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The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949

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annals of communism Each volume in the series Annals of Communism will publish selected and previously inaccessible documents from former Soviet state and party archives in a narrative that develops a particular topic in the history of Soviet and in- ternational communism. Separate English and Russian editions will be pre- pared. Russian and American scholars work together to prepare the docu- ments for each volume. Documents are chosen not for their support of any single interpretation but for their particular historical importance or their general value in deepening understanding and facilitating discussion. The vol- umes are designed to be useful to students, scholars, and interested general readers. executive editor of the annals of communism series Jonathan Brent, Yale University Press project manager Vadim A. Staklo american editorial committee Ivo Banac, Yale University Czeslaw Milosz, University of William Chase, University of Pittsburgh California, Berkeley Victor Erlich, Yale University Norman Naimark, Stanford University F. I. Firsov, former head of the Com- Gen. William Odom, Hudson Institute intern research group at RGASPI and Yale University Sheila Fitzpatrick, University of Chicago Daniel Orlovsky, Southern Methodist Gregory Freeze, Brandeis University University John L. Gaddis, Yale University Mark Steinberg, University of Illinois, J. Arch Getty, University of California, Urbana-Champaign Los Angeles Strobe Talbott, Brookings Institution Jonathan Haslam, Cambridge Mark Von Hagen, Columbia University University Robert L. Jackson, Yale University Piotr Wandycz, Yale University russian editorial committee K. M. Anderson, director, Russian V. P. Kozlov, director, Rosarhkiv State Archive of Social and Political N. S. Lebedeva, Russian Academy of History (RGASPI) Sciences N. N. Bolkhovitinov, Russian Acad- S. V. Mironenko, director, State emy of Sciences Archive of the Russian Federation A. O. Chubaryan, Russian Academy of (GARF) Sciences O. V. Naumov, assistant director, V. P. Danilov, Russian Academy of RGASPI Sciences E. O. Pivovar, Moscow State University A. A. Fursenko, secretary, Department V. V. Shelokhaev, president, Associa- of History, Russian Academy of Sci- tion ROSSPEN ences (head of the Russian Editorial Ye. A. Tyurina, director, Russian State Committee) Archive of the Economy (RGAE) The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov 1933–1949 Introduced and edited by Ivo Banac German part translated by Jane T. Hedges, Russian by Timothy D. Sergay, and Bulgarian by Irina Faion Yale University Press New Haven & London All photographs are courtesy of Boyko Dimitrov. Copyright © 2003 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by James J. Johnson and set in Sabon Roman type by The Composing Room of Michigan, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dimitrov, Georgi, 1882–1949. [Diaries. English. Selections] The diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949 / introduced and edited by Ivo Banac ; German part translated by Jane T. Hedges, Russian by Timothy D. Sergay, and Bulgarian by Irina Faion. p. cm. — (Annals of Communism) Written in Russian, Bulgarian, and German. Published in Bulgarian in 1997 under the title: Dnevnik. Some material has been omitted from the English translation. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-300-09794-8 (alk. paper) 1. Dimitrov, Georgi, 1882–1949—Diaries. 2. Statesmen—Bulgaria—Diaries. 3. Communists—Bulgaria—Diaries. 4. Bulgaria—History—Boris III, 1918–1943. 5. Bulgaria—History—1944–1990. I. Banac, Ivo. II. Title. III. Series. DR88.D5 A3 2003 949.903؅1؅092—dc21 [B] 2002190765 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10987654321 Yale University Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support given for this publication by the John M. Olin Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the Historical Research Foundation, Roger Milliken, Lloyd H. Smith, Keith Young, the William H. Donner Foundation, Joseph W. Donner, Jeremiah Milbank, the David Woods Kemper Memorial Foundation, the Daphne Seybolt Culpeper Foundation, the Milton V. Brown Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Open Society Fund. For Wolfgang Leonhard friend and comrade with a bottle of vinho verde Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xiii Introduction xv List of Abbreviations xlix Notes on Transliteration and Usage liii chapter one Germany 1 chapter two The Soviet Union 9 chapter three Bulgaria 388 Biographical Notes 455 Index 481 Illustrations follow pages 98 and 356 Illustrations photographs following page 98 Georgi Dimitrov among the agitators and leaders of the miners’ strike, Pernik, Bulgaria, summer 1906. Georgi Dimitrov and Dimituˇr Blagoev among members of the Central Committee and Control Commission and delegates to the Sixteenth Congress of the Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party, Varna, Bulgaria, July 1909. Report No. 12889, dated 1 March 1918, to the head of the military-ju- dicial section of the War Ministry on Dimitrov’s revolutionary activity during his visit to the front in January 1918. Dimitrov, delegate to the Third Congress of the Comintern, Moscow, June–July 1921. Bulgarian-French dictionary inscribed by Dimitrov to Lenin, “our beloved teacher and irreplaceable leader of the world’s proletarian rev- olution,” Moscow, 5 March 1921. Dimitrov speaking at the Sixth Congress of the Comintern, Moscow, 25 July 1928. Georgi Dimitrov. Dimitrov’s Profintern card, No. 4., Moscow, 1928. Dimitrov’s file with the Prussian criminal police, Berlin, 10 March 1933. Dimitrov’s police mug shots, 10 March 1933. Georgi Dimitrov, Vasil Tanev, and Blagoi Popov, police photo, 10 March 1933. x Illustrations Dimitrov at the Leipzig trial, 1933. Photomontage by John Heartfield: “You are scared of my questions, Mr. Chairman of the Council of Ministers.” Dimitrov’s final speech at the Leipzig trial, 16 December 1933. Open letter from the German antifascists to Dimitrov: “Dimitrov! The Bulgarian working class can be proud of you. Long live world revolu- tion!” Stuttgart, 20 December 1933. Stalin and Dimitrov, attending the 1935 May Day parade in Moscow. following page 356 Dimitrov in the Comintern office, Moscow. Dimitrov’s membership card for the Executive Committee of the Com- munist International, Seventh Congress of the Comintern, Moscow, 1935. Marcel Cachin and Georgi Dimitrov, Moscow, 1935. Dimitrov and the Comintern leaders: Palmiro Togliatti, Wilhelm Florin, Wang Ming, Otto Kuusinen, Klement Gottwald, Wilhelm Pieck, Dmit- ry Manuilsky, Moscow, 1935. Dimitrov with the Kostroma voters, 19 December 1937. Tito and Dimitrov in Meshcherino, 15 April 1945. Mikhail Kalinin, chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, awards Dimitrov the Order of Lenin for his struggle against fas- cism, Moscow, 27 June 1945. G. Dimitrov, with S. S. Biriuzov and Marshal F. I. Tolbukhin, comman- der of the Third Ukrainian Front, which entered Bulgaria on 8 Sep- tember 1944, at the Sofia railway station, 22 February 1946. Traicho Kostov and Georgi Dimitrov, 26 May 1946. Dimitrov, chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria, in his office, 30 April 1948. Dimitrov, general secretary of the BKP, delivers a report at the fifth party congress, Sofia, December 1948. Georgi Dimitrov. Dimitrov with wife Rosa and children Fania and Boyko in Meshcherino, 1948. Dimitrov and son Boyko in Barvikha, 1948. Georgi and Rosa Dimitrov in Barvikha, 18 June 1949. Illustrations xi Inauguration of a monument to Dimitrov (sculpted by K. and M. Mera- bishvili), Moscow, 16 June 1972. facsimilies First pages of entry dated 7 November 1937. page 63 First pages of entry dated 7 November 1940. page 131 First page of entry dated 2 September 1946. page 412 Preface The editing of this volume has been an arduous task, interrupted by fre- quent changes in setting—New Haven, Moscow, Budapest, Zagreb, Dubrovnik—almost a match for Dimitrov’s record. If this task were of- fered to me again, I am not certain that I would agree to undertake it. The reason is not the lack of historical insight to be found in the diary of Georgi Dimitrov. On the contrary, this is the single most important new source on the history of the international Communist movement in Stalin’s time. Rather, the collective character of this effort has been some- what off-putting to an historian of my solitary disposition. Dimitrov wrote his diary in nineteen separate notebooks that are now kept in the former Communist Party archive in Sofia, Bulgaria. A type- script of eighteen of these was made in 1960 for the purposes of the Cen- tral Party Archive in Sofia, with a copy for the Marx-Engels-Lenin Insti- tute in Moscow, currently the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI). An integral version of the manuscript was published in Bulgarian in 1997.1 The Yale University Press Annals of Communism se- ries obtained access to these materials in 1993, thanks to Boyko Dimitrov, Dimitrov’s adopted son and literary executor. Since the diary is multilin- gual, the Press entrusted the translation to three
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  • German Communists

    German Communists

    = ~•••••••••• B•••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a• •= :• COMING PUBLICATIONS: •= =• / ~ • .= "ABOUT BELGIUM" by Camille Huysrnans. ; "THE FLAMING BORDER" by Czeslaw Poznanski. "GERMAN CONSERVATIVES" by Curt Geyer. "THE ROAD TO MUNICH" by Dr. Jan Opocenski. "THE WOLF AS A NEIGHBOUR" by M. van Blankenstein. NEW SERIES: THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AND THE WO~LD "GERMANY AT PEACE" by Walter Loeb. "FRENCH SECURITY AND GERMANY" . by Edmond Vermeil. "PROGRESS TO WORLD PEACE" by K. F. Bieligk. - HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. ••••m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2. "FIGHT FOR FREEDOM" Editorial Board LUIS ARAQUISTAIN CAM!LLE HUYSMANS JOSEF BELINA PROFESSOR A. PRAGIER JOHN BROWN M. SLUYSER CURT GEYER RENNIE SMITH W . W. HENDERSON MARY E. SUTHERLAND,7 j.P. GERMAN COMMUNISTS by ./ SPARTAKUS Foreword by ALFRED M. WALL Translated from the German by. E. Fitzgerald TO THE MEMORY OF ROSA LUXEMBURG KARL LIEBKNECHT PAUL- LEVI - SPARTAKUS has lived in Germany all. his life andIeft shortly after Hitler came.,.10 power. ' From his youth he has worked in the German Labour Movements-Socialist and Communist. He was one of the early "Spartakists" in the last war and he is still . today . a devoted fighter against German aggression and 'nationalism from whatever source it may spring. CONTENTS PAGE . FOREWORD 4 PART l THE SPARTACUS LEAGUE 1914-1918 7 PART II THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1919-1933 22 THE PARTY AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY 22 THE KAPP "PUTSCH" 28 THE UNITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF GERMANY 30 THE W..ARCH ACTION . 34 THE NATIONALISTIC LINE . ..... .. ' 36 THE RAPALLO TREATY' 38 THE OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR 39 SCHLAGETER 42 CORRUPTION 45 THE UNSUCCESSFUL RISING OF 1923 46 THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY 48 GERMAN MILITARY EXPENDITURE 53 "THE HORNY-HANDED SON OF TOIL".