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Leucoagaricus Cf. Americanus, an Edible Mushroom Species Poorly Known of Forest Area of Côte D’Ivoire

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Leucoagaricus Cf. Americanus, an Edible Mushroom Species Poorly Known of Forest Area of Côte D’Ivoire Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, February 2018 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, an edible mushroom species poorly known of forest area of Côte d’Ivoire Claver Gouvé YIAN *and Marie Solange TIEBRE Laboratoire de Botanique, Université Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire. *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: (+225) 07164443 ABSTRACT This mycological study was realized in order to identify the edible mushrooms of the forest area of Côte d'Ivoire. The itinerant survey was used for the collection of specimens and ecological data. Ethnomycological surveys have permitted to obtain close to local populations the information on the use and sale of edible species. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions were realized to identify the species collected. The study revealed a little known edible species. The comparison of microscopic elements such as cheilocystidia and cells of pileus coating with those of the literature made it possible to identify the species as Leucoagaricus cf. americanus. However, there are only a few differences that could be elucidated by molecular analyzes to better determine our species. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, ethnomycology, edible mushroom, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. INTRODUCTION eating habits, cultural and medicinal of rural Tropical ecosystems have a high populations (Tiébré, 2001; De Kesel et al., biodiversity. They constitute the preeminent 2002; Boa, 2006). They are also used as weld place as well for harvesting of non-timber food during the famine periods for local forest products (NTFPs). Local populations populations. Indeed, the welfare that provide have a variety of relationships with these natural ecosystems to local people, through NTFPs including food and pharmacopeia the services of sampling makes the subject of (Codjia et al., 2009; Gbesso et al., 2013). renewal of interest by the scientific Opportunities provided by NTFPs remain community for several decades. This context under-exploited or neglected (Eyi Ndong et has led several studies on edible fungi in al., 2011; Betti et al., 2016). The fungi, tropical Africa (Yorou & De Kesel, 2001; De including wild edible mushrooms occupy a Kesel et al., 2002; Boa, 2006; De Kesel et al., special place in the collection of these 2008; Malaisse et al., 2008; Hama et al., products. They have nutritional, therapeutic 2010). and economic values. They are involved in © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. 3063-IJBCS DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i1.39 C. G.YIAN and M. S. TIEBRE / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, 2018 In Côte d’Ivoire, some work on edible herbarium of the National Floristic Center of fungi has been made. Indeed Kouakou (2000) the University Felix Houphouet-Boigny. was able to demonstrate the anti-fertilizer Microscopic analyzes were performed using a effects of the extract of two mushrooms optical microscope (Olympus BX51) (Daldinia concentrica, Bolt. 1863 Psathyrella equipped with a drawing tube and chemical efflorescens, Berck. 1977) of the Ivorian reagents (ammoniac, ammoniacal red Congo). pharmacopoeia in the rats. The work of In these analyzes, the spores were observed. Kouassi et al. (2007) made in the central west, The dimensions of the spores, the Q ratio, the helped to describe 4 new edible species for average value (in italics) ± 1.96 x standard Côte d’Ivoire in the genus Chlorophyllum deviation, minimum - maximum values were Mass. Koné et al. (2013) have meanwhile observed (bracketed) and the number N of reported the existence of the 7 species of spores was also encoded in the software Termitomyces kind in the savannah and semi Excel. The value of Q is used to inform on the deciduous forests. Kpan Kpan et al. (2014) form of the spore. More the value of Q tends conducted a study on the contamination of to 1, more spores are round. The more it tends basidiomycetes sold on the markets of to 0, they are elongated. Following analysis, Abidjan. Despite this work, the data on the the identity of the collected species was taxonomy, ecology and ethnomycology of the confirmed through the work of Vellinga edible mushroom of Côte d’Ivoire remain (2000), De Kesel et al. (2002), Kouassi partial. Thus, in order to contribute to the (2012). The species studied was deposited at knowledge of edible mushrooms in the forest the Botanical Garden Meise of Belgium. area of Côte d’Ivoire, this article highlights Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, considered RESULTS AND DISCUSSION poorly known species. Description taxonomic Leucoagaricus cf. americanus (Peck) MATERIALS AND METHODS Vellinga (2000) (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Data were collected during small and Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Leucoagaricus) large rainy seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016. (Figures 1 and 2). During these campaigns, Leucoagaricus cf. Pileus from 3.1 to 5.7 cm of diameter americanus has been collected on the market is firstly globular and hemispherical, often of Adjamé in the district of Abidjan, conical, and has a umbo; dry coating, can be Palmafrique in the department of Bingerville scaly, flaky, light brown at the margin, dark (N’ 6°3'21.5", W 5°50'48.7") and Bobia in the brown in the center on white background, department of Gagnoa (N’ 6°3'21.5", W easily separable. The margin is straight, 5°50'48.7" 17/04/2016). The collection of this curved and cracked. White flesh often beige, species is listed as part of a study that aimed fleshy, brittle becomes red - brown when at identifying the edible mushrooms found in crushed or cut. Lamellae, simple, are unequal, the forest area of Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, more or less spaced, white or yellowish. information on ecology and Ethnomycology Annulus, membranous halfway up the stem, of Leucoagaricus cf. americanus were whitish blackened with age (Figure 1). Stipe, recorded in a field book and the collected cylindrical curved, central is full and easily specimens were transported to the laboratory detachable of the cap, becomes red brown for macroscopic descriptions from going the description sheet model used by De Kesel et when cut, white over the ring and brown al. (2002). Then, technical photographs were below, length of between 5 and 10 cm, taken. After drying, the species was placed in uniform base, having dander and fibers on the plastic bags with “mini-grip” closure and surface. Spore print, white cream, contains stored in appropriate conditions in the smooth ellipsoid spores thick wall with the 502 C. G.YIAN and M. S. TIEBRE / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, 2018 presence of germ pore, (7-)6.7-7.8-8.8(-9) X plantation of oil palm and then sold on the (4-)4,2-5.2-6,2(-6) µm {N=30} ; Q = (1.33-) local market. 1.22-1.5-1.78(-2). Pleurocystidia were not observed. Ethnomycology The edibility and appreciation of Appetence Leucoagaricus cf. americanus were reported This fungus is harvested in large in Benin. It is a well known species of quantities during the rainy season and then be Beninese population. In Côte d'Ivoire, sold on the markets of Bingerville and particularly in district of Abidjan, the common Abidjan district. In the Department of name that the local population attributes to Gagnoa, the species has not been seen on the this species is "false false". This name comes big market of the city, but is instead sold in from the fact that the species, as Volvariella the village of Bobia at 100 CFA francs the volvacea, grows on palm trees (Elaeis heap, with thirty carpophores. Leucoagaricus guineensis) and it is considered false cf. americanus is consumed and enjoyed by Volvariella volvacea. According Kouassi unconditional of edible mushrooms in the (2012), Leucoagaricus cf. americanus is study area. consumed by Bété, Baoulé and Gouro people in the west central region. However, only the Ecology Baoulé assign a vernacular name at this It is a saprotroph species that develop species with a meaning. Indeed, the in clumps in plantation and forest. It grows in vernacular name of the fungus provided by the plantations on advanced decaying tree trunks, Baoulé people of this region is "akouatika raids and waste Elaeis guineensis decaying. n'dré" which means "turtle mushroom". In the According to information gathered in the district of Abidjan only the fond of field, the species has been observed on waste mushrooms consume this species. These last Elaeis guineensis decaying in the locality of are unanimous on the fact that Leucoagaricus Bingerville for the great season precisely at cf. americanus has a better taste than the beginning of May to July and in small Volvariella volvacea. Leucoagaricus cf. raining season from October to November. In americanus is cooked in any sauce or the town of Bobia, the species was observed seasoning as a vegetable ingredient. This is to the beginning of March on dead decaying among others the sauce “gombo” wood. (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, aubergine (Solanum macrocarpum L. and Distribution Solanum aethiopicum L.) seeds and palm In Africa, up to now, Leucoagaricus cf. (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Unlike in Benin americanus was reported in Benin as the where two fruit bodies of this species can cost Leucoagaricus braesadolae (De Kesel et al., up to 500 CFA francs, in Côte d’Ivoire heap, 2002). In Côte d’Ivoire, the species has been consisting of ten fruit bodies, varies between reported in the localities at Bayota , Bouaflé 100 and 200 CFA francs on markets visited. It and Niegré (Kouassi, 2012). In our study area, was also reported that this species can fight Leucoagaricus cf.
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