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Gardening: Horticultural Uses Glime, J. M. 2017. Gardening: Horticultural Uses. Chapt. 7-1. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 5. Uses. Ebook 7-1-1 sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 11 October 2017 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 7-1 GARDENING: HORTICULTURAL USES TABLE OF CONTENTS Horticultural Uses ...............................................................................................................................................7-1-2 Shipping and Protecting...............................................................................................................................7-1-3 Soil Conditioning.........................................................................................................................................7-1-3 Air Layering.................................................................................................................................................7-1-8 Pot Culture.................................................................................................................................................7-1-10 Potting Medium .........................................................................................................................................7-1-11 Dangers of Peat Culturing..........................................................................................................................7-1-12 Covering Pot Soil.......................................................................................................................................7-1-13 Culturing Mushrooms and Other Fungi.....................................................................................................7-1-13 Reforestation..............................................................................................................................................7-1-14 Container Gardens.............................................................................................................................................7-1-16 Bonkei........................................................................................................................................................7-1-18 Dish Gardens..............................................................................................................................................7-1-19 Bonsai........................................................................................................................................................7-1-21 Hanging Baskets........................................................................................................................................7-1-23 Terraria.......................................................................................................................................................7-1-23 Bryophytes as Pests...........................................................................................................................................7-1-28 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................7-1-29 Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................................7-1-30 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................................7-1-30 7-1-2 Chapter 7-1: Gardening: Horticultural Uses CHAPTER 7-1 GARDENING: HORTICULTURAL USES Figure 1. Sphagnum species such as this S. russowii are commonly used in horticulture as bedding material. Photo by Michael Lüth. Horticultural Uses I was surprised that in my search for moss uses in peat moss as an amendment for clay soils, whereas animal horticulture I stumbled on a patent for culturing "moss dung was used for sandy soils (Raviv et al. 1986). Since seedlings" (Hiraoka 1995). The patent was to culture then, the need to keep plants alive during transfer made mosses that could henceforth be transplanted and grown in bryophytes a desirable medium because of their ability to a nursery. Hiraoka presented this as a means of reducing retain moisture. the necessity of collecting wild mosses and creating It is surprising how difficult it is today to find literature undesirable forest conditions due to drying soils and on the use of bryophytes in plant cultivation, despite the erosion. This consideration should serve as a warning for widespread sale of peat mosses for gardening, potting, air all who desire to use bryophytes for any commercial layering, and other uses. Rather, the use of mosses, purpose, and even on a small personal scale, collection can especially peat moss, seems to be assumed and publications produce local damage. concentrate on finding substitutions for it (e.g. Tripepi et "People have probably used organic materials as an aid al. 1996) or creating the right mix of moss and amendments for plant culture since the eve of human history, but (e.g. Chong & Lumis 2000; Shujun et al. 2004). documentation is scarce" (Raviv et al. 1986). Use of Horticulture is the largest market for moss products in organic materials, including mosses, may not have started Asia (Tan 2003), and probably in most North American that early, but if monkeys can discover the advantage of countries (Muir et al. 2006). In horticulture, mosses find a mosses for getting water to drink, why not? At the niche unparalleled in any other living bryophyte industry beginning of the 18th Century, we find reference to using (Nelson & Carpenter 1965; Tan 2003). In some parts of Chapter 7-1: Gardening: Horticultural Uses 7-1-3 the world, they are routinely mined (Clarke 2008). holding nutrients, especially from dust and rainfall, then Bryophytes, especially peat mosses (Figure 1), have played releasing them slowly over a much longer period than a major role in horticulture for centuries (Perin 1962; normal nutrient residency near the soil surface (Stewart Arzeni 1963; Adderley 1964, 1965). Although their use as 1977; Rieley et al. 1979; Scafone unpubl. data). part of the landscape in gardens has traditionally been mostly an Asian practice, they have commonly been used as soil additives and bedding for greenhouse crops, potted ornamental plants, and seedling beds (Cox & Westing 1963; Sjors 1980). They are stuffed into wire frames to make totem poles to support climbing plants (at the Mossers Lee Plant), topiary (Figure 2), moss-filled wreaths, or baskets (Thomason 1994), or for covering the soil in floral arrangements. One company advertises a birch bark pedestal topped by a moss globe. Figure 3. Aulacomnium palustre. Species of Dicranum used by the Shuswap Indians of North America to condition the soil for plant growth. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. Figure 2. A swan topiary exhibited in a pedestrian area of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Photo courtesy of David Long. Overuse of mosses is concerning in several countries. Thus, some horticulturists seek substitutes. The use of rice hulls may provide a more renewable alternative to Sphagnum (Figure 1) peat for horticulture usage (Sambo et al. 2008). Peat has more total pore space and a lower air- Figure 4. Dicranum scoparium. Species of Dicranum used by the Shuswap Indians of North America to condition the soil for filled pore space compared to rice hulls, coinciding with a plant growth. Photo by Janice Glime. higher water-holding capacity and the highest water content at container capacity. Nevertheless, peat had a lower Their ability to sequester nutrients varies with species available water content than the rice hulls, while releasing and type of nutrient. For most taxa, they do not compete its water more slowly. for soil nutrients like phosphorus, but can accumulate from Shipping and Protecting rainfall the potassium, magnesium, and calcium (Timmer 1970). When the mosses later dehydrate, their membranes Sphagnum (Figure 1) is almost indispensable for are damaged, making them leaky. When they rehydrate, shipping live plants, keeping them moist, yet free from nutrients can be dissolved and washed into the soil. It takes mold. In countries where peat is abundant, the damp peat a few hours to a day to repair the damaged membranes, is burned to produce a smoke screen against frost, hence giving the roots beneath a chance to retrieve the nutrients protecting the plants (Thieret 1954). This is one of its uses that are slowly being washed down from the dusty, leaky in Asian countries as well (Tan 2003). mosses. This is dependent also on the force of the rain, Soil Conditioning with light rains more likely to remain on the mosses long enough for them to absorb the nutrients. This seems to be The Shuswap Indians of North America use especially important for potassium, the most soluble and Aulacomnium (Figure 3) and Dicranum (Figure 4) mixed most easily leached nutrient. (See Nutrient chapter in with dirt to make plants healthier (Palmer 1975). As a soil Volume 1 for details.) conditioner, coarse-textured mosses increase water storage Peat, in particular, offers a number of properties capacity; fine-textured mosses provide air spaces (Ishikawa important to the growth of plants. To be suitable for most 1974; Bernier 1992; Bernier et al. 1995). Although root growth, the peat needs to have about equal proportions supporting experiments seem to be lacking, we
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