Submission

on the

Harm being done to Australian children through access to on the Internet

to the Senate Environment & Communications References Committee

PO Box 6100 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Telephone: (02) 6277 3526 Facsimile: (02) 6277 5818 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/Online_access_to_porn

by

FamilyVoice Australia

4th floor, 68 Grenfell St, Adelaide SA 5000 Telephone: 1300 365 965 Facsimile: (08) 8223 5850 Email: [email protected] Website: www.fava.org.au

7 March 2016 Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...... 1

2. Terms of Reference ...... 1

3. The harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet ...... 1 3.1. Trends of online consumption of pornography by children ...... 2 3.2. The impact of pornography on the development of healthy and respectful relationships ...... 4 3.3. Current methods taken towards harm minimisation in other jurisdictions, and the effectiveness of those methods ...... 8 3.4. The identification of any measures with the potential for implementation in Australia .. 9 3.5. Any other related matters ...... 9

4. Conclusion ...... 10

5. Endnotes ...... 11

1. Introduction

On 2 December 2015 the Senate referred the matter of the harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet for inquiry and report by 1 December 2016.

FamilyVoice Australia is a national Christian voice – promoting true family values for the benefit of all Australians. Our vision is to see strong families at the heart of a healthy society: where marriage is honoured, human life is respected, families can flourish, Australia’s Christian heritage is valued, and fundamental freedoms are enjoyed.

We work with people from all mainstream Christian denominations. We engage with parliamentarians of all political persuasions and are independent of all political parties. We have full-time FamilyVoice representatives in all states.

FamilyVoice has had a longstanding interest in advocating policies which protect the family.

The closing date for submissions is 10 March 2016.

2. Terms of Reference

The Inquiry’s terms of reference are as follows:

Harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet, with particular reference to: a) trends of online consumption of pornography by children and their impact on the development of healthy and respectful relationships; b) current methods taken towards harm minimisation in other jurisdictions, and the effectiveness of those methods; c) the identification of any measures with the potential for implementation in Australia; and d) any other related matters.

3. The harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet

Research on pornography use by children in Australia is limited. Consequently, international research is included to provide greater quantitative insight into the extent of the problem. Statistics available indicate that there is a significant problem.

Further, reports of girls seeking medical and counselling assistance – along with evidence of sexual kindergarten and school incidents – drive home the very real impact that pornography is having on the young.

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through 1 3.1. Trends of online consumption of pornography by children

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Report (2002)

A 2002 report by the US-based Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation found that “70% of youth ages fifteen to seventeen reported accidentally coming across pornography online.” Twenty three percent of youth responded that this happened “very” or “somewhat” often.1

The Australia Institute Study (2003)

In 2003, the Australia Institute handed down its Youth and Pornography in Australia: Evidence on the extent of exposure and likely effects report.2

Newspoll was engaged by the Institute to undertake a survey of 16 and 17 year-olds to determine the extent of their exposure to X-rated videos and Internet pornography.

The Institute reported: “Eighty-four per cent of boys and 60 per cent of girls say they have been exposed accidentally to sites on the Internet.”3 The study also found that 38% of boys deliberately use Internet sex sites4 and that “22 per cent access Internet sex sites at least every two or three months.”5

The authors believe that the figures are likely to understate the true consumption rate because: Although the telephone survey was anonymous and confidentiality was guaranteed, some respondents may have been reluctant to admit to these activities or concerned that their anonymity would not be protected.6

Columbia University Study (2004)

A 2004 study by Columbia University found that 11.5 million teenagers (45%) had friends who regularly viewed internet pornography and downloaded it.7

The study also reported that “65% of boys ages 16 and 17 reported that they had friends who regularly viewed and downloaded internet pornography.”8

More recent studies

The situation has deteriorated since the studies above were undertaken, largely due to the increased availability of the internet. At the time of the 2003 Australian Institute Study only a third of Australian homes had the internet.9

By comparison, the number of Australian households which had a broadband internet connection in 2010-11 was 79%.10

Internet usage is even more widespread now with the smartphone use. Research by Telstra has revealed that 68% of children aged three to 17 have a smartphone and they spend an average time of 21 hours and 48 minutes on them a week.11

Smartphones provide children with the opportunity to access pornography 24/7 and highlight the need for ISP-level (Internet Service Provider) filtering, discussed in section 3.4.

The Institute for Public Policy Research, a UK-based think tank, handed down its “Young People, Sex and Relationships: The New Norms” report in 2014.

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 2 As part of the study, a survey was conducted of 500 18-year-olds. It found that: • Eight out of 10 say it is too easy for young people to accidentally see pornography online. • Seven out of 10 say ‘accessing pornography was seen as typical’ while they were at school; the consensus view is that this is typical between the ages of 13 and 15. • Almost half (46 per cent) say ‘sending sexual or naked photos or videos is part of everyday life for teenagers nowadays’.12

Another study found that fourteen per cent of boys use porn daily and 20 per cent of boys in their late teens are dependent on it.13,14

A 2008 study of college-age students revealed that “31% of young women reported using pornography (versus 87% for men) in the last year.”15 The consumption of pornography is therefore not exclusively a male problem.

General trends in online consumption of pornography

In January 2016, , one of the world’s largest porn sites (if not the largest)16, released its 2015 statistics.17 While the statistics do not relate directly to trends of consumption of pornography by children, many children view pornography through the website. In fact, in “a survey of 11-16 year-old boys, was named one of the ‘top 5’ most popular online destinations.”18 Further, the statistics are pertinent because some of the search terms relate to children.

The statistics detail the most popular search terms. Disturbingly, the number two search term was “teen”. “Step mom” was number three, while “cartoon” is number four. “Mom”, “step sister”, “step mom and son” and “gangbang” also featured in the top 20.19

Also detailed are the top gaining searches (i.e. those terms searched more in 2015 than 2014). This list includes the following:20

Search Term % Increase on 2014 Real public sex 583 454 Black teen 424 Step dad and daughter 307 Extreme gangbang 275 Step mom and son 262 Step mom shower 162

The top ten list of terms searched in Australia includes: • “step mom”; • “mom”; • “step sister”; • “gangbang”; and • “babysitter”. 21

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 3 Top gaining searches year on year (2014 to 2015) included: • “step mom shower” (310%); • “step sister caught” (283%); and • “teacher student” (129%).22

The second most popular Australian porn category was “teen”. 23

3.2. The impact of pornography on the development of healthy and respectful relationships

Warped Sexual Expectations

When Martin Daubney, the longest-serving editor of "lad's mag" Loaded, became a father, he became ashamed of what he did for a living. He now says that pornography objectifies women and it “demeans and cheapens them, because it sells a fantasy where men are always in control and get what they want.”24

Left-wing philosopher and political activist Noam Chomsky has stated: Pornography is the humiliation and degradation of women. It’s a disgraceful activity. I don’t want to be associated with it. Just take a look at the pictures. Women are degraded as vulgar sex objects. That’s not what human beings are. I don’t see anything to discuss.25

Pornography is a distortion of human sexuality and, as such, the exposure of boys to pornography has resulted in warped sexual expectations. Anti-pornography campaigner Melinda Tankard Reist has drawn attention to the fact that: Our boys are looking at porn not only before they've had sex, before they've even had their first kiss and they think what they're seeing is normal. ... Girls tell us that boys expect them to provide what's known as PSE, the porn star experience. Boys expect that girls will provide for them everything they've seen in pornography and that the girls want that.26

Naomi Wolf has stated that: The young women who talk to me on campuses about the effect of pornography on their intimate lives speak of feeling that they can never measure up, that they can never ask for what they want; and that if they do not offer what porn offers, they cannot expect to hold a guy. The young men talk about what it is like to grow up learning about sex from porn, and how it is not helpful to them in trying to figure out how to be with a real woman. Mostly, when I ask about loneliness, a deep, sad silence descends on audiences of young men and young women alike. They know they are lonely together, even when conjoined, and that this imagery is a big part of that loneliness. What they don’t know is how to get out, how to find each other again…27

The ABC’s 7.30 Report covered the impact of pornography upon one 18 year-old. He put it bluntly: I'd watched so much porn, I thought, "All chicks dig this, all chicks want this done to them, all chicks want it up here, all chicks love it there." So I tried all this stuff and, yeah, it turned out bad. 28

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 4 Allison Pearson, a columnist for The Telegraph in London, has written in her column that: A GP, let’s call her Sue, said: “I’m afraid things are much worse than people suspect.” In recent years, Sue had treated growing numbers of teenage girls with internal injuries caused by frequent anal sex; not, as Sue found out, because she wanted to, or because she enjoyed it – on the contrary – but because a boy expected her to. “I’ll spare you the gruesome details,” said Sue, “but these girls are very young and slight and their bodies are simply not designed for that.” Her patients were deeply ashamed at presenting with such injuries. They had lied to their mums about it and felt they couldn’t confide in anyone else, which only added to their distress. When Sue questioned them further, they said they were humiliated by the experience, but they had simply not felt they could say no. Anal sex was standard among teenagers now, even though the girls knew that it hurt.29

Psychologist Russell Pratt has highlighted the pressure faced by girls to comply with porn-inspired sexual demands: Anal sex is requested routinely by young men. Young women feel that they have to oblige.30

One study found that porn use by either partner made teen girls five times more likely to engage in group sex.31

The has reported on former “softcore” pornography editor Martin Daubney’s interviews with youths about porn: A group of 13- to 14-year-olds told him they had all seen anal porn – and virtually all had witnessed beastiality. "Letting our children consume [porn] freely via the internet is like leaving heroin lying around the house," Daubney told the Daily Mail. Daubney recoiled when a 19-year-old told him, "I can't hold down a relationship for longer than three weeks. I want porn sex with real girls, but sex with them just isn't as good as the porn."32

Professor Gail Dines – author of Pornland: how porn has hijacked our sexuality – found that: When you interview young women about their experiences of sex, you see an increased level of violence: rough, violent sex. That is directly because of porn, as young boys are getting their sexual cues from men in porn who are acting as if they're sexual psychopaths. Pornography is sexually traumatising an entire generation of boys.33

RMIT University research fellow Dr Meagan Tyler has stated: We also know that porn from the mid-to-late 1990s has become a lot more hardcore. We’re seeing the mainstreaming of choking, which a lot of young women complain about.34

An analysis of the most popular porn scenes found that: 88% of them contained physical aggression and 94% of it was directed toward women.35

A news article reported that “Dr Tyler said research shows women are suffering from faecal incontinence as a result of anal sex and that they’re “uncomfortable” with the assumption that it’s become “the norm.”36

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 5 One therapist has reported, pornography maintstreaming abusive behaviour: I am also witnessing more female adolescents tolerating emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in dating relationships, feeling pressure to make out with females as a way to turn guys on, looking at or producing pornography so that their boyfriends will think they are ‘open-minded’ and ‘cool,’ and normalizing sexual abuse done to them because they see the same acts eroticized in pornography.”37

As one blogger writes: Online pornography is more graphic, extreme and explicit than the adult magazines of decades ago. Fetishes like violence or domination toward women are also prevalent among online pornography sources, and experts fear boys may be learning unhealthy and extreme attitudes toward sexual behavior and toward girls that they can carry for a lifetime. Many teens report being bullied or pressured into participating in , or being asked at very young ages to perform sexual behaviors related to sexted messages.38

Sexual coercion and aggression

One study found that more than four in ten girls between the ages of 13 and 17 had been coerced into sex.39

The landmark report by the Witherspoon Institute entitled The Social Costs of Pornography: A Statement of Findings & Recommendations noted: a study of 804 representative Italian teenagers found that boys who viewed pornography were significantly more likely to report having “sexually harassed a peer or having forced somebody to have sex.”40

The Australia Institute study noted that: In experimental studies, adults show significant strengthening of attitudes supportive of sexual aggression following exposure to pornography. These attitudes are measured by scales designed to measure ‘rape myth acceptance’, ‘sexual callousness’, ‘adversarial sexual beliefs’ and ‘acceptance of interpersonal violence against women’. These centre on beliefs that blame the female victim for rape and justify sexually assault. Such attitudes correlate with behavioural sexual aggression, and have other anti-social effects such as failure to report rape and unwillingness to support victims.41

Child-on-child sexual abuse

In 2015, boys at a Sydney school suffered sexual abuse at the hands of a number of other year 1 students.42,43 Year 1 students at the school had previously viewed inappropriate material on their tablets during class.44

The Daily Telegraph reported that: The scandal only came to light when a tearful six-year-old victim went home and told his mum what was happening. He said a Year 1 boy had recruited at least three friends and they had sexually abused another four six-year-olds in their year. The abuse allegedly included boys who stripped naked to fondle, suck, lick and digitally penetrate one another. Shockingly this was all happening in the toilets and out-of-bounds parts of the school’s outdoor play area at its campus.45

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 6 Also in 2015, The Australian reported that “a four-year-old boy has required a chaperone to stop him assaulting other children in “sex games” at a South Australian kindergarten.”46

Body image

An increasingly pornified culture is causing young people to have issues, especially girls. One study found that there had been a 7% increase in emotional issues in five years among girls aged 11 to 13.47

Another study found that almost “eight out of 10 young women (77 per cent) say ‘pornography has led to pressure on girls or young women to look a certain way.’”48

But it is not just females who are suffering body image problems as a result of pornography. A 2014 paper which looked at men’s pornography consumption, body image and wellbeing found that: Men’s pornography use was found to be indirectly linked to their muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction through internalization of the mesomorphic ideal, directly and indirectly related to lower body appreciation through body monitoring, and indirectly associated with lower positive affect and higher negative affect through relationship attachment anxiety and avoidance. These preliminary results indicate that pornography use is negatively connected to young adult men’s well-being in multiple areas.49

Relationship breakdown

Roger Scruton has pointed out that one of the greatest losses from pornography use is that of love. He puts it this way: This, it seems to me, is the real risk attached to pornography. Those who become addicted to this risk-free form of sex run a risk of another and greater kind. They risk the loss of love, in a world where only love brings happiness.50

Porn use is addictive and can set children down a path which can lead to relationship breakdown. As the landmark Witherspoon Institute “The Social Costs of Pornography” paper detailed: At the November 2003 meeting of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (comprising the nation’s top 1,600 divorce and matrimonial law attorneys), 62% of the 350 attendees said the internet had played a role in divorces they had handled during the last year, and 56% of the divorce cases involved one party having an obsessive interest in pornographic websites.51

Sexting

The ready availability of technologies such as mobile phones which function as cameras, and the internet, have created a situation in which sexual images and messages can be more rapidly and widely disseminated. Applications such as Snapchat, which enable an image to be seen by the recipient for only a few seconds before it is deleted, further encourage the behaviour.

Highlighting the prevalence of sexting, a Canadian study found that: Almost one in ten … students said they had sent a sext of themselves, while about one in four said they had received a sext. Boys were twice as likely to be sent a sext than girls. The numbers were higher among the oldest Grade 11 students in the study, with almost one in five saying they had sent a sext and one in three saying they had been sent one.52

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 7 Adolescents may give little thought to the consequences of creating and sharing a naked picture of themselves with another person. The consequences include the ease with which such an image may be widely distributed to others (that is, unintended recipients) and the permanence of the image which cannot be recalled and deleted.

In 2016, Plan International released an Australian study entitled Don’t Send Me That Pic.53,54 Key findings of this report, which surveyed 600 Australian girls and young women between ages 15 and 19, were: Seven out of ten young women surveyed agreed that girls are often bullied or harassed online 58 percent agreed that girls often receive uninvited or unwanted indecent or sexually explicit material such as texts, video clips, and pornography 51 percent agreed that girls are often pressured to take ‘sexy’ photos of themselves and share them 82 percent believe it is unacceptable for a boyfriend to ask their girlfriend to share naked photos of themselves 44 percent do not feel comfortable reporting incidents of abusive online behaviour.55

One 18-year-old girl told the survey: We need some sort of crack down on the violent pornography that is currently accessible to boys and men… This violent pornography should be illegal to make or view in Australia as we clearly have a problem with violence and boys are watching a lot of pornography which can be very violent… This is influencing men’s attitude towards women and what they think is acceptable. Violent pornography is infiltrating Australian relationships56

3.3. Current methods taken towards harm minimisation in other jurisdictions, and the effectiveness of those methods

UK

In order to address the exposure of children to pornography, UK Prime Minister David Cameron has announced that his Government will introduce ISP-level filtering legislation. The ISP filtering scheme, which included the four biggest internet service providers,57 was operating voluntarily until the EU passed legislation blocking it.58

In 2013, Prime Minister Cameron said of aspects of the scheme: So on mobile phones, it’s great to report that all of the operators have now agreed to put adult content filters onto phones automatically. And to deactivate them you have to prove you’re over 18 and operators will continue to refine and improve those filters.59

In late 2015, after the EU passed legislation blocking the voluntary scheme, Prime Minister Cameron said that: It is vital that we enable parents to have that protection for their children from this material on the internet… I can tell the House that we will legislate to put our agreement with internet companies on this issue into the law of the land so that our children will be protected.60

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 8 South Korea

South Korea, which has high internet penetration rates,61 filters internet pornography.62,63

Then South Korean President Lee Myung Bak said in a 2012 radio address: Obscene materials and harmful information that can be easily accessed on the Internet are singled out as one cause inciting sex crimes.64

3.4. The identification of any measures with the potential for implementation in Australia

In June 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) handed down its report on the trial in Tasmania of ISP-level filtering technologies.

ACMA then reported it considered that: under the conditions created for the trial, the state of ISP-level filtering technology has significantly advanced, and stands in contrast with the state of this technology evidenced in the previous trial of filter products commissioned by NetAlert Ltd in 2005.65

The report went on to note that one of the indicators of the increasing maturity of ISP-level filtering technology was the “availability of a number of filter products that produce moderate to nearly nil performance degradation.”66 Indeed, one filter product produced performance degradation of just 2 per cent.67

Recommendation 1:

The Australian Government should legislate to require:

(a) Internet Service Providers to implement default ISP-level filtering and

(b) those wanting access to internet porn to provide robust age verification.

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 9 4. Conclusion

Pornography consumption by children is at disturbingly high levels. The problem is growing due to increasing home internet penetration rates and the fact that most children have smartphones and tablets which enable 24/7 access to this material.

Pornography is clearly having a destructive impact upon children. The consumption of pornography is warping boys’ sexual expectations and resulting in young girls being pressured to engage in sex acts that are damaging their bodies. Pornography is also contributing to increasing reports of the phenomenon of child-on-child sex abuse in schools and kindergartens.

The problem needs to be urgently addressed. The Federal Government should follow the lead taken by the UK and implement ISP-level filtering that will reduce the exposure of children to pornography on the internet, whether on a computer or via a smartphone.

As the 2008 ACMA trial found, ISP-level filtering technology has significantly advanced to the point where one filter product produced performance degradation of just 2 per cent. This is an evidently worthwhile trade-off for the physical, social, and relational wellbeing of the next generation. Pornography and its terrible impact upon children is a crisis that can no longer be ignored.

The Federal Government should also cancel funding for the dangerous Safe Schools Coalition Australia program that is exacerbating the problem of children being exposed to internet pornography.

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 10 5. Endnotes

1 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Report, 2002, as referenced in Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A statement of findings & recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, page 27, http://www.socialcostsofpornography.com/booklet_download.pdf 2 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, Youth and Pornography in Australia: Evidence on the Extent of Exposure and Likely Effects, The Australia Institute, February 2003, http://www.tai.org.au/node/915 3 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 6. 4 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 7. 5 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 19. 6 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 7. 7 National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse IX: Teen Dating Practices and Sexual Activity, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, page 6, as referenced in Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A statement of Findings & Recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, p 27, http://www.socialcostsofpornography.com/booklet_download.pdf 8 National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse IX, page 27. 9 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 7. 10 Use of Information Technology, Australian Bureau of Statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Use%20of %20information%20technology~174 11 “Kids' smartphone usage rampant, says study”, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/mobiles/kids-smartphone-usage-rampant-says-study-20150316- 1m0nti.html 12 Imogen Parker, Young People, Sex and Relationships: The New Norms, Institute for Public Policy Research, August 2014, p 4, http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/young-people-sex- relationships_Aug2014.pdf?noredirect=1 13 Michael Oliveira, "'Concerning pattern' of teen boys regularly viewing online porn: study", CTV News, 29 May 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/concerning-pattern-of-teen-boys-regularly-viewing-online-porn- study-1.1843443 14 Ben Johnson, "20% of boys in late teens ‘dependent on porn,’ UK study finds", Lifesite News, 1 October 2013, https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/20-of-boys-in-late-teens-dependent-on-porn-uk-study- finds 15 J. S. Carroll, et al., “Generation XXX: Pornography Acceptance and Use Among Emerging Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, no. 1 (2008): 6–30, as referenced in Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A statement of findings & recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, page 25, http://www.socialcostsofpornography.com/booklet_download.pdf 16 "World's biggest porn site reveals how major events affect viewing habits", News.com.au, 28 November 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20140524225754/http://www.news.com.au/technology/online/worlds-biggest- porn-site-reveals-how-major-events-affect-viewing-habits/story-fnjwmwrh-1226770342473 17

18 VoxLink, March 2016, FamilyVoice Australia. 19 .

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 11

20 . 21 . 22 . 23 24 Martin Daubney, "The lads' mag I edited turned a generation on to porn - and now I'm a father I bitterly regret it: A remarkable confession from the longest-serving editor of Loaded", DailyMail, 9 June 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2156593/The-lads-mag-I-edited-turned-generation-porn--Im-father- I-bitterly-regret-A-remarkable-confession-longest-serving-editor-Loaded.html#ixzz3uutKm132 25 Jonathon Van Maren, "Fancy that. Noam Chomsky was right about porn.", Lifesite News, 21 December 2015, https://www.lifesitenews.com/blogs/fancy-that.-noam-chomsky-was-right-about-porn 26 "Porn's distortions need addressing at school, educators argue", 7.30, ABC, 4 June 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4249183.htm 27 Jonathon Van Maren, "Fancy that. Noam Chomsky was right about porn", Lifesite News, 21 December 2015, https://www.lifesitenews.com/blogs/fancy-that.-noam-chomsky-was-right-about-porn 28 "Porn's distortions need addressing at school, educators argue", 7.30, ABC, 4 June 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4249183.htm 29 Allison Pearson, "Pornography has changed the landscape of adolescence beyond all recognition", The Telegraph, 22 April 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/11554595/Pornography-has- changed-the-landscape-of-adolescence-beyond-all-recognition.html 30 "Porn's distortions need addressing at school, educators argue", 7.30, ABC, 4 June 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4249183.htm 31 Ben Johnson, "Porn use makes teen girls five times more likely to have group sex: study", Lifesite News, 22 December 2011, https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/porn-use-makes-teen-girls-five-times-more-likely-to- have-group-sex-study 32 Ben Johnson, "20% of boys in late teens ‘dependent on porn,’ UK study finds", Lifesite News, 1 October 2013, https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/20-of-boys-in-late-teens-dependent-on-porn-uk-study- finds 33 Martin Daubney, "Experiment that convinced me online porn is the most pernicious threat facing children today: By ex-lads' mag editor Martin Daubney", Daily Mail Australia, 26 September 2013, www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2432591/Porn-pernicious-threat-facing-children-today-By-ex-lads-mag- editor-MARTIN-DAUBNEY.html#ixzz3r8WaKQdv 34 Rohan Smith, "‘Boner Garage’ posts a window into the world of sexualised young women online", News.com.au, 2 June 2015, http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/relationships/boner-garage-posts-a-window- into-the-world-of-sexualised-young-women-online/story-fnet0gt3-1227378480882 35 VoxLink, March 2016, FamilyVoice Australia. 36 Rohan Smith, "‘Boner Garage’ posts a window into the world of sexualised young women online" 37 Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A Statement of Findings & Recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, page 31, http://www.socialcostsofpornography.com/booklet_download.pdf 38 “Study Says Smartphones Source of Significant Teen Pornography Access”, It's Cheating, http://www.itscheating.com/porn-addiction/study-says-smartphones-source-of-significant-teen-pornography- access/

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 12

39 Allison Pearson, "Pornography has changed the landscape of adolescence beyond all recognition", The Telegraph, 22 April 2015. 40 M. A. Layden, “Pornography and Violence: A New Look at the Research,” in The Social Costs of Pornography: A Collection of Papers, eds., J. R. Stoner, Jr. and D. M. Hughes (Princeton, N.J.: Witherspoon Institute, 2010), as referenced in Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A Statement of Findings & Recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, page 30. 41 Michael Flood & Clive Hamilton, p 10. 42 Matthew Benns, “ rocked by sexual abuse scandal involving Year 1 students”, , 15 January 2016,

43 Elize Strydom, “ : Parents informed of reports of inappropriate sexualised behaviour in Year 1”, ABC News, 17 January 2016,

44 Matthew Benns. 45 Matthew Benns. 46 Natasha Bita, "Porn ‘turning kids into predators'", The Australian, 29 February 2016, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/porn-turning-kids-into-predators/news- story/7f665119f267490ab3c2595bd329e9b1?utm_content=SocialFlow&utm_campaign=EditorialSF&utm_sour ce=TheAustralian&utm_medium= 47 Allison Pearson, "Pornography has changed the landscape of adolescence beyond all recognition", The Telegraph, 22 April 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/11554595/Pornography-has- changed-the-landscape-of-adolescence-beyond-all-recognition.html 48 Imogen Parker, Young People, Sex and Relationships: The New Norms, Institute for Public Policy Research, August 2014, page 4, http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/young-people-sex- relationships_Aug2014.pdf?noredirect=1 49 Tracy L. Tylka, "No Harm in Looking, Right? Men’s PornographyConsumption, Body Image, and Well- Being", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2014, Advanceonline publication, page 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035774, 50 Mary Eberstadt, "The Weight of Smut", First Things, June 2010, http://www.firstthings.com/article/2010/06/the-weight-of-smut 51 P. Paul, “The Porn Factor,” TIME Magazine, 19 January 2004, as referenced in Mary Eberstadt & Mary Anne Layden, The Social Costs of Pornography: A Statement of Findings & Recommendations, The Witherspoon Institute, 2010, p 24, http://www.socialcostsofpornography.com/booklet_download.pdf 52 "'Concerning pattern' of teen boys regularly viewing online porn: study", CTV News, 29 May 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/concerning-pattern-of-teen-boys-regularly-viewing-online-porn-study- 1.1843443 53 Sue Dunlevy, "Online porn turning teenage boys into sexist pigs say their girlfriends", The Advertiser, 3 March 2016, http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/technology/online-porn-turning-teenage-boys-into-sexist- pigs-say-their-girlfriends/news-story/3652b926f398b9691c4f3effdbf2dfa6#load-story-comments 54 Don't Send Me That Pic, Pan International, March 2016, https://issuu.com/planaustralia/docs/plan_our_watch_report_final/1 55 Don't Send Me That Pic, p 2.

FamilyVoice submission to the Senate inquiry into harm to children through internet pornography 13

56 Sue Dunlevy, "Online porn turning teenage boys into sexist pigs say their girlfriends", The Advertiser, 3 March 2016, http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/technology/online-porn-turning-teenage-boys-into-sexist- pigs-say-their-girlfriends/news-story/3652b926f398b9691c4f3effdbf2dfa6#load-story-comments 57 Ben Quinn, "Biggest four UK ISPs switching to 'opt-in' system for pornography", , 11 October 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/oct/11/pornography-internet-service-providers 58 Jack Doyle, "I've won an EU deal to keep filters for porn, says Cameron: New law will help block vile images", Daily Mail, 28 October 2015, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3292677/Blow-Cameron-- rules-new-porn-filters-illegal-Fury-EU-outlaw-opt-protects-children.html#ixzz3s0cW1kNn 59 David Cameron, "The internet and pornography: Prime Minister calls for action", Speech, 22 July 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-internet-and-pornography-prime-minister-calls-for-action 60 Jack Doyle, "I've won an EU deal to keep filters for porn, says Cameron: New law will help block vile images". 61 Top 50 Countries with the Highest Internet Penetration Rates – 2013, Internet World Stats, http://www.internetworldstats.com/top25.htm 62 Jeyup S. Kwaak, "South Korea Only ‘Partly Free’ When It Comes to Internet", The Wall Street Journal, 4 October 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/10/04/south-korea-only-partly-free-when-it- comes-to-internet/ 63 “South Korea crusades against online pornography”, USA Today, 10 December 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/10/south-korea-porn/1758277/ 64 “South Korea crusades against online pornography”. 65 Closed Environment Testing of ISP-Level Internet Content Filtering: Report to the Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Australian and Communication Media Authority, June 2008, p 1, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310554/isp-level_internet_content_filtering_trial- report.pdf 66 Closed Environment Testing of ISP-Level Internet Content Filtering: Report to the Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, p 1. 67 Closed Environment Testing of ISP-Level Internet Content Filtering: Report to the Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, p 4. 68

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