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Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, February 2018

ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print)

Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int

Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, an edible species poorly known of forest area of Côte d’Ivoire

Claver Gouvé YIAN *and Marie Solange TIEBRE

Laboratoire de Botanique, Université Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire. *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: (+225) 07164443

ABSTRACT

This mycological study was realized in order to identify the edible of the forest area of Côte d'Ivoire. The itinerant survey was used for the collection of specimens and ecological data. Ethnomycological surveys have permitted to obtain close to local populations the information on the use and sale of edible species. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions were realized to identify the species collected. The study revealed a little known edible species. The comparison of microscopic elements such as cheilocystidia and cells of pileus coating with those of the literature made it possible to identify the species as cf. americanus. However, there are only a few differences that could be elucidated by molecular analyzes to better determine our species. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, ethnomycology, edible mushroom, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

INTRODUCTION eating habits, cultural and medicinal of rural Tropical ecosystems have a high populations (Tiébré, 2001; De Kesel et al., biodiversity. They constitute the preeminent 2002; Boa, 2006). They are also used as weld place as well for harvesting of non-timber food during the famine periods for local forest products (NTFPs). Local populations populations. Indeed, the welfare that provide have a variety of relationships with these natural ecosystems to local people, through NTFPs including food and pharmacopeia the services of sampling makes the subject of (Codjia et al., 2009; Gbesso et al., 2013). renewal of interest by the scientific Opportunities provided by NTFPs remain community for several decades. This context under-exploited or neglected (Eyi Ndong et has led several studies on edible fungi in al., 2011; Betti et al., 2016). The fungi, tropical Africa (Yorou & De Kesel, 2001; De including wild edible mushrooms occupy a Kesel et al., 2002; Boa, 2006; De Kesel et al., special place in the collection of these 2008; Malaisse et al., 2008; Hama et al., products. They have nutritional, therapeutic 2010). and economic values. They are involved in

© 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. 3063-IJBCS DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i1.39

C. G.YIAN and M. S. TIEBRE / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, 2018

In Côte d’Ivoire, some work on edible herbarium of the National Floristic Center of fungi has been made. Indeed Kouakou (2000) the University Felix Houphouet-Boigny. was able to demonstrate the anti-fertilizer Microscopic analyzes were performed using a effects of the extract of two mushrooms optical microscope (Olympus BX51) (Daldinia concentrica, Bolt. 1863 Psathyrella equipped with a drawing tube and chemical efflorescens, Berck. 1977) of the Ivorian reagents (ammoniac, ammoniacal red Congo). pharmacopoeia in the rats. The work of In these analyzes, the spores were observed. Kouassi et al. (2007) made in the central west, The dimensions of the spores, the Q ratio, the helped to describe 4 new edible species for average value (in italics) ± 1.96 x standard Côte d’Ivoire in the Chlorophyllum deviation, minimum - maximum values were Mass. Koné et al. (2013) have meanwhile observed (bracketed) and the number N of reported the existence of the 7 species of spores was also encoded in the software Termitomyces kind in the savannah and semi Excel. The value of Q is used to inform on the deciduous forests. Kpan Kpan et al. (2014) form of the spore. More the value of Q tends conducted a study on the contamination of to 1, more spores are round. The more it tends basidiomycetes sold on the markets of to 0, they are elongated. Following analysis, Abidjan. Despite this work, the data on the the identity of the collected species was , ecology and ethnomycology of the confirmed through the work of Vellinga edible mushroom of Côte d’Ivoire remain (2000), De Kesel et al. (2002), Kouassi partial. Thus, in order to contribute to the (2012). The species studied was deposited at knowledge of edible mushrooms in the forest the Botanical Garden Meise of Belgium. area of Côte d’Ivoire, this article highlights Leucoagaricus cf. americanus, considered RESULTS AND DISCUSSION poorly known species. Description taxonomic Leucoagaricus cf. americanus (Peck) MATERIALS AND METHODS Vellinga (2000) (Fungi, , Data were collected during small and , , Leucoagaricus) large rainy seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016. (Figures 1 and 2). During these campaigns, Leucoagaricus cf. Pileus from 3.1 to 5.7 cm of diameter americanus has been collected on the market is firstly globular and hemispherical, often of Adjamé in the district of Abidjan, conical, and has a umbo; dry coating, can be Palmafrique in the department of Bingerville scaly, flaky, light brown at the margin, dark (N’ 6°3'21.5", W 5°50'48.7") and Bobia in the brown in the center on white background, department of Gagnoa (N’ 6°3'21.5", W easily separable. The margin is straight, 5°50'48.7" 17/04/2016). The collection of this curved and cracked. White flesh often beige, species is listed as part of a study that aimed fleshy, brittle becomes red - brown when at identifying the edible mushrooms found in crushed or cut. Lamellae, simple, are unequal, the forest area of Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, more or less spaced, white or yellowish. information on ecology and Ethnomycology Annulus, membranous halfway up the stem, of Leucoagaricus cf. americanus were whitish blackened with age (Figure 1). , recorded in a field book and the collected cylindrical curved, central is full and easily specimens were transported to the laboratory detachable of the cap, becomes red brown for macroscopic descriptions from going the description sheet model used by De Kesel et when cut, white over the ring and brown al. (2002). Then, technical photographs were below, length of between 5 and 10 cm, taken. After drying, the species was placed in uniform base, having dander and fibers on the plastic bags with “mini-grip” closure and surface. Spore print, white cream, contains stored in appropriate conditions in the smooth ellipsoid spores thick wall with the

502 C. G.YIAN and M. S. TIEBRE / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, 2018 presence of germ pore, (7-)6.7-7.8-8.8(-9) X plantation of oil palm and then sold on the (4-)4,2-5.2-6,2(-6) µm {N=30} ; Q = (1.33-) local market. 1.22-1.5-1.78(-2). Pleurocystidia were not observed. Ethnomycology The edibility and appreciation of Appetence Leucoagaricus cf. americanus were reported This is harvested in large in Benin. It is a well known species of quantities during the rainy season and then be Beninese population. In Côte d'Ivoire, sold on the markets of Bingerville and particularly in district of Abidjan, the common Abidjan district. In the Department of name that the local population attributes to Gagnoa, the species has not been seen on the this species is "false false". This name comes big market of the city, but is instead sold in from the fact that the species, as Volvariella the village of Bobia at 100 CFA francs the volvacea, grows on palm trees (Elaeis heap, with thirty carpophores. Leucoagaricus guineensis) and it is considered false cf. americanus is consumed and enjoyed by Volvariella volvacea. According Kouassi unconditional of edible mushrooms in the (2012), Leucoagaricus cf. americanus is study area. consumed by Bété, Baoulé and Gouro people in the west central region. However, only the Ecology Baoulé assign a vernacular name at this It is a saprotroph species that develop species with a meaning. Indeed, the in clumps in plantation and forest. It grows in vernacular name of the fungus provided by the plantations on advanced decaying tree trunks, Baoulé people of this region is "akouatika raids and waste Elaeis guineensis decaying. n'dré" which means "turtle mushroom". In the According to information gathered in the district of Abidjan only the fond of field, the species has been observed on waste mushrooms consume this species. These last Elaeis guineensis decaying in the locality of are unanimous on the fact that Leucoagaricus Bingerville for the great season precisely at cf. americanus has a better taste than the beginning of May to July and in small Volvariella volvacea. Leucoagaricus cf. raining season from October to November. In americanus is cooked in any sauce or the town of Bobia, the species was observed seasoning as a vegetable ingredient. This is to the beginning of March on dead decaying among others the sauce “gombo” wood. (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, aubergine (Solanum macrocarpum L. and Distribution Solanum aethiopicum L.) seeds and palm In Africa, up to now, Leucoagaricus cf. (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Unlike in Benin americanus was reported in Benin as the where two fruit bodies of this species can cost Leucoagaricus braesadolae (De Kesel et al., up to 500 CFA francs, in Côte d’Ivoire heap, 2002). In Côte d’Ivoire, the species has been consisting of ten fruit bodies, varies between reported in the localities at Bayota , Bouaflé 100 and 200 CFA francs on markets visited. It and Niegré (Kouassi, 2012). In our study area, was also reported that this species can fight Leucoagaricus cf. americanus was collected against diabetes. on the markets of city of Abidjan and Bingerville. In the commune of Bingerville Taxonomy the species is harvested in an agribusiness The macroscopic and microscopic characters of the specimen studied correspond

503 C. G.YIAN and M. S. TIEBRE / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 501-507, 2018 to the characters of the species described by fusoïdes length of 77-138 µm. Contrary to De Kesel et al. (2002). The size and shape of , Leucoagaricus cheilocystidia that we have observed are bresadolae has a pileique cuticle composed of different from those observed by Vellinga elongated pileocystides, versiformes the (2000). In our case, long and tapered whole forming a clump, which the most are outgrowths located at the top of cheilocystidia light brown or dark brown at the base. as mentioned by Vellinga (2000) were not Leucoagaricus americanus and observed (Figure 2). However, the size and Leucoagaricus bresadolae has a structure of shape of cells of the pileus covering and pileus covering very complex with the shape spores are close of our specimen. These of the elements varying as well as similarities have allowed to assign the name pigmentation (Vellinga, 2000). Pigmentation of Leucoagaricus cf. americanus to the of these elements is intracellular and parietal. studied specimen. Note that De Kesel et al. However, the author notes the differences (2002), based on the measurement of the between these two species. These differences spores and the ecology of his specimen met in are in the shape the elements pileiques and the Benin,has attributed to his specimen the name elements cystidioecious on the stipe. Although of Leucoagaricus bresadolae. According to several authors have observed the specifics in the differences in our work, we may think that the cells of pileus covering of Leucoagaricus our case is different from European and bresadolae and Leucoagaricus americanus, American species. This observation was also the results of the analysis of molecular data of made by De Kesel et al. (2002) who indicate Leucoagaricus bresadolae and Leucoagaricus that the specimen could be an intermediate americanus have shown that sequences SES 1 species between Leucoagaricus and and SES 2 are pratically identical. These after noting the differences in results have permitted to conclude that the microscopic and macroscopic characters. Leucoagaricus bresadolae and Leucoagaricus Vellinga (2000) mentions that studies have americanus are similar (Vellinga, 2000). highlighted the discriminatory character of Based on macroscopy, Deschuyteneer (2007), Leucoagaricus bresadolae and Leucoagaricus in his study indicated that Leucoagaricus americanus. Indeed, the study of young buds americanus is close to Leucoagaricus of americana (synonym meleagris. Indeed, this author has observed Leucoagaricus americanus) conducted by this that these species become green with author showed that cells Leucoagaricus ammonia and that their fruit bodies turn americanus coating have a thickness of about yellow before blushing after having crumpled 300-400 microns. They also mention that the them. The observation of microscopic hyphae of the coating is ascending, thin often characters makes it possible to differentiate intermingled at the surface. This organization Leucoagaricus americanus and sometimes forms a rudimentary trichoderma Leucoagaricus meleagris. Unlike with upper cells that are not often arranged Leucoagaricus meleagris, Leucoagaricus precisely. This author also mention that the americanus is distinguished by these smaller surface of the coating of pileus, the spores (Deschuyteneer, 2007). Given all these pileocystidia, up to 25 µm of diameter and already undertaken, it is important to note that mixed with more narrow hyphae are not the taxonomy of Leucoagaricus genus varies distinct. These cylindrical cells grouped into according to the authors. In this context, layers give an appearance of scales, they are molecular studies should be addressed to also clavate, broadly ellipsoid or ventricular- clearly define the taxonomy of this group.

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Figure 1 : Leucoagaricus cf. americanus (Peck) Vellinga (2000), (YIAN171) ; N 5°18'44.8", W3°48'3.4"

aa

b

c

Figure 2: Drawings microscopic elements Leucoagaricus cf. americanus. a: basidia ; b : cheilocystidia ; c: cap cells coating (YIAN064).

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Conclusion Buyck B. 1994. Ubobwa : les champignons The study conducted in the district of comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Abidjan allowed to describe a little-known Administration Gén. Coop. Dév., species. Information on taxonomy, ecology Bruxelles, Publ. Agricole, 34: 124. and ethnomycology of this species were Codjia CJT, Vihotogbe R, Lougbegnon OT. given. Taxonomically, macroscopic and 2009. Phytodiversité des légumes- microscopic descriptions were made. feuilles locales consommées par les Microscopic elements such as cheilocystidia peuples Holli et Nagot de la région de and cells of pileus covering were compared Pobè au sud-est du Bénin. Int. J. Biol. with those found in the literature permitted to Chem. Sci., 3(6): 1265-1273. DOI: identify the species as Leucoagaricus cf. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v3i6.5314 americanus. However, some differences were 5. observed between our species and the De Kesel A, Codjia JC, Yorou SN. 2002. European and American species. A molecular Guide des champignons comestibles du study of our species could be undertaken to Bénin. Cotonou. Jardin Botanique better define the taxonomy of this species. National de Belgique et CECODI: Belgique ; 275. COMPETING INTERESTS De Kesel A, Guelly NS, Yorou NS, Codjia The authors declare that they have no JC. 2008. Ethnomycological notes on competing interests concerning this work. inoderma from Benin and Togo. Crypto. Myco., 29(4): 313-319. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Deschuyteneer D. 2007. Leucoagaricus These results were possible thanks to meleagris, une lépiote thermophile the technical and financial support of the récoltée à Hofstade. Revue du Cercle de Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Mycologie de Bruxelles, 7: 29 – 36 Belgium (IRScNaB) through the GTI project Eyi Ndong H, Degreef J, De Kesel A. 2011. (Global Taxonomy Initiative). Our thanks also Champignons comestibles des forêts go to the place of Professor Kouakou denses d’Afrique centrale. Taxonomie et N'Guessan Edouard for having initiated this identification. ABC taxa, 10: 254. research project. We also express our Gbesso GHF, Tente AHB, Gouwakinnou GN, gratitude to Professors Adou Yao Constant Sinsin AB. 2013. Influence des Yves, Ouattara Djakalia and Vroh Bi Tra changements climatiques sur la Aimé for their advices throughout this work. distribution géographique de Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don REFERENCES (Sapotaceae) au Benin. Int. J. Biol. Betti LJ, Ngankoué MC, Dibong DS, Singa Chem. Sci., 7(5): 2007-2018. DOI : EA. 2016. Etude ethnobotanique des http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v7i5.18. plantes alimentaires spontanées vendues Hama O, Maes E, Guissou ML, Ibrahim D, dans les marchés de Yaoundé, Barage M, Parra LA, Raspe O, De Kesel Cameroun. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., A. 2010. Agaricus subsaharianus, une 10(4): 1678-1693. DOI: nouvelle espèce comestible et http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i4.19. consommée au Niger, au Burkina faso et Boa ER. 2006. Champignons Comestibles en Tanzanie. Cryptogamie Mycol., 31: Sauvages: Vue d’Ensemble sur leur 221-234. Utilisation et leur Importance pour les Johnson J. 1999. Phyogenetic relationships Populations. Produits Forestiers non within Lepiota sensu lato based on Ligneux 17. FAO: Rome, 157 p. morphological and molecular data. Mycologia, 91: 443-458.

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