Crowds and Democracy

THE IDEA AND IMAGE

OF THE MASSES

FROM REVOLUTION TO FASCISM

Stefan Jonsson

Columbia University Press yf New York CONTENTS

List of Illustrations xi Preface xv

1. Introducing the Masses: Vienna, 15 July 1927 1

(ELIAS CANETTI—ALFRED VIERKANDT— HANMAH ARENDT —

KARL KRAUS—HEIMITO VON DODERER) 1. Shooting Psychosis 1 2. Not a Word About the Bastille 6 3. Explaining the Crowd 16 4. Representing Social Passions 23 5. A Work of Madness 28 6. Invincibles 33 7. Mirror for Princes 37 8. Workers on the Run 41 9. Lashing 47 Vlll LVJINlLiNIO

2. Authority Versus Anarchy: Allegories of the Mass in Sociology and Literature 51

(GEORG SIMMEL— WERNER SOMBART— FRITZ LANG —

LEOPOLD VON WIESE— WILHELM VLEUGELS— GERHARD COLM—

MAX WEBER—THEODOR GEIGER—AUGUST SAWDER-

HERMANN BROCH —ERNST TOLLER— RAINER MARIA RILKE) 10. The Missing Chapter 51 11. Georg Simmel's Masses 54 12. In Metropolis 61 13. The Architecture of Society 67 14. Steak Tartare 73 15. Delta Formations 80 16. Alarm Bells of History 84 17. Sleepwalkers 92 18.1 Am Mass 105 19. Rilke in the Revolution 115

3. The Revolving Nature of the Social: Primal Hordes and Crowds Without Qualities 119

(SIGMUND FREUD —HANS KELSEN—THEODOR ADORNO —

WILHELM REICH —SIEGFRIED KRACAUER —BE11TOLT HRECHT —

ALFRED DOBLIN —GEORG GROSZ—ROBERT Ml SIL) 20. Sigmund Freud Between Individual and Society 119 21. Masses Inside 122 22. In Love with Many 126 23. Primal Hordes 131 24. Masses and Myths 139 25. The Destruction of the Person 142 26. The Flaneur—Medium of Modernity 146 27. Ornaments of the People 152 28. Beyond the Bourgeoisie 159 29. Shapeless Lives 166 30. Organizing the Passions 171 LUJNlfclNiS IX

4. Collective Vision: A Matrix for New Art and Politics

(LASZLO MOHOLY-NAGY— MARIANNE BRANDT — WALTER

BENJAMIN —ERNST JUNGER—EDMUND SCHULTZ— WILLI

MUNZENBERG — DER ARBEITER-FOTOGRAF —

ERWIN PISCATOR —WALTER GROPIUS) 175 31. Mass Psychosis and Photoplastics 175 32. Johanna in the Revolution 179 33. A Socialist Eye 186 34. The Secret Code of the Nineteenth Century 190 35. Speaking Commodities 196 36. Deus ex Machina 201 37. Democracy's Veil 209 38. The Face of the Masses 211 39. Learning to Hold a Camera 216 40. The Gaze of the Masses 228 41. Total Theater 238

5. Coda: Remnants of Weimar 247

Notes 257 Index 297