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Tattam, Helen (2011) Time in the Philosophy of Gabriel Marcel. Phd Thesis, University of Nottingham

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Tattam, Helen (2011) Time in the Philosophy of Gabriel Marcel. Phd Thesis, University of Nottingham Tattam, Helen (2011) Time in the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11712/1/PhD_Thesis_-_H_Tattam.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information, please contact [email protected] TIME IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF GABRIEL MARCEL Helen Tattam, MA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in French Studies) August 2010 Abstract This thesis aims to determine what is distinctive to the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973). While hisworkhaslargelybeenreceivedasaformofChristian existentialismnotablybyJean-Paul Sartre), and thus interpreted in relation to other philosophies of existence, it is my contention that this prevents an appreciation of his specificity. I therefore recommend a new reading of his thought, which, through analysis of his various philosophical presentations of time, re-situates him within the twentieth-century French intellectual tradition. Part I of the thesis provides an introduction to his philosophy of time, analysing his position in specific relation to Henri Bergson (1859-1941). Chapter One raises the question as to whether his position is then compromised by his engagement with eternity, for this seems to undermine timessignificance. However, what begins to emerge from Chapter Two onward, is that suchaquestionmaybeinappropriatewithrespecttoMarcelsunderstandingof philosophy. Part II (Chapters Three and Four) then explores the implications that his worksvarious modes have on the content of his arguments: first, the diary-form of his formative works and his (continuing) use of a first-person narrative style in his essays and lectures; and second, the (non-narrative) form of his theatre, to which Marcel also accorded philosophical significance. Here, Marcel is read alongside Paul Ricœur-2005) and Emmanuel Lévinas (1906-1995), who also tried to approach philosophy differently as is especially manifest in their conceptions of time. Finally, PartIIIChapterFivereconsiderstherelationbetweenMarcelsphilosophyand religion, asking how his references to God affect the basis of his philosophy, and what this entails for interpreting time in his work. In light of these discussions, the conclusion then reflects on what philosophy is for Marcel, and how he should therefore be received. Acknowledgements This doctoral research would not have been possible without the financial support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which included funding to spend three weeks working in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris (July-August 2008), and to attend and speak at the 2009 Romance Studies colloquium on storytelling (1-3 October). Both of these opportunities were crucial for the furtherance of my research. I would also like to thank the Graduate School at the University of Nottingham, for awarding funding that enabled me to attend and speak at the 2009 meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (29-31 October). This experience was equally pivotal to the development of my ideas. I must express particular gratitude to Camille de Villeneuve and Eric Severson, for inspiring and encouraging me. In addition, thanks must go to everyone in the French Department at Nottingham, who have supported me continually and offered valuable advice. I am especially appreciative of discussions I have had with my second supervisor, John Marks, who has helped me to think creatively and see the broader implications of my ideas. Above all else, though, I am indebted to William Grainger and to my first supervisor, Rosemary Chapman to William for his constancy and understanding, and to Rosemary for thinking both with and against me, and for her exemplary rigour, expert guidance, and unparalleled support. Table of Contents Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Works ........................................................................ v Introduction: an Unplaced French Philosopher ................................................................ 1 Part One: Time and Subjectivity....................................................................................... 12 Chapter One: Being and Time ...................................................................................... 12 MarcelsEncounterwith‛ergson ....................................................................... 13 1.2 Ruptures ................................................................................................................ 34 1.3 Memory, Time, and Eternity ............................................................................... 40 Chapter Two: Phenomenological Time ....................................................................... 54 2.1 The Irrelevance of Time? ..................................................................................... 55 2.2 Approches concrètes................................................................................................ 63 PhenomenologyOntologyandEthicsTheIndeterminacyofMarcels Philosophy ................................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion to Part One: Metaphysics and Presence ................................................... 96 Part Two: Time and the Problem of Hermeneutics ...................................................... 105 Chapter Three: Narrative Time .................................................................................. 105 TimeEternityandNarrative‚ugustineandRicœur ................................... 108 NarrativeTimeandIdentityMarcelandRicœur ........................................... 115 3.3 Being-with-Others: Narrative Time, Ontology, and Ethics ............................. 133 ChapterFourMarcelsTheatrean-Other Time ....................................................... 148 4.1 Philosophy and Theatre, Narrative and Ethics ................................................ 151 TheLévinassianTimeofMarcelsTheatre ....................................................... 159 4.3 ThinkingMarcelsPhilosophyandTheatreTogether ..................................... 183 ConclusiontoPartTwo‛etweenRicœurandLévinas ............................................ 194 Part Three: Time and Eternity ........................................................................................ 200 Chapter Five: Time and God ...................................................................................... 200 5.1 Time and Eternity: Marcel and Augustine ....................................................... 203 5.2 Challenging Augustinian Time ......................................................................... 212 5.3 Philosophy, Ethics, and Theology: The Meanings of Eternity in Marcel ....... 220 Conclusion: Toward what Metaphysics? ...................................................................... 242 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 245 Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Works Works by Marcel Other Works CPM Cinq pièces majeures AE Lévinas, Autrementquêtre DH La Dignité humaine et ses assises DMT Lévinas, Dieu, la mort et le temps existentielles DVI Lévinas, DeDieuquivientàlidée DS Le Déclin de la sagesse EAGM Belay and others (eds), Entretiens EA Être et avoir autour de Gabriel Marcel EC En chemin, vers quel éveil? EN Lévinas, Entre nous EM L'Esthétique musicale de Gabriel HS Lévinas, Hors sujet Marcel Œ Bergson, Œuvres EPR EntretiensPaulRicœurGabriel Marcel SA RicœurSoi-même comme un autre FP Fragments philosophiques TA Lévinas, LeTempsetlAutre GM Gabriel Marcel interrogé par Pierre TI Lévinas, Totalité et infini Boutang TR I RicœurTemps et récit I HH LesHommescontrelHumain TR III RicœurTemps et récit III HP LHommeproblématique HV Homo viator JM Journal métaphysique ME I LeMystèredelêtreI ME II LeMystèredelêtreII MR La Métaphysique de Royce MT MontempsetmoiTempset valeur PI Présence et immortalité PST Pour une sagesse tragique et son au- delà RA Regardenarrière RI Durefusàlinvocation Full details can be found in the bibliography. v Introduction: an Unplaced French Philosopher Le temps philosophique est [...] un temps grandiose de coexistence, qui nexclutpaslavantetlaprèsmaislessuperpose
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