The Dynamic Leadership of Maechee Sansanee Sthirasuta a Dissertation Submitted to the Facult

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The Dynamic Leadership of Maechee Sansanee Sthirasuta a Dissertation Submitted to the Facult LEADING WITH A “NOBLE MISSION”: THE DYNAMIC LEADERSHIP OF MAECHEE SANSANEE STHIRASUTA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY KAORU ADACHI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Gerald W. Fry, Adviser August 2010 © Kaoru Adachi 2010 i Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without profound support from Maechee Sansanee Sathirasuta. Without her compassion, kindness, and thoughtfulness, I would not have been able to complete my project. I would like to express my appreciation to her for the precious opportunity she gave me to learn about Buddhism, her work, and her community. I would also like to thank the members of Sathira Dhammasathan for their friendship and support to me and my family for the last five years. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my husband, Kenji Adachi, two young children, Kohei and Sawaka, and mother, Fukuyo Kinoshita. Their presence was the major drive for me both to start and finish my dissertation. Thank you for being so supportive, patient and understanding through this long journey of dissertation research. I would like to thank Dr. Gerald W. Fry, my adviser in Educational Policy and Administration of the University of Minnesota. He taught, guided, and mentored me through my cross-cultural journey of the dissertation. His thoughtful teaching, genuine interest in Southeast Asian cultures, and never-ending interest in learning have truly inspired me to sail in the ocean of cross-cultural research. Without his deep expertise in Thai language and culture, I would not have been able to complete my study. I would also like to thank the three other members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Michael Paige, Dr. Deanne Magnusson, and Dr. Fred Finley for their encouragement and advice related to cross-cultural and leadership studies. I would like to extend many thanks to my mentors and friends in the United States and Thailand for their help towards the completion of my dissertation. Dr. Deborah Levison, my academic adviser from my Master‟s program in the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, has given me incredible academic, professional and personal support for over a decade. Judith Royer has patiently supported me as a writing partner and editor from the inception of this study. Dr. Boonchai Kijsanayotin gave me kind assistance in preparing the Thai documents. Ms. Utumporn Swangmake was a tireless and accurate transcriptionist and translator. Ms. Oranuch Pruetipibultham gave me generous support in reading the Thai transcripts and lessons on Thai Buddhism. Ms. Pavinee Pornsalnuwat gave me great moral and cultural support for my project. My friends Dr. Siriporn Yamnill, Ms. Monketkhaji Srithiamthong, Ms. Chayanin Khoklumphan, Ms. Busaya Kaewpitak, Mrs. Jitanan Panjai, and Ms. Noriko Vatanakuljarus gave me deep friendship, cultural guidance, language help, and a safety net for my family while we were in Thailand. ii I am grateful to a number of Thai academics for their kind guidance on my research study. They include but are not limited to Dr. Suwanna Satha-Anand, Dr. Chumpol Poolpatarachewin, Dr. Parichart Suwanbubbha, Dr. Somwung Pitiyanuwat, Dr. Tong-In Wongsothorn, and Dr. Wichit Srisa-an. Finally, I thank the National Research Council of Thailand for approving my research study. iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to members of the Sathira Dhammasathan community. iv Abstract This case study describes the leadership of Maechee Sansanee Sthirasuta, a dynamic Theravāda Buddhist nun and the founder and director of the Sathira Dhammasathan meditation center in Thailand. Her leadership characteristics, impact on her followers and contributions to Thai society were examined. Data was gathered through interviews with Maechee Sansanee, her colleagues and experts, direct and participant observations, and content analysis of documents and media between 2004 and 2009, including a total of six months of fieldwork. Maechee Sansanee‟s leadership was described through four dimensions: moral leadership, servant leadership, aesthetic leadership, and social entrepreneurship. She exemplifies moral values that are taught by Buddhism and demonstrates moral behaviors as shown to others. She serves the Buddha and the community by following Buddhist teachings and making herself useful to others. She created numerous projects that improved people‟s lives using her social entrepreneurial spirit and aesthetic development. While maechees generally have less social recognition and fewer resources than monks, they have more freedom from influence by the traditional sangha administration in pursuit of their activities, studies, and meditation. Maechee Sansanee has emerged as an exceptional leader in Thailand and the maechee community by utilizing her leadership and entrepreneurial skills while realistically recognizing constraints and possibilities. v Abstract (Thai) บทคัดย่อ กรณีศึกษานี้อธิบายถึงภาวะผู้น าของแม่ชีศันสนีย์ เสถียรสุต ซึ่งเป็นแม่ชีผู้มี ชื่อเสียงในพุทธศาสนานิกายเถรวาทและเป็นผู้ก่อตั้งสถานที่ปฏิบัติธรรมภาวนา เสถียร ธรรมสถาน แห่งประเทศไทย ภาวะผู้น าของแม่ชี ผลกระทบที่มีต่อบรรดาสาวกทั้งหลาย และผลที่มีต่อสังคมไทยได้ถูกน ามาศึกษาในที่นี้ ข้อมูลวิจัยได้รับจากการสัมภาษณ์แม่ชี ศันสนีย์ ผู้ร่วมงานของแม่ชี และจากบรรดาผู้เชี่ยวชาญอื่นๆ ทั้งจากการสังเกตการณ์ ทางตรงและแบบมีส่วนร่วม จากบริบทวิเคราะห์จากเอกสารที่เกี่ยวข้อง และจากสื่อต่างๆ ในช่วงเวลาระหว่างปี 2004 ถึง 2009 และรวมถึงจากการศึกษาภาคสนามเป็นเวลาทั้งสิ้น หกเดือน ภาวะผู้น าของแม่ชีศันสนีย์ ได้ถูกอธิบายใน 4 ด้าน คือ ภาวะผู้น าด้านจริยธรรม ด้านผู้รับใช้สังคม ด้านสุนทรียศาสตร์ และด้านผู้ประกอบการทางสังคม แม่ชีได้แสดงให้ เห็นถึงคุณค่าทางจริยธรรมที่ท่านได้รับจากการสั่งสอนอบรมในพระพุทธศาสนา และ แสดงออกถึงพฤติกรรมที่เปี่ยมไปด้วยจริยธรรมต่อผู้อื่น แม่ชีได้รับใช้พระพุทธเจ้า และ ประชาชนในสังคมโดยการปฏิบัติตามค าสอนของพระศาสดา และโดยการท าตัวให้เป็น ประโยชน์ต่อบุคคลทั่วไป แม่ชีได้ริเริ่มสรรค์สร้างโครงการต่างๆมากมายที่เป็นประโยชน์ ต่อชีวิตมนุษย์ โดยการใช้จิตวิญญาณของการเป็นผู้ประกอบการทางสังคม และ การพัฒนา ในด้านสุนทรียศาสตร์ของท่าน โดยทั่วไปแล้ว ในขณะที่ แม่ชี มักจะได้รับการยอมรับและ ได้รับทรัพย์สิ่งของต่างๆน้อยกว่าพระภิกษุสงฆ์ แม่ชีกลับมีอิสระจากการควบคุมดูแลของ เถรสมาคมที่เคร่งครัด ในการด าเนินกิจกรรมต่างๆ ในการใฝ่หาความรู้ และการปฏิบัติ วิปัสนา แม่ชีศันสนีย์ โดดเด่นขึ้นมาในฐานะของแม่ชีที่มีภาวะผู้น าที่พิเศษในประเทศไทย และในสังคมของแม่ชีด้วยกันเอง จากการใช้ภาวะผู้น าของท่าน และการใช้ทักษะในการ เป็นผู้ประกอบการทางสังคมในขณะที่ก็สามารถพิจารณาตามความเป็นจริงถึงอุปสรรค และความเป็นไปได้ต่างๆในการด าเนินการ vi Abstract (Japanese) 要 約 本研究は、テーラワーダ仏教の尼僧、メーチー・サンサニー・サティラスタ のダイナミックなリーダーシップを描写したケーススタディである。メーチ ー・サンサニーはタイのサティラタンマ修道院瞑想センターの創始者で現在も 代表を務める女性である。本研究では、彼女のリーダーシップの性質、追従者 (フォロワー)への影響、そしてタイ社会への影響を調査した。データの収集 は、リーダー本人、フォロワー、外部の専門家への聞き取り調査、直接および 間接的観察、文献および映像資料からおこなった。2004年から2009年 までのデータ収集期間のうち、合計6ヶ月間は、現地でおこなったフィールド ワークであった。 メーチー・サンサニーのリーダーシップは、道徳的リーダーシップ、サーヴ ァントリーダーシップ、美的リーダーシップ、社会的起業活動の4つの次元か ら描写される。彼女はブッダが教えた道徳的観念を体現し、他者に道徳的行動 を実演してみせる。社会的起業家精神を生かし、美的側面を強調した多数のプ ロジェクトを考案実践することで、多くの人々の生活を改善している。タイの メーチーは一般的に、僧侶より低い社会的認識を受け、より少ない資源で活動 せざるをえない状況である一方で、伝統的な寺院組織サンガ(僧伽)の管理下 に入らないために独自の慈善活動、学問や瞑想の訓練を追及できるより多くの 自由を得ているともいえる。本研究はメーチー・サンサニーが、さまざまな制 約と可能性を現実的に認識しながら、リーダーおよび起業家としての能力を生 かすことによってタイ社会とメーチー共同体の例外的なリーダーとして浮かび 上がったと結論づけた。 vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... i Dedication ................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xii Glossary ................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter One: Problem Statement ............................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................... 3 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 4 Contribution of Study ............................................................................................. 5 Overview of the Remainder of the Study ............................................................... 6 Chapter Two: Literature Review ................................................................................ 7 Leadership Theory .................................................................................................. 8 Leader-Focused Approaches ............................................................................... 8 Leader-Follower Focused Approaches ............................................................. 11 Leadership in Multiple Dimensions .................................................................. 15 Women in Leadership ....................................................................................... 15 Leadership and Culture ....................................................................................
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