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Abderraouf BOUFERROUK Prof الجـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــمــــهـــــوريـــــــــــــــــــة الجـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــزائـــريـــــة الديمـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــقـــراطــيـــــة الـــشـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــعـــبـــيـــــة Poeopl’s Democratic Republic of Algeria وزارة التــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــعــــــليـــــــــم العــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــالي و البــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــحث العــــــــــــــــــــلــــــمــــــــــــي Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research جــــــــامعة أبي بــكــــر بــــلــــقــــايــد تـــــلمســـــــــــان Tlemcen University - UABT كليـــــــــة اﻵداب واللغـــــــــــــــــــــــــــات Faculty of Letters and Languages قـــــــــــسم اﻹنجليــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ زية Department of English Critical Discourse Analysis of Newspapers: Case Study of Muslim Women Representation in British Newspapers Thesis submitted to the Department of English, Tlemcen University, in candidacy for a „Doctorat’ Degree in English Language and Education Presented by Supervised by Mr. Abderraouf BOUFERROUK Prof. Zoubir DENDANE Board of Examiners Prof. Hafida HAMZAOUI President University of Tlemcen Prof. Zoubir DENDANE Supervisor University of Tlemcen Prof. Fewzia BEDJAOUI External examiner University of Sidi Belabbes Dr. Ghania OUHAMICHE External examiner University of Oran Dr. Zohra LABED External examiner University of Oran Dr. Nassim NEGADI Internal examiner University of Tlemcen Academic Year 2019 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the qualification of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution. I also certify that the present work contains no plagiarism and is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. Name of the candidate: Mr. Abderraouf BOUFERROUK Date: 19/09/2018 Signature: i Dedication To my dear parents To my family and friends ii AKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Zoubir Dendane, for his constant guidance, invaluable advice and his patience in the correction and completion of my work. I wish to express my profound thanks to the members of the jury, Prof. Hafida HAMZAOUI, Prof. Fewzia BEDJAOUI, Dr. Ghania OUAHMICHE, Dr. Zohra LABED, and Dr. M. Nassim NEGADI who accepted to read this work and offer their valuable comments. I also would like to address special thanks to my postgraduate teachers for their advice and support. I am so grateful to Prof. Naima HAMLAOUI from Annaba University for her constant guidance and valuable remarks. I am grateful to Prof. Dave BURNAP, Dr. Rod ROSENQUIST, and Dr. Sam REESE from Northampton University for their insightful comments and advice. I also want to thank Dr. Florian SCHNEIDER from Leiden University who was very helpful since I started working on this thesis. I would like to Thank Dr. Saliha Ben Chick, University of Paris for her valuable discussions and comments. I would also particularly like to acknowledge my dearest brothers, especially Prof. Amor Bouferrouk and his wife Prof.Soraya Boutamin from Algiers University, and Dr.Abdessalam Bouferrouk ,University of Bristol for their continuous support and encouragement, and all my friends who supported me throughout the work. iii Abstract This study investigates the way Muslim women are represented in one of Britain‟s most circulated newspapers, The Daily Telegraph. Despite the enormous research on Islam and Muslims‟ representation in the Western and British media, little has been done on the issue of MW, though they constitute today one of the most heated debates in Britain and elsewhere. This research has a twofold objective: first, to reveal the main patterns The Daily Telegraph uses to represent Muslim women, and secondly to unveil the role that ideologies may play in this representation. The textual analyses are based on two corpora: the Muslim women Telegraph corpus that includes all articles mentioning Muslim women from 2010 to 2016, and the Muslim women in headlines corpus which is a sub-corpus built from the Muslim women Telegraph corpus and includes all articles that mention Muslim women in their headlines. The former corpus is analyzed through the corpus-based approach integrated with Transitivity analysis of Systemic Functional Grammar while the latter is analyzed drawing on Fairclough‟s Critical Language Study model. Thus, our research is based on an eclectic method that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for text analysis. Research findings suggest that The Daily Telegraph representation of Muslim women is problematic. In terms of semantic macrostructures, MW are associated with controversial topics such as the veil and terrorism. The prevailing discursive patterns related to MW are those representing them as passive victims of their religion and culture, submissive and weak social subjects, and a threat to the British values. These discursive patterns are found to be a reflection of The Daily Telegraph liberal, Orientalist, and conservative ideologies. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, Muslim women, transitivity, corpus linguistics, Daily Telegraph iv Table of Contents Statement of Originality……………………………………………………………..i Dedications………………………………………………………………………….ii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………….iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..iv Contents……………………………………………………………………………..v List of abbreviations …………………………………………………………….....xi List of tables ……………………………………………………………………....xii List of figures ……………………………………………………………….…....xiii General Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…2 Chapter 1: Theoretical Foundation of Critical Discourse Analysis 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….................10 1.2 Definition of Discourse Analysis ……………………………………………………10 1.3 Definition of Critical Discourse Analysis ……………………………………...........13 1.4 Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………………………….15 1.4.1 The social orientation of Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………15 1.4.2 Power relations in discourse…………………………………………………...15 1.4.3 Discourse Constitutes society and culture……………………………………...16 1.4.4 Discourse does ideological work………………………………………………16 1.4.5Discourse is Historical…………………………………………………………..16 1.4.6The link between text and society is mediated…………………………………16 1.4.7Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory…………………………...16 v 1.4.8 Discourse is a form of social action…………………………………………...17 1.5 The Notion of Critical……………………………………………………................17 1.5.1 Critique as Revelation……………………………………………………….18 1.5.2 Critical Practice as Self- reflexive…………………..………………………..18 1.5.3 Critical practice as socially transformative………………………………..…19 1.6 CDA Origins and its Development…………………………………………………...19 1.6.1 Critical Linguistics……………………………………………………………..20 1.6.2 Systemic Functional Grammar………………………………………………....20 1.6.3 CDA and Social Theories ……………………………………………………...21 1.6.4 CDA Further Development…………………………………………………….22 1.7 CDA Interests and Agenda…………………………………………………………...23 1.7.1 Ideology………………………………………………………………………...23 1.7.1.1 Ideology definition and History…………………………………………23 1.7.1.2 Dimensions of Ideology…………………………………………………24 1.7.1.3 Ideology in Marxism ……………………………………….................26 1.7.1.4 Ideology, Media and Discourse………………………………………..28 1.7.2 Power, discourse and social practice ………………………………………...30 1.7.2.1 Media Discourse and the Hidden Power………………………………32 1.8 Approaches to CDA ………………………………………………………………….33 1.8.1Fairclough‟s Critical Language Study Model…………………………………...34 vi 1.8.2Van Dijk‟s Socio-Cognitive Approach…………………………………………..36 1.8.3 Discourse Historical Approach (DHA)………………………………………...38 1.9Critics to CD………………………………………………………………………..…40 1.10 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….43 Chapter 2: Media Discourse 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………45 2.2 Media importance………………………………………………………………….…45 2.3 Approaches to media studies…………………………………………………………47 2.3.1 Conversational Analysis……………………………………………………..47 2.3.2 Content Analysis……………………………………………………………48 2.3.3 Corpus Linguistics……………...………………………………………….49 2.3.4 (Critical) Discourse Analysis……………...…………………………….....51 2.4 Other Considerations to Media Studies …………………….…………………...52 2.4.1 The Politics of the Media…………………………………………………52 2.4.2 The Economy of the Media………………………………………………..54 2.4.3 Access to the Media……………………………………………………….56 2.4.4 Practices of Media Text Production and Consumption ………………..…57 2.5 Islam, Women and the Media…………………………………………………...60 2.5.1 Islam and Muslims in the Western Media………………………………...61 2.5.2 Women in News Discourse…………………………………...……………66 2.5.3 Muslim Women in the Media……………………………………………..70 vii 2.5.3.1 Muslim Women Issues ……………………………………………74 2.5.3.2 Muslim women in Orientalims……………………………………76 2.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….78 CHAPTER THREE: Research Methods and Methodology 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………...……………………8 3. 2 British National press………………………………………………………………..80 3.2.1About the Telegraph ………………………………………….……………….84 3.2.2Online journalism……………………………………………………………..85 3.3 Data collection ……………………………………………………………………….86 3.3.1Rationale of the Study………………………………………………………….88 3.3.2 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………89 3.4 Research Methods …………………………………………………………………....90 3.4.1Corpus Linguistics ……………………………………………………………..90 3.4.1.1 Definition corpus linguistics
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