporter radio and TV from the world (Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property) The International Exhibition of Inventions of Geneva benefits from the most extensive support and privileges that can be granted to an exhibition. It is under the patronage of the Swiss Federal Government, the State, the City of Geneva and of the World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO. This support testifies to the usefulness and quality of the event, now acknowledged as the most important exhibition of inventions anywhere today. It is also the most international, with the participation of 42 countries. Presenting your inventions or services You have developed an invention that is worth selling. So you try to market your novelty. To do this, you have to contact manufacturers, commercial agents, financial backers or promoters who can distribute your product worldwide. By experience we know that to do this yourself will take you a long time and will cost you a lot of money without any guarantee of success. It could also be the case that your invention is already being manufactured and sold, but not in all countries where you would like to negotiate manufacturing licences or seek new business outlets. -
IFIA General Assembly Meeting Was Held for the Two Consecutive Days in China, in November 2014 to Deal with the Wide Extent of the Agenda and Mr
March 2015 - No 1 TTC Opening - IFIA wishes to develop a centralised web-based platform for technological exchange of information. This new platform titled Technology Transfer Center (TTC) was opened by IFIA president, Mr. Rastegar in march IFIA after its activities were approved in china IFIA General Assembly meeting. The primary goal of the TTC is to provide channels for inventors to quickly INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF INVENTORS’ ASSOCIATIONS and easily reach out with their inventions/ideas and more efficiently find manufacturers and funding, both regionally and internationally. The world - wide organization of the inventors and MAGAZINE the innovators IFIA General Assembly meeting was held for the two consecutive days in china, in November 2014 to deal with the wide extent of the agenda and Mr. Alireza Rastegar from iran was elect- ed as the IFIA President by the unanimous vote of the members for the following four years. Regarding the vast extent of international activities during the new presidency, IFIA requires an efficient website which has been designed by IFIA office. It provides a space to meet the require- ments of members, inventors, visitors and also to absorb national and international sponsors. IFIA new website: IFIA.COM Invention Is Born Out of Necessity; Inventor Turns It Into a Reality CONTENTS 2 The History of IFIA 4 IFIA President 6 General Assembly Meeting 8 What’s the Difference Betweenan Inventorand a Scientist 9 Technology Transfer Center 10 IFIA Events 18 Introducing Active IFIA Member (Korea) 20 What is the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)? 22 IFIA.com 24 Inventors Think and Play Differently! 25 WIPO News 28 ÁRPÁD BOGSCH Memory Medal IFIA MAGAZINE ISSUE 2015 International Federation of Inventors’ Associations Editor: Mahsa Aboumgar Graphic Designe: Bijan Nasiri A. -
The Talisman
DG McIntyre - The Talisman A talisman is defined as a charm of great potency, capable of producing extraordinary effects.1 If anything has been accorded the status of a talisman in the later Zoroastrian literature, it is the Ahuna Vairya – the Yatha Ahu Vairyo prayer. This prayer is composed in the Gathic dialect and is in the same metre as the Ahunavaiti Gatha.2 Professors Insler and Humbach both believe it to have been composed by Zarathushtra himself.3 In a later text (not a part of the Gathas), called Yasna 19, which is a later commentary on the Ahuna Vairya, Ahura Mazda is said to describe the Ahuna Vairya as His Word, and is said to have stated: “…..this word is the most emphatic of the words which have ever been pronounced, or which are now spoken, or which shall be spoken in future’ for (the eminence) of this utterance is a thing of such a nature, that if all the corporeal and living world should learn it, and learning should hold fast by it, they would be redeemed from their mortality!” translation by Mills in Sacred Books of the East, Volume 31, Yasna XIX, verse 10, pages 262 – 263 (Motilal Benarsidas reprint). While it is unlikely that this is a direct quotation from Ahura Mazda, the fact that the writer of this commentary puts these words in Ahura Mazda’s mouth, indicates the importance this writer ascribed to the Ahuna Vairya. In the Bundahishn, a later Pahlavi text written, according to E. W. West, some time after the Arab invasion of 651 CE,4 we are told that when Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit met, after some preliminary conversation, Ahura Mazda recited the Ahunavar (which is the Ahuna Vairya), and: “…even so as is declared in revelation, that when one of its (the Ahunavar’s) three parts was uttered, the evil spirit contracted his body through fear, and when two parts of it were uttered, he fell upon his knees, and when all of it was uttered he became confounded and impotent as to the harm he caused the creatures of Auharmazd,…..” translated by West in SBE Volume 5, Bundahish, Chapter 1, verse 22, pages 8 – 9. -
2017-07-18-Annual-Review
Annual Review 2016–17 Sovereignty and Interdependence Geopolitics and Instability Delivering Global Public Goods Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is an independent policy institute based in London. Our mission is to help build a sustainably secure, prosperous and just world. Cover: Clashes between a group of demonstrators and the police during the march against the G7 at Taormina, Italy, in May 2017. Opposite: China’s President Xi Jinping speaking at the opening ceremony of the B20 Summit in Hangzhou, China, in 2016. Preparation for the US presidential inauguration in Washington, DC in January 2017. Forest in Yichun – here and elsewhere China is transitioning to a more sustainable use of natural resources. Contents Introduction 2–3 2016–17 Review 2 Chairman’s statement 3 Director’s statement About us 4 Mission 5 Outreach 6–7 Highlights Africa | China | Global economy | International law Sovereignty and Interdependence Addressing the complex linkages between politically sovereign and accountable states and increasingly interconnected markets and societies. Pages 8–13 Asia | Eurasia | Europe | MENA | US Geopolitics and Instability Analysing the ways in which ongoing shifts in global economic and political power are leading to greater competition between states, blocs and institutions. Pages 14–21 Circular economy | Cyber | Health | Natural resources Delivering Global Public Goods Recommending how governments and societies can balance growth and welfare expectations with the need to reduce environmental, resource and other stresses. Pages 22–27 28 Honorary Treasurer’s report 29 Financial headlines 30–31 Patron, Presidents, Council and Panel of Senior Advisers 31–32 Individual supporters 33–37 Financial support 38–41 Staff, consultants and associate fellows Chatham House | 1 Introduction 2016–17 Review Chairman’s statement I am pleased to report that during the past year Chatham Our research benefits in particular from our well-connected House has continued to strengthen its reputation and, global networks. -
Polygamy in Greek Views of Persians Dominique Lenfant
Polygamy in Greek Views of Persians Dominique Lenfant ORE THAN FORTY years ago, in his polemical work Orientalism, Edward Said argued that the image of the Orient had been constructed by Westerners in the 18th Mth and 19 centuries in order to favour the latter’s political domina- tion.1 In so arguing, he did not hesitate to consider that this process dated back to Aeschylus’ Persians, and generally speak- ing, some similarities between modern and ancient views of Easterners may seem striking. However, in many cases it is worth checking the reality and depth of such analogies. At first glance, polygamy is one of them. In Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, the polygamy of the main figure is a striking feature of the Persian world that he contrasts with France. And in his classic book on The Family in Classical Greece, W. K. Lacey argued that Greek cities had “a common attitude towards family customs, monogamy, for example, and the refusal to adopt the oriental custom of the harem.” His note shows unsurprisingly that the “Orientals” who practised polygamy were Persians.2 On the back cover of Edith Hall’s Inventing the Barbarian, it may be read that “incest, polygamy, murder, sacrilege, impalement, castra- tion, female power, and despotism—these are some of the images by which the Greek tragedians defined the non-Greek, ‘barbarian’ world.”3 Since, according to Strabo (15.3.23), Per- sians appear to be the most famous barbarians among the Greeks, it may be of interest to investigate the place of polygamy 1 E. Said, Orientalism (London 1978). -
Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott 1
Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott 1 Chapter Page CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott 2 The Project Gutenberg EBook of Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Darius the Great Makers of History Author: Jacob Abbott Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27802] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DARIUS THE GREAT *** Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Makers of History Darius the Great BY JACOB ABBOTT WITH ENGRAVINGS NEW YORK AND LONDON HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS Darius the Great, by Jacob Abbott 3 1904 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty, by HARPER & BROTHERS, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. Copyright, 1878, by JACOB ABBOTT. [Illustration: DARIUS CROSSING THE BOSPORUS.] PREFACE. In describing the character and the action of the personages whose histories form the subjects of this series, the writer makes no attempt to darken the colors in which he depicts their deeds of violence and wrong, or to increase, by indignant denunciations, the obloquy which heroes and conquerors have so often brought upon themselves, in the estimation of mankind, by their ambition, their tyranny, or their desperate and reckless crimes. -
Zoroastrianism: the Iranian Roots of Christianity?
Zoroastrianism: The Iranian Roots of Christianity? Bryan Rennie, Department of Religion, History, Philosophy, and Classics Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172-0001 [email protected] To readers other than scholars of Iranian religion this material is very late, the oldest manuscript being from the thirteenth may be new, but the issue of Zoroastrian influence on Biblical century CE. religions is itself far from new. Matthew Black, John Bright, The reliability of oral tradition in preserving such ancient Harold Henry Rowley, William David Davies, Walther material as the Hindu 0g Veda from around 1,200 BCE is Eichrodt, Reginald H. Fuller, Theodore Gaster, E. O. James, seldom seriously questioned but the similar antiquity of the and Helmer Ringgren all recognized it. Parallels between the Avestan materials is not widely accepted. It is true, as Mary Jewish and Christian Messiah and the Zoroastrian Sosyans Boyce says, that absolute dating is impossible for this sort of were noted in Ί906 by Lawrence Mills and in 1926 by Hu material (1992, 1168). And Almut Hintze agrees that attempts bertus Von Gall. George Carter wrote a monograph on Zoro at dating any Avestan text are uncertain (1999, 77). The astrian influence in 1918. It was a common theme of the Avestan texts are complemented by more extensive materials Religionsgeschichtliche Schule, who suggested a thoroughgo in Pahlavi, which were composed between the ninth and ing influence on Jewish and Christian apocalyptism, messian- tenth centuries of the Christian era. The Dênkard, the Bunda- ism, and eschatology. Finkelstein and Manson in 1929 and hisn, the Zädspram, the Dädestän J Dënïg, the Pahlavi Ri- 1938 suggested that "Pharisee" derives from a Pahlavi rather väyat, the Bahman Yast or Zand J Wahuman Yasn, the Arda than a Hebrew root, and thus means "Persian" or "Persian- Wiräz Nämag all date from between the seventh and the tenth izer." That has not been decided and seems to have been centuries CE.