DOCSLIB.ORG

Deregulation? Early Radio Policy Reconsidered. Put DATE Jul 82

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deregulation? Early Radio Policy Reconsidered. Put DATE Jul 82 DOCUMENT RESUME . ED 217 431 $ CS 206 951 AUTHOR - Benjamin, Louise M., TITLE Deregulation? Early Radio Policy Reconsidered. PUt DATE Jul 82 . , . NOTE 21p.;'. Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of`the : Association for Education in.Journalism (651th, Athens, OH, July 25 -28, 1982). \ . ,,, EDRS PRICE i MF01/PC01.Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Content Analysis;.Federal Legislation; *Federal Regulation; *Government Role; *Policy Formation; , Public Policy; *Radio; United States History IDENTIFIERS, *Radio Act 1527 ABSTRACT Indebating the merits of the deregulation of broadcasting, policy makers should be cognizantof the conditions that,leid originally to that regulation. An examination of(1) the - lettere and speeches of Secretary of Commerce, HerbertHoover, the 'first regulator of broadcasting; (2) the congressionaldebate over the regulatory issues of monopoly, censorship, scarcity,and listeners' rights; and (3) other contemporary documentsreveals why, in thRlstrong laissez-faire, marketplace- orientedatmosphere of the .1920s, radio policy makers strongly advocated federalregulation of the medium. The examination reveals'that while scarcity .ofspectrum space first led' to the Radio Act of 1927, early regulators recognized that the possible detrimental effect of monopoly and censorshipalso provided a strong rationale for radio regulation. Thenew law wu seen at protecting the public's intvest in radio tecause, uncle? its ..provisionsLno individual or cavoration could monopolize- broadcasting. Censorship,by governmentwas declared illegal and: through the creation ofetat independent agency, to regulate . broadcasting, censorship by broadcasters was'curtailed.Under the act, listener rights were firmly established, and stationswe -rte legally bound to operate in the public interest, conveniwiceand necessity. (FL)- f ***-************t******************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EMS are the best that`.cante-made * from the original document. * ***********************,************************************************* , f. U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION ' History Division CENTER ERIC This do, 1,11,1this borntoortatio,c1ee tec eLerd from too rood orortoniziation oritur allot] it Minot t haityt beefin jiltto ,,,grovt rtgyrAlt, 11011111,100 OP merit tt rte,essd NIE 4 JIosit Lein Jr [)0111 y A DEREGULATION? EARLY RADIO POLICY RECONSIDERED a. by Louise M. Benjamin School of Journalism and Mass Communicatibn. University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa, "PERMISSION TOREPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Louise M. Benjamin 41, TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" Presented to the History Division at the Associationfor Education in Journalism Annual Convention in Athens, Ohio,,July,1982. ti 4 c INTRODUCTION The Reagan administration's "hands-off," anti-regulatory policiesare reflected in many deregulatory proposals, including thosefor cable and broadcasting. A striking parallel may be drawn to these poliCies ifone turns back the clock sixty years. Inrthe 1920's laissez-faire government developed, underthe Harding and Coolidge administrations. But, historians note, and documents verify, that while laissez-faire may have been these administrations' orientations,this philo- 1 sophical framework does not explain the-actions of regulators concerningbroadcasting. Instead of promoting total industry self-regulation, Secretary ofCommerce Herbert Hoover, the'first regulator of broadcasting,. strongly advocatedfederal regulation of radio. Because of the limited number of channels, Hoover, congressionalrepre- sentatives, broadcasters, and the public realized interferencehad to be stopped. 4 Some also begeved that broadcast monopolies and censorship by eithergovernMent or broadcasters were potential evils and, therefore, had to becontrolled. In short, during the 1920's the whole industry and the countrydemanded more regulation. Today; in varying degrees, the White House,' Congress, broalcasters,and the networks are crying for less regulation. The Federal Communications Commission is attempting to comply with present and past administrations'calls for regulatory reform.b During the 1960's and the 1970's radio evilved intoa medium aimed at specialized audiences as the number of stations andformats increased. Seeing this expansion as a reduction in radio spectrult scarcity,the FCC began deregulatory ti moves in the'early 1970's3 which culminated in its 1981 Report and Order: Deregulation 4 of Radio. Central to the revisions initheOrder is the concept thatmarketplace forc s will dominate and control previously regulatedfunctions such as non-enter- t i ent proqiaMming and commercial time practices.s If future government-directed deregUlatory effbrts continueasplIllned,the FCC will require fewer regulations. 04004% But, as these efforts proceed, the deregulators would be wise to consider why, under such strong laissez-faire, marketplace-orientedgovernment in the 1920's, did 9- the first broadcast regulators includeanti-monopoly,, anti-censorship clauses in legislatio? Was "scarcity-of the ether" the only rationale for regulation?Why did the rights of the listeners becomean established requirement in regulation? A close examination of the letters and the speechesof Secretary Hoover concerning broadcasting stored at the Herbert Hoover PresidentialLibrary in West Branch, 4 Iowa; the congressional debate 'over the regulatory'issuesof monopoly, censorship, scarcity, and listeners' rights; anda look at other contemporary documentSwill, give insights into these questions. A chronology of the administrative and the legislative history of the Radio Act of 1927 will providean ordered lgok into these 4 interwoven issues. THE NEED FOR REGULATION - AN OVERVIEW The Wireless Ship Act of 191 -0, the first Americanradio law, was limited to the*use of radio atsea; the Radio Act of 1912 made it illegal to operate a radio, 6 station without a license from the Secretary ofCommerce. But, both acts failed 4- to providediscretionary standards for effective regulationof broadcasting. ,After .10 World War I broadcasting began evolving and bythe early 1920's new laws were needed. Bills were introduced in Congress and,as most broadcast historians hote, signal 7 interference of stations- prompted these calls'for Apgulation. Radio regulations 41. Oder the laws Q,f 1910 and 1912 had simplyproven inadquate for broadcasting.8 Court decisions held that under theseacts the Secretary of Commerce did not have the authority to withold licenses from stations9 andto regulate,a station's frequency, 10 power-, or hours of operation. As a result of these decisions and theattorney. general's,opinion issued in July 1926 statingthat the 1912 act did not grant the 11 commerce secretary power to make regulations, many broadcasters changed frequencies and increased power and operating time regardlessof the effect on other statiAns. In addition to these problems, the specters ocmonopolyand cens9rship-in the growing medium had reared their ugly heads., Certain tompanies including American 3 Telegraph and Telephone, the Radio Corporation of America,Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, United Fruit Company andWestern Electric Company were alleged to have entered into contracts to control boththe manufacture and the sale 12 of radios and the transmissibn ofmessages. Congressional leaders, smaller broadcasters, and the public believed such control hadto be curbed through application is !f anti-trust laws, if necessary, and throughenactment of new broadcasting legisla- tion. New laws, they believed,were arsoNnecessary to control problems of station interference. After much debate and many hearings on the issue of radioregulation, that covered several years, Congress finally passed radio provisionsand President Calvin Coolidge signed them into law February '23, 1927. SECRETARY HOOVER AND THE COMMERCE DEPARTMENT- THE FIRST REGULATORS Until this new legislation was passed, thecommerce department regulated broadcaStO_ng. In letters to it, the public expressedanger at interference problems and voiced regulatory Isbncerns. While all complained that interference was definitely not in the public interest, each individual had ideasof what should or should not, 0 be aired. One urgei that politicians should not be permitted touse the airwaves : 13 while another argued that religious programmingshould be banned. Others warned - of ralAcal elements "insidiously maligning" Americaor offered to assist radio 14 corpotations with their civicprogramming. To these, Secretary Hoover usually replied with a polite "Thank you" anda statement to the effect that the radio 15 situation was under intense review. I That review had begun in February, 1922, when Hoover clled whatwas to be the , . first of four radio conferences to inquire,into proposed changes in regulations for - broadcasting.., As earlyas 1921 Hoover had recognized thatthe regulatory situation was rabidly changing and new laws were needed to protect the etheras a scarce ,. 16 "natural resource.'". In his opening remarks to the First Radio Conference, Hoover J 4. introduced the concept of the public's priVilege as foremost in broadcasting. "...It becomes of primary public interest to say who is to do the broadcasting,under what 17 circumstances, and with what typeof material." The public's rights and interests in broadcastrregulation were to be involved in all regulatorymoves because, to Hoover, it was necessary "to so establish public right over
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of the Attractiveness of the Commercial Radio Industry in Kenya
    ANALYSIS OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE COMMERCIAL RADIO INDUSTRY IN KENYA PATRICK N O OGANGAH U-, A Management Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master in Business Administration Degree, University of Nairobi November 2009 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. 061/7376/06 This research project h^s been submitted for examination with my approval as the University supervisor Signature \ \ \ *\ DR. ZACKB AWINO LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL OF BUSINESS UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI ii DEDICATION This research project is dedicated to my wonderful parents, Peter and Grace Ogangah without whose support and belief in me, I wouldn't have achieved my MBA. AKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Awino, who guided me through this project from topic formulation to the end and making It a success. Not forgetting my fellow MBA students at the University of Nairobi, other lecturers and faculty staff. Forever thankful to Morin Chacha and my colleagues at work who provided valuable and timely advice whenever consulted hence made this project successful. Last but not least, thanks to the Almighty God, who has made it all possible. Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of Radio Broadcasting in Montana
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1963 History of radio broadcasting in Montana Ron P. Richards The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Richards, Ron P., "History of radio broadcasting in Montana" (1963). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5869. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5869 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN MONTANA ty RON P. RICHARDS B. A. in Journalism Montana State University, 1959 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1963 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number; EP36670 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oiuartation PVUithing UMI EP36670 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Valuing Radio
    Valuing Radio How commercial radio contributes to the UK A report by the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Commercial Radio The data within Valuing Radio is largely drawn from a 2018 survey of Radiocentre members. It is supplemented by additional research which is sourced individually. Contents 01 Introduction 03 Overview and recommendations 05 The public value of commercial radio • News and information • Economic value • Charity and community 21 Commercial radio people 27 Future of radio Introduction The APPG on Commercial Radio helps provide this important industry with a voice in parliament. With record audiences and more ways to listen than ever before, the impact of the industry should not be underestimated. While the challenges facing the sector have changed over the years, the steadfast commitment of stations to provide public value content every day remains. This new report, the first of its kind produced by the APPG, showcases the rich public value content that commercial radio provides to listeners for free. Valuing Radio explores the impact made by stations up and down the country, over and above the music and entertainment output that audiences expect. It looks particularly at radio’s role in providing news and information, the sector’s significant support for both charitable fundraising and education, in addition to work to improve diversity within the industry. Alongside this important public value content is a significant economic contribution to local economies across the UK. For the first time we have analysis on the impact of local advertising and the return on investment (ROI) that this generates for particular nations and regions of the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Airplay and the Record Industry: an Economic Analysis
    Radio Airplay and the Record Industry: An Economic Analysis By James N. Dertouzos, Ph.D. For the National Association of Broadcasters Released June 2008 Table of Contents About the Author and Acknowledgements ................................................................... 3 Executive Summary....................................................................................................... 4 Introduction and Study Overview ................................................................................ 7 Overview of the Music, Radio and Related Media Industries....................................... 15 Previous Evidence on the Sales Impact of Radio Exposure .......................................... 31 An Econometric Analysis of Radio Airplay and Recording Sales ................................ 38 Summary and Policy Implications................................................................................. 71 Appendix A: Options in Dealing with Measurement Error........................................... 76 Appendix B: Supplemental Regression Results ............................................................ 84 © 2008 National Association of Broadcasters 2 About the Author and Acknowledgements About the Author Dr. James N. Dertouzos has more than 25 years of economic research and consulting experience. Over the course of his career, Dr. Dertouzos has conducted more than 100 major research projects. His Ph.D. is in economics from Stanford University. Dr. Dertouzos has served as a consultant to a wide variety of private and public
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: the Case of The
    09-008 Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow Copyright © 2008 by David A. Moss and Jonathan B. Lackow Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow July 13, 2008 Abstract In the study of law and economics, there is a danger that historical inferences from theory may infect historical tests of theory. It is imperative, therefore, that historical tests always involve a vigorous search not only for confirming evidence, but for disconfirming evidence as well. We undertake such a search in the context of a single well-known case: the Federal Radio Commission’s (FRC’s) 1927 decision not to expand the broadcast radio band. The standard account of this decision holds that incumbent broadcasters opposed expansion (to avoid increased competition) and succeeded in capturing the FRC. Although successful broadcaster opposition may be taken as confirming evidence for this interpretation, our review of the record reveals even stronger disconfirming evidence. In particular, we find that every major interest group, not just radio broadcasters, publicly opposed expansion of the band in 1927, and that broadcasters themselves were divided at the FRC’s hearings. 1. Introduction What is the role of history in the study of law and economics? Perhaps its most important role in this context is as a test of theory and a source of new hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Air Transportation
    University of Nebraska at Omaha Aviation Institute Journal of Air Transportation About the Journal Editorial Board Panel of Reviewers Volumes Submission Guidelines Author Index Order Form Sorenson Best Paper Award Journal of Air Transportation VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2--2003 University of Nebraska at Omaha 6001 Dodge Street ISSN: 1544-6980 Omaha, NE 68182 Library of Congress: HE9761.1.J68 (402) 554-3424 University of Nebraska at Omaha Aviation Institute About the Journal of Air Transportation THE JOURNAL Development The Journal of Air Transportation (JAT) mission is to provide the global community Scope immediate key resource information in all Dissemination areas of air transportation. Our goal is to be recognized as the preeminent scholarly Organizations journal in the aeronautical aspects of transportation. As an international and Editors interdisciplinary journal, the JAT provides a forum for peer-reviewed articles in all areas Personnel of aviation and space transportation research, policy, theory, case study, practice, and issues. While maintaining a broad scope, a key focal point of the journal is in the area of aviation administration and policy. ISSN: 1544-6980 Exit Library of Congress: HE9761.1.J68 Return University of Nebraska at Omaha Aviation Institute Development The JAT was conceptualized to fulfill an international void of scholarly publications in this area as identified by the primary organizers. It is envisioned that aviation leaders will utilize the JAT as a key decision-making tool. Scholarly rigor and standards will be uncompromised with regular evaluation by the Editorial Board and Panel of Reviewers. Return ISSN: 1544-6980 Exit Library of Congress: HE9761.1.J68 University of Nebraska at Omaha Aviation Institute Scope The JAT will accept manuscripts on all topics that relate to air transportation, both technical and non-technical.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Radio Into America's Homes: Marketing New Technology in the Great Depression
    Bringing radio into America's homes: marketing new technology in the Great Depression Article Accepted Version Scott, P. and Walker, J. T. (2016) Bringing radio into America's homes: marketing new technology in the Great Depression. Business History Review, 90 (2). pp. 251-276. ISSN 2044-768X doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680516000349 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/48682/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007680516000349 Publisher: Cambridge University Press All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Peter Scott and James T. Walker Bringing Entertainment into America’s homes: Marketing Radios in an Era of Rapid Technological Change Abstract: We examine the early marketing and distribution of entertainment radio sets. Manufacturers used distribution networks to both maximise profits and create barriers to entry. Lacking the market power of auto manufacturers, they developed cooperative strategies with authorised distributors and dealers. Dealers often complained about the costly activities manufacturers required of them. However, these underpinned the dominant quality and branding competition model of the 1920s, while the Depression era switch to a simpler radio format, sold on price, proved catastrophic for the specialist retailer.
    [Show full text]
  • NAB's Guide to Careers in Television
    NAB’s Guide to Careers in Television Second Edition by Liz Chuday TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents…………………………………..……………………......... 1-3 Introduction………………………………………………………………... ......... 4 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………....... 6 A Word About Station Ownership………………..…………… ..................…7 The General Administration Department…………………. ...................... 8-9 General Manager……………..……………….……………… ..................... 8 Station Manager……..…………………………………………….. .............. 8 Human Resources…………………………..………………........................ 8 Executive Assistant…………………………..…………………… ............... 9 Business Manager/Controller…………………………… ........................... 9 The Sales and Marketing Department………………………….............. 10-11 Director of Sales…………………..………………………….. ................... 10 General Sales Manager…………………………………………................ 10 National Sales Manager……...……………………..……......................... 10 Marketing Director or Director of Non-Traditional Revenue……….……………...................... 10 Local Sales Manager..……………………………………………. ............. 11 Account Executive..……………………….………………………............. .11 Sales Assistant..………………………….…………………………............ 11 The Traffic Department………………..…………………………................... 12 Operations Manager…………………………………………..................... 12 Traffic Manager…………………………………….………………. ............ 12 Traffic Supervisor………………………………….……………….............. 12 Traffic Assistant…………………………………………….………............. 12 Order Entry Coordinator/Log Editors………………………. .................... 12 The Research Department……………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Facing Facts About the Broadcast Business*
    FACING FACTS ABOUT THE BROADCAST BUSINESS* DALLAs W. SmYtTHE TELEVISION IS A MAJOR INNOVATION which like any other puts stresses on the social organization. It gives rise to problems in many areas: educational policy, family relations, diversion of con- sumer expenditures from older patterns and so on. It also draws attention to the nature of the institutional organization which was worked out con- sciously for the commercial use of radio technology. The very process of innovation in the radio industry is dramatically brought to our attention by the dispute over color television standards. Industrial giants like RCA and CBS have contended openly for their respective systems of color television. And in the contest they used extensively the informational services at their disposal. The repercussions from all of these interests in TV could be expected to appear in the serious journals. One of the issues raised in the color TV controversy is the matter of multiple vs. single standards. While seeming to be, initially, a technical question, this issue is closely related to another: the roles of the market and the government in radio innovation. And in turn this opens up the question of the roles of the market and the government in the conduct of the established broadcast business, both that of television and that of aural radio. Economists have paid little attention to the unique nature of the broad- cast business. It is therefore incumbent on the responsible economist or lawyer when he does discuss broadcast economics to deal carefully with the facts which make it a unique institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarah Clemens* Journalists Face a Credibility Crisis, Plagued by Chants
    FROM FAIRNESS TO FAKE NEWS: HOW REGULATIONS CAN RESTORE PUBLIC TRUST IN THE MEDIA Sarah Clemens* Journalists face a credibility crisis, plagued by chants of fake news and a crowded rat race in the primetime ratings. Critics of the media look at journalists as the problem. Within this domain, legal scholarship has generated a plethora of pieces critiquing media credibility with less attention devoted to how and why public trust of the media has eroded. This Note offers a novel explanation and defense. To do so, it asserts the proposition that deregulating the media contributed to the proliferation of fake news and led to a decline in public trust of the media. To support this claim, this Note first briefly examines the historical underpinnings of the regulations that once made television broadcasters “public trustees” of the news. This Note also touches on the historical role of the Public Broadcasting Act that will serve as the legislative mechanism under which media regulations can be amended. Delving into what transpired as a result of deregulation and prodding the effects of limiting oversight over broadcast, this Note analyzes the current public perception of broadcast news, putting forth the hypothesis that deregulation is correlated to a negative public perception of broadcast news. This Note analyzes the effect of deregulation by exploring recent examples of what has emerged as a result of deregulation, including some of the most significant examples of misinformation in recent years. In so doing, it discusses reporting errors that occurred ahead of the Iraq War, analyzes how conspiracy theories spread in mainstream broadcast, and discusses the effect of partisan reporting on public perception of the media.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Radio Work for Your Brand?
    FORWARD DRIVING INDUSTRY THOUGHT LEADERSHIP FOR MARKETERS VOLUME 13 CONTENT BY The Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB) is the trade association representing America’s broadcast radio industry. There is so much exciting news, continued growth, and innovation taking place in the radio industry today, ensuring its bright and dynamic future. Broadcast radio has a legacy of being there for the people and communities it CAN RADIO WORK FOR serves — anytime, anywhere, and anyway they want or YOUR BRAND? YES, IT CAN need it. Radio is a constant for consumers throughout WHY RADIO IS A VALUABLE MEDIUM FOR AMPLIFYING YOUR BRAND AND DRIVING ROI their day. Listeners are tuning CONTRIBUTED BY TAMMY GREENBERG in at record numbers and innovation has provided us with the ability to measure Trusted, accountable, and results driven. These are attributes most brands, services, media, and, quite frankly, listening-to-action and most people strive to achieve. They are also attributes most forms of media will promise. The question is: are attribute that behavior they delivering on that promise? directly to radio advertising. Perhaps a more important question to ask is: when they do deliver on that promise, is the message resonat- Radio has never been better poised to address ing with today’s discriminating, cynical, and demanding consumers across demographics, geographies, and marketers’ challenges, and actual behaviors? we invite you to read on, Considering the vastness and complexity of today’s media landscape with promotions, PR, and marketing learn more, and let us help overlapping, in addition to technology completely changing the way people listen, view, and interact with brands, you find results with radio.
    [Show full text]
  • Concentration in Agriculture and an Examination of the Jbs/Swift Acquisitions Hearing Committee on the Judiciary United States S
    S. HRG. 110–569 CONCENTRATION IN AGRICULTURE AND AN EXAMINATION OF THE JBS/SWIFT ACQUISITIONS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ANTITRUST, COMPETITION POLICY AND CONSUMER RIGHTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MAY 7, 2008 Serial No. J–110–91 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 45–064 PDF WASHINGTON : 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Aug 31 2005 16:12 Nov 03, 2008 Jkt 045064 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\HEARINGS\45064.TXT SJUD1 PsN: CMORC COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah HERB KOHL, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California JON KYL, Arizona RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN CORNYN, Texas BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island TOM COBURN, Oklahoma BRUCE A. COHEN, Chief Counsel and Staff Director MICHAEL O’NEILL, Republican Chief Counsel and Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON ANTITRUST, COMPETITION POLICY AND CONSUMER RIGHTS HERB KOHL, Wisconsin, Chairman PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin CHARLES E.
    [Show full text]