SCIENTIST GEO VOLUME 25 NO 7 u AUGUST 2015 u WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST The Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95

REVIEWS SPECIAL [Inside This Issue! ]

BULLARD’S FIT Celebrating the 50th anniversary of Sir Edward Bullard’s computer-aided solution to the Atlantic jigsaw

REVIEWS SPECIAL LIFELONG LEARNING FUNDING COLLECTIONS Fifteen new books reviewed, Continuous Professional Online – Nineteenth Century in bumper Special issue Development essential acquisition dynamics revealed Corporate Supporters: First Announcement and Call for Abstracts – 31 August 2015 Rifts III: Catching the wav Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the wate 22-24 March 2016 Geological Society of London, Burlington House, London

Convenors:

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Sponsors: Abstracts that address the following suggested themes are welcomed: ‡ *HRPHWU\RI5LIWHG&RQWLQHQWDO0DUJLQV ‡ (PSLULFDOGDWDDQG(PHUJLQJ&RQFHSWV ‡ 7UDQVLWLRQWR3DVVLYH&RQWLQHQWDO0DUJLQV ‡ Facies prediction & relationships ‡ Thermo-mechanical constraints and Numerical Models Call for Oral Abstracts: 3OHDVHVXEPLWDEVWUDFWVRIZRUGVRUOHVVWR/DXUD*ULI¿WKVDWWKH*HRORJLFDO6RFLHW\RI/RQGRQ Session Sponsors: ODXUDJULI¿WKV#JHROVRFRUJXNDQGVFRWIUDVHU#VKHOOFRP$GGLWLRQDOGHWDLOVFDQEHDFFHVVHGYLDWKHFRQIH ZHESDJHZZZJHROVRFRUJXN3*5LIWV,,, For further information please contact: /DXUD*ULI¿WKV7KH*HRORJLFDO6RFLHW\%XUOLQJWRQ+RXVH3LFFDGLOO\/RQGRQ:-%*7 RUHPDLOODXUDJULI¿WKV#JHROVRFRUJXN

At the forefront of petroleum geos www.geolsoc.org.uk/pet GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS

07 15

10 24

REGULARS

05 Welcome Ted Nield hails the growth of ‘Books & Arts’ and IN THIS ISSUE... invites you to become a reviewer 06 Society news What your Society is doing at home and abroad, in London and the regions 09 Soapbox Tracey Radford and David Shilston take an engineering geological perspective on CGeol’s quarter- century 15 Letters We welcome your thoughts 16 Books and arts Seventeen new book reviews ON THE COVER: 24 People Geoscientists in the news and on the move 10 Bullards Fit 26 Obituary John Staveley Watson 1945-2014 It’s 50 years since Teddy Bullard and others published their landmark paper on the 27 Calendar Society activities this month transatlantic fit. Douglas Palmer has the story… 28 Obituary Christopher King 1943-2015 29 Crossword Win a special publication of your choice

Funding Fossil Collections: Correspondence illuminating the dynamics behind the NLINE acquisition of geological collections by public museums in the 19th Century, by Philip Compton Society News - Society appoints Sarah Fray as SPECIALS Executive Secretary, to succeed Edmund Nickless

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 03 New publications To add to your bookshelf

50% DISCOUNT FOR Browse the Online Bookshop for these and other titles GSL FELLOWS! Members of other societies from the Geological Society and other earth science may also qualify for discounts – get in touch for publishers, visit: www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop information.

GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING SALES ~ Fellowship magazine of Ollie Kirkman FIFTY YEARS AGO, A PAPER WAS the Geological Society T 01727 739 184 of London E ollie@centuryone PUBLISHED DESCRIBING THE FIRST USE OF publishing.uk The Geological Society, MUMERICAL METHODS TO GENERATE A Burlington House, Piccadilly, ART EDITOR London W1J 0BG Heena Gudka COMPUTERISED ‘FIT’ OF THE CONTINENTS T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 DESIGN & PRODUCTION THAT ‘COULD NOT BE DUE TO CHANCE’ E [email protected] Jonathan Coke Front cover image: © Semnic/Shutterstock.com (Not for Editorial - Please ~ contact the Editor) PRINTED BY Century One Publishing House Publishing Ltd. The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Copyright Brassmill Enterprise Centre, The Geological Society of Brassmill Lane, Bath London is a Registered BA1 3JN Charity, number 210161. T 01225 445046 ISSN (print) 0961-5628 F 01225 442836 ISSN (online) 2045-1784

Library The Geological Society of London FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 accepts no responsibility for the F +44 (0)20 7439 3470 views expressed in any article in this publication. All views expressed, E [email protected] except where explicitly stated otherwise, represent those of the EDITOR-IN-CHIEF author, and not The Geological Room with a review Professor Peter Styles Society of London. All rights reserved. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, EDITOR copied or transmitted save with Dr Ted Nield written permission. Users registered elcome to August, and our books are all proper editions – E [email protected] with Copyright Clearance Center: the Journal is registered with CCC, 27 this year’s Reviews none of your unedited, unindexed, EDITORIAL BOARD Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA. 0961-5628/02/$15.00. Every Special. In these pages paper-bound, laser-printed pre-pubs Dr Sue Bowler effort has been made to trace you will find not four but or e-books (unless available only in Mr Steve Branch copyright holders of material in Dr Robin Cocks this publication. If any rights have 17 new book reviews to that format) that have now become Prof. Tony Harris been omitted, the publishers offer W help you plan your reading over the the sorry lot of commercial reviewing. Dr Howard Falcon-Lang their apologies. Dr Jonathan Turner No responsibility is assumed by the coming winter. Our review copies are the real thing. Dr Jan Zalasiewicz Publisher for any injury and/or All Geoscientist reviews are published Review copies come with a damage to persons or property as a Trustees of the matter of products liability, Online First, and such has been the comprehensive guide for authors and negligence or otherwise, or from any Geological Society use or operation of any methods, growth in this section over recent years a request that you supply a review of of London products, instructions or ideas Prof David Manning contained in the material herein. that print publication struggles to keep precisely 400 words within three (President); Mrs Natalyn Ala Although all advertising material is up. Even now, some of those online months. (Secretary, Professional expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this reviews may remain ‘online only’. The While reviews should be frank Matters); Mr Rick publication does not constitute a Brassington; Mr Malcolm guarantee or endorsement of the only way to keep abreast of all our about any shortcomings you may Brown (President quality or value of such product or of coverage is to go regularly to discover, we do not generally print designate); Miss Liv Carroll; the claims made by its manufacturer. Dr Nigel Cassidy; Dr Angela www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews. adverse reviews, reasoning that our Subscriptions: All correspondence Coe; Mr Jim Coppard; Mrs relating to non-member The growth in reviewing is timely limited space would be better spent Jane Dottridge; Mr Chris subscriptions should be addresses Eccles (Vice president); to the Journals Subscription and deliberate, as ‘new media’ are recommending good books. Dr Marie Edmonds Department, Geological Society much more effective for the However, if a book (especially a very (Secretary, Science); Publishing House, Unit 7 Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, dissemination of topical news than a expensive one from a prestigious Mr Graham Goffey Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 (Treasurer); Mrs Tricia 445046. Fax: 01225 442836. print magazine with a long lead-time. publisher) is so bad as to constitute a Henton; Mr David Hopkins; Email: [email protected]. The This is also why we have moved more danger to the public about which Mr David Jones (Vice pres- subscription price for Volume 26, 2016 (11 issues) to institutions and towards other op/ed writing, like readers should be warned, we do of ident); Dr Jennifer non-members will be £139 (UK) or McKinley; Prof David £159/$319 (Rest of World). Soapbox, historical stories like Nina course make an exception. Norbury; Dr Colin North (Secretary, Publications); © 2015 The Geological Society Morgan’s Distant Thunder column, and However, ours is not a ‘daggers Prof Christine Peirce; of London of course, long-form feature content. drawn’ approach, unlike the famous Dr Katherine Royse; Geoscientist is printed on FSC mixed Another reason for visiting the online Edinburgh Review, pioneer of the Mr Keith Seymour; credit - Mixed source products are a Dr Lucy Slater; Mr Michael blend of FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Books & Arts section is to keep abreast critical essay, of which Sydney Smith Young (Secretary, Foreign & Controlled fibre. Accredited by the External Affairs) Forestry Stewardship Council. of new books received, and listed as on joked that – given the Solar System to offer to any Fellow wishing to review review, it would likely conclude that Published on behalf of the them for us. In the print issue we can it showed: ‘bad light – planets too Geological Society of London by only ever carry a few titles, taken from distant – pestered with comets – Century One Publishing the top of this list – the most recent feeble contrivance – could make a Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam Road, St Albans, Herts, acquisitions. Many more titles await better with great ease’… AL3 4DG you online. T 01727 893 894 Correction: The feature article ‘Steps and cycles’, F 01727 893 895 We cannot pay for contributions, but which appeared in the July issue, should have been E enquiries@centuryone you can of course keep the copy – and jointly credited to Andy Chadwick and Paul Williamson. publishing.uk W www.centuryone DR TED NIELD, EDITOR - [email protected] @TedNield @geoscientistmag publishing.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 05 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing SOCIETYNEWS at home and abroad, in London and the regions

Awards 2016 GEOGEGEO FUTURE MEETINGS Dates for meetings of Council and Ordinary Make your nominations for our 2016 Awards, writes AWARDSAWARDS General Meetings until April 2016 shall be as Stephanie Jones. follows: Fellows of the Society are invited to submit nominations for the Society’s Awards for 2016 Ordinary General Meetings: to the Awards Committee. Full details of how to make u 2015: 22 September nominations can be found at u 2015: 25 November www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/awards. Nominations must be u 2016: 3 February received at the Society no later than 1 October 2015. u 2016: 6 April

Meetings of Council: Geological Society Club u 2015: 22 September u 2015: 23 September (residential) u 2015: 25 November The Geological Society Club, successor to the body that gave birth to the u 2016: 3 February Society in 1807, meets monthly (except over the field season!) at 18.30 for 19.00 u 2016: 6 April in the Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, or at another venue, to be confirmed nearer the date. Once a year there is also a buffet dinner at Burlington House. New diners are always welcome, especially from among younger Fellows. Dinner costs £57 for a four-course meal, including coffee and port. There is a cash bar for the purchase of aperitifs and wine. Burlington House dinners include wine. u 2015: 9 September (Athenaeum); 7 October (Athenaeum)

➤ Fellows wishing to dine or requesting further information about the Geological Society Club, please email Caroline Seymour on [email protected]

Careers Day 2015

Geological Society Careers Day is always well attended

Calling all sponsors and exhibitors! The Geological Society’s Careers Days are the most recognised geological careers-based forum in the UK. These events are a great opportunity to showcase your company to aspiring early career geoscientists – the future of your industry! For more information about the opportunities available, visit: www.geolsoc.org.uk/careersdaysponsorship

06 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

Great Geobakeoff 2015 A selection of the delicious entries

Many thanks to all the intrepid geo-bakers who took part in the University Team (Hazel, Meriel, Sarah & Natasha) 460 points; Liz second annual Great Geobakeoff, writes Sarah Day. Laycock, 570 points. With the joint themes of ‘William Smith’ and ‘Year of Mud’ (reflecting Congratulations also to Geological Society staff members who those of the Society for 2015), we received, William Smith maps, joined in for the first time this year. Our in-house joint winners were cross-sections, Channel tunnels, lahars, and more – including a large Website Administrator Eleanor Lewis (London) and Online number of Jurassic Park toilet death scenes. Development Editor Maxine Smith (Bath). The 2015 winners were: Jen Smith: 90 points; Karen, Debbie & Alex Stone, 100 points; Hannah Moss-Davies, 100 points; Alexandra Booer, 190 points; Lauren Ballarini, Naomi Lee & Steph Higgs, 200 ➤ Visit our flickr pages to see the entries in full. www.flickr.com/Geolsoc points; Sarah Snell-Pym, Jean & Mary, 410 points; The Plymouth

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 07 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

SOCIETYNEWS... Policy update

Chartership and the Environment Sector

When it comes to achieving sign off reports prepared under the Chartered status, Matt Whitehead* scheme. believes the question is not ‘why’, There are also proposals for a but ‘why not?’… register of risk assessors by the As part of my role in supporting the Society of Brownfield Risk training and professional Assessors, where Chartered status development of Environment Agency (via recognised professional bodies officers working in local groundwater such as the Geological Society) plays and contaminated land teams, I am an important role in recognising often asked: “Why should I become those at higher levels of capability. Chartered?”. The answer I give is The current proposals are relevant to all those working in the complementary to the new NQMS, Nic Bilham (Director of Policy & Communications) environment sector. providing a means by which the presents Geology for Society in Brussels Chartership is not only a measure capability of risk assessors can be of personal success and recognition checked by those verifying that work POLICY UPDATE in your chosen field, it is also a has been to the requisite standards. necessary pre-requisite for participating in certain business DoWCoP Society report goes EU-wide activities. Now more than ever, the Finally there is the Qualified Persons Environment Sector needs capable register for those undertaking ‘Geology for Society’ presented at the EU people backed by a strong code of activities under the Development Parliament in 12 additional languages professional ethics. Given the current Industry Definition of Waste Code of challenges we face (both Practice (DoWCoP) assisting u Following the successful launch of the UK version economically and environmentally) developers in the sustainable re-use of the Geology for Society report in March 2014, the we need Chartered people in both of soils in construction. To date the Society collaborated with the European Federation of public and private sector scheme has been utilised in over 500 Geologists (EfG) and its member associations to organisations to be at the forefront of projects, saving Industry in excess of produce a European version of the report that has activities aimed at achieving £250M and diverting more that 16 been translated into the following 12 additional sustainable development. million tonnes of soil from landfill. languages: Welsh, Dutch, Italian, Polish, German, All these initiatives recognise that Ukrainian, Serbian, Swedish, French, Hungarian, SiLC the best work is done by individuals Spanish and Portuguese. The European Version of There are a number of important who are not only capable and the report, along with all of the translations, can be schemes operating or being experienced, but who can also be found on www.geolsoc.org.uk. The report underlines launched in the Environment Sector trusted to perform their duties to the the important role that geology plays in providing that require Chartered people. For best of their ability within a code of resources to society and industry. example the Specialist in Land professional conduct. From a Condition (SiLC) Register, which is regulator’s perspective it is not u The report was launched at the European the ultimate recognition of always about what you know but Parliament in Brussels on the 2 June (pictures) and competence for those participating in about how you put that knowledge was attended by a number of representatives of the land management activities. With into practice. Achieving Chartership European Commission’s Directorates General of over 160 registered members the allows employers, clients and Energy, Environment, Internal Market, Industry aim of SiLC is to develop and colleagues alike to easily identify Entrepreneurship and SMEs and Research & maintain a high quality unifying people who are the leaders in their Innovation, in addition to representatives of EfG professional registration for the field. national associations. assessment of the condition and remediation of brownfield sites. So - the question isn’t “Why become u The event was hosted by MEP Carlos Zorrinho Originally set up for those preparing Chartered?”. The question is “Why (group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Land Condition reports, the register not?” Democrats in the European Parliament and a Member is now closely linked with the of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy). development of a new National Quality Mark Scheme (NQMS) for * Matt Whitehead - BSc (Hons) MSc land contamination management FGS C.Geol SiLC; Senior Advisor - ➤ You can find out more about the launch event on the work. Chartership is a pre-requisite (Contaminated Land Remediation )- EfG website at http://eurogeologists.eu/. Flo Bullough under NQMS for those wishing to Environment Agency

08 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

CGeol at 25

Chartership is 25 years old. Tracey Radford and David Shilston,* Chartered Geologists, Atkins Ltd., take an engineering geological perspective

week is a long time in politics, RoGEP so it is said, and the 25 years Within the civil engineering sector, part of since the inauguration of CGeol the answer to the ‘what’s next?’ question is SOAPBOX are much longer. Indeed, only the Register of Ground Engineering A those of us who are more than Professionals, which is run collaboratively CALLING! about 50 years old can remember the days by the Institution of Civil Engineers, the when the Geological Society did not offer Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, chartered status to its Fellows. and the Geological Society. Entry to the Soapbox is open to contributions Let us not look back, therefore - except RoGEP Register requires one to be chartered from all Fellows. You can always to say that, in the engineering geology (‘Professional’), after which there are two write a letter to the Editor, of sector, CGeol has become the sign of a further grades of membership (‘Specialist’ course: but perhaps you feel you properly trained professional, and is on a and ‘Advisor’). The Register has grown need more space? par with the chartership of the other rather slowly, but is nevertheless professions with which we work – increasingly recognised as a further If you can write it entertainingly in architects, civil-structural engineers, professional designation. It should feature 500 words, the Editor would like ecologists, accountants. Chartership is on the bucket lists of all our younger to hear from you. Email your now very much the norm and appears colleagues as a long-term aspiration. And piece, and a self-portrait, to high on the list of goals and ambitions to for those who are already chartered, it ted.nield@geolsoc. org.uk. be achieved by graduates in our industry. provides formal recognition of their Copy can only be accepted continuing development. electronically. No diagrams, Routes Thus, after 25 years, CGeol has become tables or other illustrations But that said, do our younger professionals not the end of an engineering geologist’s please. really know what it means to be a professional development, but just a step Chartered Geologist? At the start of their along the way! Pictures should be of print careers they probably do not, but their quality – please take routes to chartership can provide a photographs on the largest framework and a focus for training and setting on your camera, with a development towards satisfying the seven plain background. CGeol criteria. They soon realise that chartership is a professional qualification Precedence will always be given which is more than just ‘time served’; it is to more topical contributions. a validation of competence and skills that Any one contributor may not ultimately supports personal appear more often than once per development, career growth and 25 volume (once every 12 months). promotion. There is also the other side of ~ the coin: employers want well trained, YEARS enthusiastic, self-propelled staff. Chartership is one of the indicators of such CHARTERSHIP people, and the mentoring of staff and the IS NOW VERY MUCH use of a structured training programme CHARTERSHIP can pay substantial dividends for both THE NORM AND staff and employers. APPEARS HIGH ON In becoming chartered we make a personal commitment to continuing THE LIST OF GOALS professional development throughout our ➤ For more on Chartership in this issue, see AND AMBITIONS TO careers; but what about further recognition Matt Whitehead in Society News p. 06 and BE DELIVERED BY of people's skills, competence, experience Sticks & Stones, p. 24 and service to the industry and profession? GRADUATES IN OUR The average age for becoming a Chartered INDUSTRY Geologist is somewhere in the early 30s - * Tracey Radford is Principal Engineering what do we have for those beyond Geologist, and David Shilston Technical ~ chartership? Director, Engineering Geology, Atkins

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 09 BULLARD’SFIT

Edward Crisp Bullard Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College

ifty years ago on 28 October, good the ‘fits’ are and secondly, the Douglas Palmer* 1965, a paper entitled ‘The fit of authors avoided using the ‘fits’ as an th the continents around the argument to support continental drift. celebrates the 50 Atlantic’ was published in the However, the introduction does Philosophical Transactions of remark that an approximate fit, F 1 anniversary of Sir the Royal Society of London . Written by especially of the coastlines of Africa and Sir Edward Bullard, J E Everett and A South America, had been noticed by Edward Bullard’s Gilbert Smith, it described the first use of many writers - most famously by Alfred numerical methods to generate a Wegener ‘in support of his hypothesis of computer-aided computerised fit of the continents, which continental drift’, as far back as 1912. the authors claimed could ‘not to be due While the idea of continental drift solution to the to chance’. appealed to many geologists, it was not support by geophysicists, such as Sir Atlantic jigsaw Pivotal Harold Jeffreys, who criticised ‘the Their claim became widely accepted and assumption that the Earth can be the paper has been lauded as one of the deformed indefinitely by small forces, pivotal contributions to the emergence of provided they act long enough’3. the theory of plate tectonics. As of 2015, Jeffreys, an eminent Cambridge it has been cited in over 1500 different geophysicist, also disbelieved3 the reality publications and Dan McKenzie2 has of the fit of South America and southern pointed out two particular features that Africa. However, he based his argument account for its lasting influence. Firstly, on the South Atlantic’s modern Above: Sir Edward Crisp Bullard (1907-1980) the paper simply sets out to show how coastlines, which have wide continental

10 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ~ ALTHOUGH WEGENER HAD REALIZED THIS GEOLOGICAL REALITY, HE DID NOT PURSUE IT. IT TOOK ANOTHER 50 YEARS BEFORE BEING FINALLY AND SUCCESSFULLY PURSUED BY BULLARD, EVERETT AND SMITH ~

Left: Dr Alan Smith, Cambridge University

Prof. Jim Everett, University of Western Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting

Samuel Warren Carey AO By permission of the Master and Fellows of St John’s College, Cambridge (1911-2002) shelves in southernmost latitudes. the fit of the African and South American mathematical answer. Bullard and his colleagues agreed with continental margins. Using a 75cm globe Using EDSAC2, the early Cambridge Jeffreys that the fit of the opposing two with moveable hemispherical plastic University mainframe computer, in 1962 coastlines is neither close, nor very caps, Carey traced the submarine Everett worked from first principles of meaningful1. And they pointed out that, contours of the continental margins onto spherical geometry and wrote a program in geological terms, the real edge of the the caps and manoeuvred them until he that could fit together any wiggly lines on continent is the continental slope, an obtained the best fit. This was a sphere. Everett’s ‘wiggly lines’ were of essential fact that Jeffreys inexplicably remarkably good for the 2000m course the continental margins, and he missed. Although Wegener had realised (approximately 1000 fathom) contour, was able to show that the 500 and 1000 this geological reality, he did not pursue which is on the steepest part of the fathom bathymetric contours gave good this vital line of inquiry. It took another continental slope. statistical fits and that of the two 50 years before being finally and The stated aim of the Bullard et al. contours, the 500 fathom fit (c. 1000m) successfully pursued by Bullard, Everett paper was to ‘to put the facts beyond seemed best. and Smith. doubt by using the best data available By the end of 1963 Everett had devised and finding the ‘best fits’ by objective an iterative procedure to generate a Carey arithmetic methods’1. Bullard was a quantified fit for the South Atlantic, with Interestingly however, it was the work of ‘fixist’ at the time and did not see how minimum least-square misfit. This fit, Tasmanian geologist Warren Carey in the any of the then current physical models computed using spherical geometry, late 1950s that prompted Bullard to tackle permitted continental drift. Nevertheless, compared closely to Carey’s visual fit. the problem. As Jim Everett and Alan he determined to resolve the question And, although he was not aware of it at Smith have recently pointed out4, Bullard ‘just how good is the fit between South the time, Jim Everett had devised an was impressed by Carey’s 19585 simple America and Africa?’4 and set his PhD application of the fixed-point theorem

graphical and visual method for showing student Jim Everett to find a developed in 1775 by the famous Swiss ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 11 Dr Alan Smith, speaking at the Geological Society in 2008, when he received the Murchison Medal

Courtesy of Ted Nield

Top Right: Sir Harold Jeffreys (1891-1989)

▼ mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-83). Not only was it one of the first applications of the Euler theorem in this field, it also prompted a much wider use of the theorem by geologists, especially in the field of plate tectonics and continental displacement - as every first year student now knows. However, the computed fit had to be displayed on a map, so Jim Everett had to write a second program to calculate the Mercator coordinates for the present- day geographic grid of South America rotated to its best-fit position relative to Africa. This was a laborious business. The data points had to be read off maps Alfred (from the Times World Atlas) and digitised Wegener’s by hand. famous Alan Smith’s contribution to the paper reconstruction of Pangaea was primarily concerned with the recognised the problem of extending the best fit to the importance of fitting shelf- North Atlantic. Smith had graduated edges rather from Cambridge (1959) in physics and than present Courtesy of Dr A.G. Smith, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge’ geology and during graduate work at coastlines Princeton learned computer programming and been exposed to Harry Hess’s developing ideas about

Edward Crisp Bullard Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College ocean-floor spreading. But at the time Smith was still most ‘heavily influenced’4 by Jeffreys’ apparently irrefutable arguments against the possibility of continental drift. Alan Smith returned in 1963 to the Cambridge Department of Geodesy and Geophysics as a research assistant (to Jack Miller) to date South American and African rocks on either side of the South The fact that a Atlantic, to put time-constraints on the computer had postulated break-up these two continents corroborated and to verify the fit. But on learning of Wegener’s assertion that Jim Everett’s work, he became involved shelf profiles with applying Everett’s methodology to match closely the North Atlantic, bringing with him across the Atlantic was some much-needed geological expertise. very persuasive Carey’s reconstruction of the North Photo courtesy: Alfred Wegener Institute for polar and Marine research, Bremerhaven

Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) in Greenland

Atlantic continents was poor, largely quantified fit of Gondwana6. because of geological problems, such as The work also led to the production in REFERENCES the question of whether Iceland should be 1973 of a series of reconstructions of included in any attempted fit. Smith Phanerozoic world maps7. These 1. Bullard, E, Everett, J E and Smith, A G, 1965. ‘The fit of the continents around the Atlantic’, decided to omit Iceland because of its computerised reconstructions have published in the Philosophical Transactions of volcanic nature, an omission that turned become very familiar; but few of today’s the Royal Society of London, Series A. Vol. out to be fully justified. young geologists are aware of their 258, No. 1088, pp 41-5. modern scientific genesis, which owes so Iberian correction 2. McKenzie, D P, 2013. ‘Rutherford’s much to the pioneering work of Sir geophysicists’. Institute of Physics, History of In order to resolve the fit of the North Edward Bullard, Jim Everett and Alan Physics Group Meeting, Cambridge. Abstract Atlantic, the 500 fathom contour was first Smith. booklet 48pp. digitised on the assumption that would As a postscript, it is worth pointing 3. Jeffreys, H, 1924. ‘The Earth’. 1st Edn. provide the best fit, as it had done in the out that while Sir Edward had the initial Cambridge University Press. (4th Edn, 1959) South Atlantic. It did, but not without a idea, all the analysis was done by Everett 4. Everett, J E and Smith, A G, 2008. ‘Genesis bit more geological correction, specifically and Smith, using the computational of a geophysical icon: the Bullard, Everett and the clockwise rotation of the Iberian method designed by Everett. Fifty years Smith reconstruction of the circum-Atlantic peninsula to close the Bay of Biscay, ago the relative contribution to a continents’. Earth Sciences History, 27.1, pp1- which was justified by palaeomagnetic scientific paper by the various authors 12. evidence of a difference in magnetic was not clarified. u 5. Carey, S W, 1958. ‘A tectonic approach to declination between Iberia and Europe. continental drift’. In: ‘Continental Drift: A Altogether, the computed best fit of the Symposium’, Carey, S W (ed.), pp177-355. circum-Atlantic continents clearly * Dr Douglas Palmer Hobart: University of Tasmania Press. delineated the supercontinent of Laurasia E: [email protected] 6. Smith, A G and Hallam, A, 1970. ‘The fit of along with the western part of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge the southern continents. Nature 225: pp139- 144. supercontinent of Gondwana. This in turn provided the foundation for the first 7. Smith, A G, Briden, J C and Drewry, G E, 1973. ‘Phanerozoic world maps’ In ‘Organisms computer-generated reconstruction of the ➤ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Douglas Palmer, author, is Public and Continents through Time’, N F Hughes Pangean supercontinent, although at this Programmes Coordinator for the (ed.), Joint Symposium of the Geological stage it did not include eastern Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. He is Society, Palaeontological Association and Gondwana. The latter was subsequently very grateful for help in writing this account Systematic Association. Special Papers in added by Alan Smith, again using from Drs Alan Smith and Jim Everett Palaeontology 12, pp1-43. digitised data, and provided the first

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14 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published as GEOSCIENTIST LETTERS promptly as possible in Geoscientist Online and a selection READERS’ printed each month. Please submit your letter (300 words or fewer, by email only please) to [email protected]. LETTERS Letters will be edited. For references cited in these letters, please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters

Rick Brassington, pictured at the Society’s commemorative plaques to the Institution of Geologists

Sir, As first President of the Institution of Geologists, I should like to congratulate new Council members Rick Brassington for yet again flying the former Institution’s flag. Throughout its long life, Rick has been a continuing enthusiast for our activities. Keep up the good work Mr Brassington! JOHN SHANKLIN

Wegener – on a plate?

Sir, I was surprised to read Dr Shellnutt (Living with metrics, Geoscientist 25.3, p9) outline the work of the late Alfred Wegener on 'Plate Tectonics' - when in fact he only advocated the Continental Drift hypothesis in his 1912 publication and 1915 book. SUE HATHAWAY, BRIGHTON

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Heteromorph - the rarest remains unexplained. Carboniferous-Permian boundary. At In later sections, key locations and age 93, giant eruptions in Siberia fossil ammonites collectors from around the world are spewed enough gases into the air over described, and cephalopod art reviewed. a long enough period to wipe out 90% I remember The book ends with an account of the of living species. as a collection, preparation and exhibition of Not long afterwards, when Earth schoolboy the ‘million dollar art object’ which was 95-96, the supercontinent Pangaea collecting displays a two by four metre assemblage broke apart, and giant dinosaurs partially of over 300 ammonite and nautilus roamed the surface, only to die off uncoiled specimens weighing over 2500 kg. This when a giant meteor hit Mexico as ammonites was developed by Luc Ebbo, who has Earth turned 98. Earth turned 99 in from the done much to reveal features of the middle of a muggy Eocene epoch, Gault Clay at heteromorphs missed by earlier workers. after which the central heating failed,

Folkestone. Back then, Late Cretaceous Some purist palaeontologists find CO2 fell, and ice grew again. By the ammonites that departed from the such commercialisation offensive, but end of November in Earth’s last year, planispiral habit were regarded as rare Grulke’s book shows the importance of proto-humans appeared, and as oddities - deformed mutants that the work of ‘professional amateurs’ like December progressed, the northern heralded the extinction of the order at the him and the commercial collectors and hemisphere was beset by ice. Yet at end of the Cretaceous. Wolfgang Grulke preparators with whom he collaborates 9.45pm on Earth’s 100th birthday a shows that the modern view of in advancing and promoting warm snap arrived with the Holocene heteromorph ammonites is totally palaeontology. epoch. different. He describes how they arose In Part 2, Lee takes the reader three times during the reign of the order, Reviewed by Chris Wilson through how things work: drifting and that ‘at a point during the mid- continents; plate tectonics; evolution; Cretaceous they represented almost half HETEROMORPH: THE RAREST FOSSIL missing links; dating rocks; antique of all ammonite species…’. AMMONITES: NATURE AT ITS MOST BIZARRE meteorites and their impacts; the ups Some years ago I visited Wolfgang’s WOLFGANG GRULKE 2014. Published by At One and downs of mountains; dating astounding private museum in Dorset. Communications ISBN: 978-0-9929740-0-8 224pp humans; thermometers for times past; (hbk) List price: £38.00 At the entrance there is a beautifully ancient climates and what drove them. prepared surreal assemblage of Signs of past times even include plant heteromorphs, pictured on the cover of and animal remains encased in this book. Wolfgang explains that it crystallised urine in packrat middens. wasn’t until ‘the tools and techniques The record of past climates makes used to extract and prepare fossil Your Life as Planet Earth clear the role of plate tectonics as a ammonites became much more Geology can be a fun source of CO2 , and the role of chemical sophisticated in the 1980s and 1990s that subject, but it’s not weathering of silicates in mountains as the full characteristics of the complex often that we find it a sink for it. CO2 can indeed lead shapes of heteromorph ammonites could written about that way. temperature change. But it did not be revealed’. Howard Lee has risen within the Ice Age, when Earth’s The book contains many stunning to the challenge by orbital fluctuations changed photographs showing the beauty and imagining that Earth temperature, which drove changes in complexity of heteromorphs. It opens was like a human with CO2. Where are we now? The orbit has with a lay person’s introduction to a 100-year life span. Earth in a cold phase, but our climate ammonites, but later chapters require In its teens, Earth’s is warm. Our emissions of greenhouse some prior knowledge. These include a face was pockmarked by acne – from the gas explain that divergence. It’s not treatment of ‘sexy spirals’ including the impacts of asteroids and comets. At 40 the sun, which is in decline. golden ratio and Mandelbrot’s fractal years old, its Archaean organisms had The message Lee pulls from the geometry, lifestyles, evolution and merged with bacteria to form the first rock record is much the same as that in development of cephalopods, and a eukaryotic cells. At 46, primitive the Society’s climate change statement. description of the three heteromorph organisms had started to fill its His story is very well documented, evolutionary experiments during the Late atmosphere with a new gas, oxygen. supported with 885 references. I Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Late Earth was an ancient 88 year-old by the highly recommend it for anyone with Jurassic-Cretaceous. start of the Cambrian, 540 million years a mildly scientific background as well Each of these episodes is illustrated by ago. as old dogs like me who have environmental reconstructions of marine On its 90th birthday land plants forgotten most of the geology they realms showing possible life habits of invented wood, enabling them to stand were taught. monomorph and heteromorph upright. They sucked CO2 out of the air, ammonites. The author speculates about lowering temperature and triggering a Reviewed by Colin Summerhayes how heteromorphs might have lived and brief ice age some 458 million years ago. whether at least some, such as those By the time Earth was 91, fish begin to shaped like paper clips, had their shells walk on land. When it was 92, giant coal YOUR LIFE AS PLANET EARTH by HOWARD LEE, 2014. E-book, ISBN: 978-0- partially enveloped by fleshy mantles. swamps sucked enough CO2 out of the air 9766137-1-8 (available from ylape.com and Illuminating; but the evolutionary to create a further glaciation some 30 Amazon – Kindle edition £7.66) advantage conveyed by heteromorphy million years long, spanning the

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The Anthropocene - The developed for one way in which change The author also places shale gas in might come about, including a the wider context of climate change. Human Era and how it declaration that the effects of With reference to Pacala and Socolow’s anthropogenic change have been ‘stabilisation wedges’, he shows how Shapes our Planet sufficiently great for a new geological shale gas can have a positive impact on There is considerable epoch to be identified. Change, in this climate change and contrasts this with interest in whether the scenario, is driven initially by people in its perceived negative impacts. He time, and changing China and North America and it spills delves deeper into the science of energy, environmental over into different power groups and with comparisons of burning coal vs. conditions, are ripe for different countries. Like the book, the gas, fugitive methane and discusses the recognition of a scenario is thought provoking, positive proposals and rebuttals on the new geological epoch, and well argued. This engaging book importance of relative impacts. the Anthropocene. The deserves to be widely read. Particularly good is his discussion of term, attributed to Paul ‘methane in water’, a very clear Crutzen and Eugene Reviewed by Chris Hawkesworth evidence-based argument that places Stoermer (2000) is used to denote the the media hype in perspective. The present time interval in which many THE ANTHROPOCENE - THE HUMAN ERA AND argument is well-paced, tells a logical geologically significant conditions and HOW IT SHAPES OUR PLANET and well referenced story and, while it processes are profoundly altered by Christian Schwägerl Synergetic Press (2015) 234pp does lead you to the author’s ISBN-978-0-907791-55-3 List price: £16.99 human activities. A Working Group of the conclusion, it does imply that that is the Subcommission on Quaternary ‘only possible’ conclusion. Stratigraphy is deliberating. For both its content and accessibility, Into this debate Christian Schwägerl this book deserves to become the ‘go-to’ has launched an engaging, impressively volume on shale gas and fracking for well referenced and highly positive book. Shale Gas and Fracking policy-makers, economists as well as He is a science and environmental As the preface of this geologists, NGOs and local journalist interested in interactions excellent book communities. Thanks to the writer’s between humans, nature, and technology. explains, while many skill as a science communicator, this Inspired by the idea, he addresses what it people and institutions book is for everyone and anyone might mean to live in the Anthropocene. are looking for interested in geoscience and how it can The book starts with the life of Paul information on shale galvanise a society. Crutzen, his ideas and the impact they gas and fracking, much have had, and ends with a conversation of what they find is Reviewed by John Midgeley with him in the author’s kitchen. It is often thinly disguised built in part on arresting snippets of propaganda. The SHALE GAS AND FRACKING: THE SCIENCE information: the site of the Iron Curtain author holds out that one source of BEHIND THE CONTROVERSY has evolved into an impromptu green belt information that matters is the science, STEPHENSON, M 2015. 170pp sbk & Kindle. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN (Print) 9780128016060 12,500 km in length, and currently the CO2 and his book tells an evidence-based story (Ebook) 9780128017623 List price: £51.84 (print). emissions associated with making a litre that addresses the dominant highlights of Other prices for combinations. of milk are equivalent to burning a third the current, predominantly non-scientific of a litre of oil. discourse, as espoused in the popular These are brought together to address media and by certain pressure groups major issues around the relationship of opposing the industry. technosphere to biosphere, and how they The book tells a story - the what, how are increasingly interlinked. Cities have and why of shale gas; and while it is Shale Gas in Europe to function like nature, technology needs informed by research, community and This multi-author to be a symbiont of the Earth system, not industrial experience from the US, it is volume will be of an opponent, and bioadaption could be about shale gas and fracking in the UK. value to lawyers, the new paradigm of technological Stephenson acknowledges the limitations economists, development. of shale gas here compared with the US, politicians, energy Economy will become ecology in the but puts forward an argument in favour of analysts and Anthropocene because without the the industry by putting these limitations in investors. Typically, services of the oceans, forests, climate and their wider context. He breaks the subject in such a book, the water, a sustainable economy is not into a series of contested areas and chapters are of possible anywhere. Functioning addresses each in turn with an evidence variable quality; ecosystems will need to be ascribed their based argument. many are totally devoid of diagrams, economic value so that they appear on the While taking an informal style of maps and graphs. Nevertheless the book positive side of company or government writing the author cleverly explains some is unique in its perspective and will be an balance sheets. That has to happen now, very complex geological topics in a important text for European shale gas not when they are destroyed. manner that is accessible by the public and investors for years to come. The failure of world leaders in not patronising to the specialist. The Unfortunately the translations of certain Copenhagen in 2009 indicates that bibliography at the end of each chapter chapters, particularly those from Polish solutions should be created from below, serves as a starting point for further and French are of only moderate quality

rather than above. A scenario is investigation of that chapter’s subject. and lack consistency – a major weakness ▼

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▼ where so many key legal precedents and beyond. Since then I’ve been fascinated NATURAL RESOURCES IN AFGHANISTAN: statutes are quoted. by the potential role of geoscience in GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC PERSPECTIVES Part One consists of five chapters and supporting sustainable development in ON CENTURIES OF CONFLICT JOHN F. SHRODER, 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc. has a welcome summary of Shale Gas in this region of the world. Shroder’s book 572pp (hbk) ISBN 978-01280013356 the USA. This introductory part goes on serves to highlight this exciting potential, List price: £125.00 to discuss the legal framework in Europe helping the reader understand both the www.store.elsevier.com/Natural-Resources-in- and then moves on to China. In Part Two relevant science and cultural complexities. Afghanistan/John-Shroder/isbn-9780128001356/ there is a summary of opportunities in Through 21 chapters, this volume Europe, but also a clear and concise presents an overview of the geology and discussion of the particular problems of geography of Afghanistan, exploring Shale Gas exploration in densely natural resources as both a problem and populated countries. solution, and discussing the relationship Part Three moves on to the specific between environment and development. Plate Tectonics - a very environmental challenges facing explorers The final two chapters offer a poignant short introduction in Europe and concludes with a case study reminder that there exist both pessimistic focusing on information dissemination in and optimistic outlooks about the future The story of how Germany. of Afghanistan. Overall it covers an Wegener’s Finally, in Part Four case histories are impressive range of topics, including controversial but provided for France, Poland, Germany geological structures, gemstones, water, fruitful theory of and the UK. This section of the book is soils, geomorphology, hazards and much continental drift, particularly welcome as it is a clear more. proposed in 1912, statement of the varied challenges facing Interactions between geology and morphed during the shale gas investors in these countries human geography are important, but 1960s into today’s where data is so scarce, and where commonly overlooked in country-specific widely accepted theory exploration has barely began. geoscience texts. Shroder successfully of plate tectonics, is Overall a welcome volume which integrates history, culture, politics and well known in outline; less so in detail. covers topics rarely discussed outside of geology to give a balanced, informative Unlike continental drift, dozens of North America. It does however highlight and holistic understanding of a geologists, geophysicists and others why the shale revolution has transformed remarkable nation. The book is also very contributed to plate tectonics, many of North American exploration and the well illustrated, although a tendency to them personally known to Peter Molnar, energy economy, but also why commercial print small sub-page sized maps meant who was a US graduate student in the success is Europe is probably decades legends were sometimes too small to read late 1960s and who is determined to give away. and use properly. The integration of everyone due credit (notwithstanding an context, together with many helpful index that omits oceanographer Bruce Reviewed by Tony Grindrod figures and tables, should ensure its Heezen). But this makes for a challenging appeal to a broad audience. The research task when writing in the format of a Very SHALE GAS IN EUROPE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY geologist, industry professional, Short Introduction, the prolific OUP series ANALYSIS WITH A FOCUS ON EUROPEAN government official, not-for-profit and intended not for specialists but non- SPECIFICITIES 2013. Edited by Musialski, C., intergovernmental organisation should all specialists wanting a reliable, readable Altmann, M., Lechtenbohmer, S.,& Zittel, W. find it generally accessible, engaging and overview of an unfamiliar field. Published by Claeys and Casteels. Deventer, The Netherlands. 553pp Available from Amazon informative. Often, Molnar’s introduction works (Hardback) List price: £58.42 www.geolsoc.org.uk Many potential users of this book will well, despite passages of semi-technical not have the English proficiency to benefit argument that will cause head-scratching from it fully. I hope that a government or among its intended readership. In the intergovernmental organisation will see initial chapter on the theory’s basic ideas, fit to commission one or more translations Molnar observes an interesting irony: into appropriate national languages. Such “whereas Wegener focused on continents Natural Resources in an endeavour could serve Afghani …, plate tectonics enjoys its widespread Afghanistan geoscience students, and other local and success largely in the regions below deep national government officials very well, oceans; … it fails most spectacularly Afghanistan has strengthening work towards a more within some portions of continents.” The been in the news for optimistic future. following chapter on seafloor spreading as long as I can As researchers and practitioners of and magnetic anomalies is the best in the remember, normally applied geoscience, investing in book. History here comes alive, as the as a place of conflict understanding ‘place’ can only enhance radical 1963 hypothesis of Frederick Vine and almost never as our work. Shroder’s holistic integration and Drummond Matthews receives a place of diverse of geology with a broader geographical increasing experimental confirmation landscapes, and historical narrative demonstrates how from measurements of the seafloor in resources and this can be done well. More books using many parts of the world. culture. In 2011, this approach would be a welcome But subsequent chapters never however, I was invited to join a workshop addition to the body of geoscience satisfactorily clarify how the distinct in Leicester on higher education in literature in existence. tectonic plates now in use came to be Afghanistan, meeting a number of defined—which in turn weakens the geoscience academics from Kabul and Reviewed by Joel Gill discussion of the admitted failures of

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plate tectonics in explaining, for example, Anglia), Northern, and Central Graben some mountain ranges, earthquakes and (including the Northern North Sea). Most volcanoes. Molnar reveals how major pages are devoted to annotated Himalayan earthquakes mostly do not photographs, which reveal the extent and occur on the plate boundary between the variability of chalk and its component India and the Eurasia plates. However, he lithologies and fabrics. Particular attention writes not a word about the severe is paid to weaknesses and heterogeneities Missouri earthquakes in the North that might otherwise be overlooked. America plate in 1811-12 far from plate Adequately describing chalk for boundaries. Nor does he mention the engineering purposes has always been unpredicted volcanism of the Hawaiian difficult, given its tendency to break up stratigraphical detail, all beautifully islands in the middle of the Pacific plate, during drilling, and its sensitivity to illustrated in colour. Surely, a book to be of currently explained by the hot-spot theory changes in moisture content. Nevertheless use to both professional geologists and yet of J Tuzo Wilson (who is of course the degree of deterioration brought about treasured by young enthusiasts. discussed for his recognition of transform by natural weathering is of considerable The book will appeal especially to faults). geotechnical importance and the author geologists, for it provides an indispensable Moreover, the 1886 earthquake in provides a pragmatic approach to its guide to the geology of the county. Each Charleston, South Carolina, is stated to description and assessment. This is of rock type is clearly illustrated in its true have rung church bells in far-off Boston, particular help when attempting to forms and colours. So often we find Massachusetts. Oddly enough, precisely interpolate between boreholes and/or authors in this field are apt to concentrate the same claim has long been made for the exposures. The final 20% of the book is on buildings at the expense of rocks. All of 1811-12 earthquakes, even by the US devoted to the description of chalk logs. the 30-plus rock types found in the region Geological Survey. Yet, research in the One of its beauties is the wonderful set are examined, their varieties displayed, the Boston press has thrown up no evidence to of colour photographs used to portray history of their use outlined, their support either myth. chalk profiles. The publisher has also quarrying localities indicated, and the made available a pdf copy of three names of places where they have been Reviewed by Andrew Robinson additional appendices covering typical used and may still be seen, provided. chalk core-logs through a variety of We could quibble, of course, over the PLATE TECTONICS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION weathered profiles, logs of cable-tool use of rock names, as stratigraphers love to PETER MOLNAR, 2015. Published by: Oxford University percussion samples, and the impact of do; but even I, obliged to research and Press 136pp (pbk) ISBN: 978019872826 sonic drilling on penetrating chalk profiles. check one name, found the authors totally List price: £7.99 The other beauty is the author’s correct. To the indigenous rocks, some 20 masterly synthesis of chalk description, imported rock types are added, and given built up over nearly half a century of study the same excellent, precise treatment. based on the seminal work of BRE (the The whole work was desktop- Mundford scheme by Ward, Burland & published by the authors and the printing Logging the Chalk Gallois), SML (Spink & Norbury) and and hardback binding undertaken by CIRIA, using his own experience of chalk Colour Printing International (CPI Antony There is a lot more to from a wide range of engineering projects Rowe) of Chippenham who were chalk than the White and field settings. overlooked in the acknowledgements. I Cliffs of Dover, and this The profession can only hope that this approved so much of the quality of their book does an excellent will become the template for a whole host work, I had to enquire from the authors! job of describing its of similar volumes covering the geological In 2006 Roger Birch moved some way huge variety of units with which they have to deal! towards the present production when he lithologies and fabrics. produced his popular colour guide to The emphasis is on the Reviewed by Mike Rosenbaum ‘Horsham Stone and Sussex Marble’. That English Upper this was not to be the last of his researches Cretaceous, but since was indicated when he gave that work the LOGGING THE CHALK this material is encountered in many civil Rory N Mortimore, 2014. Published by: Whittles sub-title ‘Sussex Stones’. engineering projects and across the North Publishing 352 pp (hbk) ISBN: 978 1 849 95098 5 This book is the result of extensive Sea it is likely that all engineering List price: £135.00 http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/ continued research by the authors. It has geologists and geotechnical engineers will been compiled with great care. The encounter it at some stage of their hundreds of localities referred to where the professional career. When they do, this is various rocks occur, have all clearly been the book to have to hand. visited, and carefully photographed. The The author commences with a concise Building Stones of West result is a book that can be used by church account of the stratigraphy, which no historians, conservators and longer features ‘Upper’, ‘Middle’ and Sussex archaeologists, to actually correctly ‘Lower’ divisions but instead uses new This is not just an excellent, exquisite identify rock types. If you have no idea of terms that better reflect regional variations. ‘coffee-table’ book; it offers accurate, useful, what Pulborough, Lavant or Mixon Stones The bulk of the book is devoted to the quality, readable information. The authors, look like, or have been used for, you too recognition and description of chalk within both retired experienced geologists and should possess a copy. the four main provinces: Southern, teachers, are to be warmly congratulated.

Transitional (London, Chilterns and East This work is comprehensively packed with Reviewed by John F Potter ▼

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▼ BUILDING STONES OF WEST SUSSEX material to improve the reliability of source material. ROGER BIRCH AND ROGER CORDINER 2014. oscillators in RAF radio-transmitting In the foreword the author offers some Self-published. ISBN 978-09551259-1-1.349pp, and receiving equipment) that was insight into his expectations of the person List price: £58.42 www.geolsoc.org.uk Currently from R Cordiner, 9 The Rowans, Grand partly inspired and informed by who buys this book, namely: “A student's Avenue, Worthing BN11 5AT ‘cairngorm’ specimens collected in the most powerful tool is humility; if you [email protected] area. commence this course...with the same The author has produced a rigorous, scholarly attitude as with a painstaking research account of his course in calculus, you will develop a subject: a definitive work achieved by very powerful level of comprehension”. enthusiastic effort. Thoroughly No doubt true, and while the exercises Crystal Mountains - researched and authoritative, the contained in the book are straightforward, various contributions to the book project there are no answers, which I feel might Minerals of the of well-over 200 individuals are be a little harsh if the student is not Cairngorms acknowledged by the author. In confident with the subject matter. summary, this reviewer found the As a lecture aid it is very adequate, The fourth of the volume to be a well-balanced, detailed although I feel it will not necessarily recent series of British and entertaining read, and is enthuse those who do not have the Mineralogy recommended. Affordable and requisite ‘attitude’, and who might like Publications on specific accessible, Crystal Mountains is their illustrations to be in colour, or to be geographic areas of anticipated to become a valuable less of a detective story. The explanatory British geology, this resource to researchers in British text for some of the exercises does need to latest book presents a mineralogy, gemmologists and mineral be sought out, and could well lead to comprehensive collectors. Reference to the volume will confusion and frustration. account of the undoubtedly enhance any trip to the The text is abundantly illustrated in geological background Cairngorms National Park for all black and white, and even the geological and historical context of the most famous visitors who have an interest in Scottish map extracts have been reworked, Scottish mineral and gem-prospecting geology and mineralogy, social history perhaps to facilitate copying. As a result locations. or the photography / art of dramatic there are quite a few typos, the most Presented in 11 main sections, the natural landscapes. disorientating of which is in figure 7.4 volume concentrates on the principal which places the Wenlock and Llandovery mineral species of the Cairngorms Reviewed by Mark Griffin within the Ordovician on the (all Silurian) National Park and adjacent areas of NE Island of Gotland! Scotland. Introduced with an overview of I suspect that given a choice between the tectonic setting and igneous geology this austere format and more modern CRYSTAL MOUNTAINS – MINERALS OF THE of the Cairngorms, the mineralogy and CAIRNGORMS styles (such as Bennison et al. 2011) the occurrences of the main mineral groups Roy E. Starkey. British Mineralogy Publications. 2014. latter is likely to appeal to the lone (smoky quartz or ‘cairngorm’, beryl and ISBN 978-0-9930182-1-3. Sbk. 178pp. student, whereas the subject of this review topaz) are described in detail, with a List price: £25.00, www.britishmineralogy.com may well be preferred by a lecturer who general account of the associated needs the lesson-plan virtually on a plate. subordinate mineral species encountered In terms of the content, this book is within the National Park. Each mineral technically comprehensive, and it does group is lavishly illustrated with what it says on the cover despite its numerous full-colour photographs of the Understanding Geology drawbacks. more significant specimens (many previously unpublished), and extensively Through Maps Reviewed by Arthur Tingley supplemented with images of the 'Geological Map spectacular upland scenery and Interpretation' would UNDERSTANDING GEOLOGY THROUGH MAPS landscapes they are located within. be an alternative title GRAHAM BORRADAILE, 2014. Published by: Elsevier The volume also documents the for this no frills, 183 pp [Hardback] ISBN 978-0-12-800866-9 Ref: Bennison G, Olver P, Moseley K 2011. An associated social histories involved in workmanlike volume. Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps. ‘winning’ the minerals, chronicling the It would seem to be a Hodder Education gruelling (and sometimes perilous) reworking and endeavours of individual collectors. The publication of tutor's important public and private collections notes for a first-year (local, national and Royal!) and the university course; processing (lapidaries and jewellers) of although in some places it is stated that Antarctic the gemstones are also described. An this is a stand-alone ‘course’, in others the interesting bonus to this mineralogical reader is referred to ‘your supervisor’. So Palaeoenvironments and legacy is a section summarising the I have concluded that the author was connection the area had with the UK’s writing this as a text to accompany and Earth-Surface Processes military technological development provide source material for an This Geological Society Special Publication during WW2, outlining the research into introductory course on geological maps. was published in honour of Peter Frank the physical science and engineering Indeed it does feel more like a textbook Barker and contains 26 papers from the applications of synthetic quartz (used as a aimed at providing a lecturer with some 11th International Symposium on Antarctic

20 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online, of which a small selection is shown below. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

Earth Sciences. The ANTARCTIC PALAEOENVIRONMENTS AND Special Publication. Additionally, some papers are presented in EARTH-SURFACE PROCESSES diagrams, for example several figures three major themes: edited by M J Hambrey, P F Barrett, V Bowman, B presenting structural information in Davies, J L Smellie and M Tranter, 2013. Geological Palaeozoic & Mesozoic Society of London Special Publication 381; 506pp Kinnard and Robertson, are reproduced evolution of the (hbk) ISBN: 9781862393639 List Price: £125 in greyscale and/or otherwise in Antarctic continent, dimensions such as to render them Cenozoic glaciations & largely unintelligible. impacts and Glacial At almost 650 pages this is certainly and Periglacial one of the longer special publications processes. Geological Development (and I suspect could have been much While this is an adequate description of longer still) but justifiably so given the the books contents it does not do justice to of Anatolia complexity of the region. All things the depth and breadth of topics covered in considered, the collection is an enjoyable this volume. The book opens with a This special edition and deeply informative read for thorough review of the Transantarctic presents a postgraduates, academics or Mountains and the tectonics theme comprehensive professionals with an interest in the continues with a novel technique for collection of 22 papers tectonics of Anatolia. measuring offset on an inferred fault on the development of Colour Printing International (CPI beneath the Byrd Glacier and the the Anatolian region Antony Rowe) of Chippenham who were characterisation of stress fields within the from the Late overlooked in the acknowledgements. I South Orkney Microcontinent. Palaeozoic to the approved so much of the quality of their The book then shifts to a “soft geology” present day. The work, I had to enquire from the authors! focus with an impressive overview of the papers represent a In 2006 Roger Birch moved some way Devonian Taylor Group sediments, a wide range of areas encompassing the towards the present production when he review of dinosaurs from the James Ross whole region and cover an array of topics produced his popular colour guide to Basin and a biogeographical study of with a distinct structural and tectonic bias. ‘Horsham Stone and Sussex Marble’. Austral echinoid faunas. If one paper on The volume is organised in an That this was not to be the last of his bipedal theropods wasn’t enough, the approximate chronological order for the researches was indicated when he gave Cenozoic section opens with a taxonomic casual reader, however an annotated map that work the sub-title ‘Sussex Stones’. revision of Eocene penguins! in the introduction helpfully locates the This book is the result of extensive This section continues with a area covered by each subsequent paper continued research by the authors. It has smorgasbord of papers covering allowing the reader to jump to particular been compiled with great care. The everything from seismic stratigraphy to sections of interest. hundreds of localities referred to where novel methods for reconstructing Notable contributions include the various rocks occur, have all clearly bioproductivity. The final theme provides Robertson et al.’s extensive multi- been visited, and carefully photographed. a series of papers on the processes that are disciplinary paper on East Tauride The result is a book that can be used by operating on Antarctica today or in the tectonics which includes a selection of church historians, conservators and more recent geological past. This section structural, chemical and palaeontological archaeologists, to actually correctly continues the diversity of topics with analyses to give a well-reasoned account identify rock types. If you have no idea papers on geomorphology, Antarctic soils, of the tectonic history. Hardenberg & of what Pulborough, Lavant or Mixon palaeoshoreline studies, seismic studies of Robertson’s submission on sinistral strike Stones look like, or have been used for, drift deposits and EnviroSat based snow slip motions in Syria, an in-depth paper by you too should possess a copy. mappng. Duman & Emre on segmentation of the Of particular note in this section is the East Anatolian Fault and a very accessible Reviewed by Amy Clare Ellis review of present and potential future study by Harrison et al. on the uplift periglacial processes and landform history of Cyprus using carbon dating and GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANATOLIA AND studies. This paper provides the luminescence data in conjunction with THE EASTERNMOST MEDITERRANEAN REGION wonderful combination of known and structural mapping. The volume contains Robertson, A H F, Parlak, O & Ünlügenç, U C (eds) 2013 Geological Society, London, Special unknown, which is suitable material for a large number of illustrations and Publications, 372. future research. Combined with extensive micrographs throughout which photos of features, some with question- complement the detailed text. marked processes, this makes for a There are also two excellent compelling read, even for a palynologist! submissions by Parlak et al. on the Overall, this volume of the Geological Ispendere Ophiolite and other ophiolites Society’s Special Publications is an in northeast Anatolia. Both papers include Granites: Petrology, excellent addition to any desk, bookshelf detailed maps and sections and some Structure, Geological or library. It covers a wonderful breadth delightful colour micrographs alongside of topics without any lack of depth. As detailed geochemical analysis. Again, it is Setting and Metallogeny entertaining and interesting as it is useful, this multi-disciplinary element which sets Granites and granitic rocks (with their I would recommend it to anybody with apart the papers within this publication. associated magmatism) are the signature research interests on the Earth’s coldest The text is let down somewhat by components that characterise the growth continent. patchy proofreading with mistakes and evolution of the (upper) continental evident in titles, authors' names and crust. Presented in 14 successive

Reviewed by Matthew Pound diagrams, which is disappointing for a chapters, this volume systematically ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 21 have no Internet access? CALL THE [Library Bookshop 0207 432 0999 for] BOOKS & ARTS advice and to purchase publications

▼ covers the major contribution to the literature on granite. images are provided of the Earth (i.e., aspects of the A recommended (and affordable) read! satellite imagery, topography, gravimetric petrology, mineralogy Ref: Editions Vuibert. 2011. or magnetic field), which would have and geochemistry, Pétrologie des Granites – Structure – been valuable additions. petrogenesis, physical Cadres géologique. Paris 2011. Deeper geodynamics such as core and and structural nature, lower mantle processes seem to be largely and economic Reviewed by Mark Griffin missing from the book. This is a lost characteristics of these opportunity as in recent decades much important crustal GRANITES: PETROLOGY, STRUCTURE, progress has been made on rocks. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND METALLOGENY understanding the geodynamo and The significant features of granites are Anne Nédélec, Jean-Luc Bouchez and Peter Bowden. imaging of the mantle by means of Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-19- described and defined by a modern, 870561-1. Hbk. 352pp. List price: £49.99, seismic wave tomography. In terms of multidisciplinary approach. The key www.oup.com/uk the books online content, all figures and details and arguments associated with the answers to selected problems can be major topics in granite geology are downloaded from the publishers’ presented within the context of their website. Unfortunately this seems to be tectonic framework, geological setting and only possible as a registered lecturer (more broadly) in relation to Earth Geodynamics (3rd Edn) because a link needs to be provided to a evolution and plate tectonics. The authors staff profile webpage. have managed to successfully integrate 'For the past three In conclusion, after starting reading information from a wide variety of data decades, Donald with high expectations on the fully sources to produce a comprehensive and Turcotte and Gerald updated content, it seems that the book, current synthesis on the geology of Schubert’s first edition which is still a classic on plate tectonic granite. (1982) was a landmark knowledge as established in the previous Developed from the original French book that has guided century, has only scratched the surface on edition1 the text in each chapter is clearly many teachers and more recent work and deeper and concisely written and edited, with students alike in the geodynamics in general. this reviewer encountering only field of geodynamics. occasional and minor translational / The second edition was Reviewed by Douwe G van der Meer contextual errors. The text is presented published 20 years later and now in 2014 with numerous and appropriate data- a third edition has appeared. UNDERSTANDING GEOLOGY THROUGH MAPS tables, graphs and excellently drafted After an introduction to plate tectonics GEODYNAMICS by DONALD TURCOTTE & GERALD black and white line diagrams, maps and on Earth and other planets, the various SCHUBERT (3rd Edn). Published: April 2014, photographs. Most chapters are physical and chemical processes are Cambridge University Press; ISBN 9780521186230; 472pp sbk. www.cambridge.org additionally supplemented by several treated including flexure of plates, heat ‘Information Box’ inserts that provide transfer, gravitational processes and the more detail on specific topics that mechanics of fluids and rocks. When underpin and inform the arguments compared to the second edition, a presented in the corresponding main text. whopping 167 pages have been added, This approach enables the reader to build equivalent to an extra 38% of content. Geophysics for the a greater appreciation of the topic if This extra material consists almost Mineral Exploration required and effectively augments the entirely of two chapters listing MATLAB principal textual content. The volume program codes to aid with computational Geoscientist also includes a concise and useful applications. This would be of high value glossary of specific granite-related for students and researchers in training There is now no terminology and an extensive (with over who are involved in programming their shortage of books 350 entries) and comprehensive reference own geophysical applications. For the covering the theory list. non-programming reader, this extra and application of The anticipated audience is expected to content is of less interest. exploration be broad-based, appealing to both an The back page claims that the book is geophysics, and new academic and general science readership. fully updated and key figures are additions need The book will be a valuable reference available in colour. However at closer ‘Unique Selling Points’. work for advanced undergraduate Earth examination of the original 10 chapters, For this book, the USP Science courses in igneous geology, only limited updates are found. Several has to be the number mineralogy and geochemistry and extra problems are discussed, and every and quality of its illustrations. Financial economic / ore geology. Post-graduate chapter ends with a brief conclusion. As support from industry has allowed colour academic and industry-based geoscientific most referenced text and figures refer to be used everywhere, and the researchers will undoubtedly find the back to publications from the previous importance of captions that do actually volume to be a modern and thorough century, one starts to wonder whether explain the figures has been well introductory text to the geology of geoscientific research has progressed over recognised. granite. the past 15 years at all! Some colour Following an introduction and a The authors, translator and publishers figures are now included, showing general treatment of data acquisition, are to be congratulated on producing a various features of extraterrestrial bodies. processing and interpretation common to welcome, authoritative and insightful Unfortunately no equivalent colour all methods, there are individual chapters

22 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online, of which a small selection is shown below. Contact the editor for further information [email protected] on gravity and magnetics, radiometrics, Biological and Geological Palaeoecology, Life Cycles & Diversity, electrical and electromagnetic methods and Stratigraphy & Evolution. and seismics (dominantly seismic Perspectives on Each section begins with a ‘keynote reflection). There are some slightly odd paper’ and ends with a paper devoted to omissions, and I searched in vain for Dinoflagellates future research. Abstracts to papers and magnetotellurics, ground radar and Dinoflagellates are posters not featured in the volume are seismic refraction. It took me a little eukaryotic protists also helpfully included. Because the time to discover that these are treated and can be found in Neogene is effectively the interface (and well) in online appendices. most aquatic between fossil and living dinoflagellates, Presumably their selection of ‘web- environments, with it is no surprise that the bulk of this only’ content is based on the authors’ about half being volume covers post-Paleogene themes. In assessment of relative utility, and autotrophs; most his response, Rob Fensome expressed workers on some types of mineral significantly, they are concern for the apparent decline in pre- deposit might disagree. The division a major component of Neogene studies ‘in the context of our has, however, one interesting the marine understanding of dinoflagellate consequence. Since these methods are phytoplankton. Specific dinoflagellates evolution’. discussed in the open-access part of the are responsible for harmful algal blooms The editors should be congratulated on website, you can learn about them (but and paralytic shellfish poisoning. producing such a worthy addition to The not the ones chosen for print) free, The organic-walled cysts of Micropalaeontological Society’s Special without purchasing the book! dinoflagellates (dinocysts) have a fossil Publication series. u This is a competent, well written and, record stretching back to the Middle within its chosen, deliberately limited Triassic and quickly radiated reaching Reviewed by Douwe G van der Meer field, comprehensive volume. And yet - peaks in diversity during the Albian, I would be reluctant to buy it, or Maastrichtian and early Eocene. BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES recommend it. My reason is simple. However, they have a geochemical signal uOF DINOFLAGELLATES J.M. LEWIS, F. MARRET Once again, Cambridge has elected to (dinosterane) suggesting an ancestry at AND L.R. BRADLEY (eds) . The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications, Geological Society, allow only university course directors least back to the Early Cambrian. London, 2013. TMS Member Price £50.00 who are using it as a course text to Dinoflagellate cysts tick all the right access significant parts of the online boxes when it comes to index fossils: resources. It is not even clear what this wide geographic distribution, ecologic restricted material is, because those tolerance, abundance, rapid evolution outside the magic circle have no way of rate and distinct morphologic features. In finding out. But on the website it is 1996 the late Robert Knox opined that BOOKS Available for review stated that CUP ‘need to enforce this ‘They are now established as perhaps the Please contact [email protected] if you would strictly so that solutions are not made most effective means of correlating like to supply a review. You will be invited to keep the available to students’. across the broad spectrum of facies review copy. See a full up-to-date list at Now this is not a book for encountered in the onshore and offshore www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews schoolchildren. It is aimed at basins of NW Europe’. postgraduates and advanced Since the classic incubation experiments u NEW! Evolution of a Breckland Landscape - undergraduates, and at people already by David Wall and Barrie Dale in the chalkland under a cold climate in the area of Beachamwell, Norfolk by Richard West. working in industry. They are being 1960s confirmed the relationship Suffolk Naturalists' Soc., 2015110pp sbk. short-changed. Moreover, the decision between fossil cysts and living thecae, u NEW! Beyond Governments - making collective displays a dispiriting failure to the need for collaboration between governance work: lessons from the extractive understand what a university is actually biologists and palaeontologists became industries transparency initiative by Richard West. for, to an extent almost unbelievable in a apparent. So began the first in a series of Suffolk Naturalists' Soc., 2015110pp sbk. publisher that still claims to be a ‘Fossil and Modern Dinoflagellate’ u NEW! Miner Indiscretions by John Ardeman. 2015. University Press. To deliberately place conferences in 1978. This volume A comic novel. Privately printed, 342pp sbk. off-limits some of the routes to self-study represents the fruits of the ninth such u NEW! Strata & Time - probing the gaps in our is incompatible with the very idea of meeting held at the University of uniderstanding by D G Smith et al., Eds. Geological university education. It would be barely Liverpool in 2011. Society/IUGS SP 404. 2015.325pp, hbk acceptable if applied to a text for sixth The volume kicks off with an insightful u NEW! Global Heritage Stone: towards forms. personal account of the history of the international recognition of building and ‘Dino conferences’ by Martin Head and ornamental stones by Pereira, D et al (eds). Reviewed by John Milsom Rex Harland, followed by a short review Geological Society SP 407. 2015. 275pp hbk by Potvin, and a citation by Jim Riding u NEW! Energy, the subtle concept – the This review should have appeared in the for a (richly deserved) Lifetime discovery of Feynman’s blocks from Leibniz previous issue. Editor Achievement Award bestowed on Rob to Einstein by Jennifer Coopersmith (revised) 2015 Oxford University press 422pp, sbk. Fensome (and his response). u Rather than present an array of loosely NEW! Fluid-induced seismicity, by Serge GEOPHYSICS FOR THE MINERAL EXPLORATION Shapiro. Cambridge University Press 2015 276pp, GEOSCIENTIST connected conference papers, the editors hbk MICHAEL DENTITH & STEPHEN T MUDGE Published by have sensibly arranged the rest of the Cambridge University Press: June 2014 ISBN 978-0- u NEW! A photographic guide to Shetland's 521-80951-1 438 pp. List price: £45.00 volume into four main themes reflecting Geology by David Malcolm and Robina Barton. www.cambridge.org/dentith the structure of the meeting itself: Shetland Times Ltd., 2015.118pp, sbk Environmental Change, Ecology &

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 23 PEOPLE NEWS CAROUSEL IN MEMORIAM WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/OBITUARIES All Fellows of the Society are entitled to entries in this column. Please email [email protected], THE SOCIETY NOTES WITH SADNESS THE PASSING OF: quoting your Fellowship number. Barker, R W N * Grinly, David * Bluck, Brian J

u James Jackson In the interests of recording its Fellows' work for posterity, the Society Professor of Active publishes obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. The most recent additions to the list are shown in bold. Fellows for whom no obituarist has yet been Tectonics, commissioned are marked with an asterisk (*). The symbol § indicates that University of biographical material has been lodged with the Society. Cambridge, and this year’s If you would like to contribute an obituary, please email ted.nield@geolsoc. Wollaston Medallist, org.uk to be commissioned. You can read the guidance for authors at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. To save yourself unnecessary work, has been created please do not write anything until you have received a commissioning letter. CBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honours Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming have their names list, ‘for services to and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. Environmental Science’.

u Brian Windley Professor Emeritus, University of Leicester, has been elected an Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of America, in recognition of ‘many years of outstanding and internationally recognised contributions’. The award will be made at the GSA’s annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, on 1 November 2015.

24 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE NEWS

Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, Europe and worldwide

DISTANT THUNDER He had a dream

As geologist and imports grew and roofing tiles worked by Welsh quarrymen became cheaper than slate. often contain slate tombstones science writer Nina Two world wars, coupled with a bearing Welsh inscriptions, as Morgan discovers, worldwide depression in crisp today as when they faith can sometimes between, led to the closure of were carved. move mountains many slate mines and quarries. The stone used for Methusalem Jones' Sometime during 1760s the Bat vents own headstone – or magnificently named The Diphwys quarry finally indeed the location of his Welshman, Methusalem Jones, closed in 1955. [Wikipedia, grave – is not known. But had a dream - a Divine Welsh Slate Industry]. But even a magnificent slab of Welsh message instructing him to dig in the face of strong slate with an epitaph like in the area around Blaenau competition from places such Efallai y byddwch yn gorffwys Ffestiniog. He obeyed the as China, Welsh slate refuses to mewn heddwch, eich instruction and established die. The Penrhyn quarry near cymynrodd byw ar (‘May you Diphwys Casson, the oldest of Bethesda in North Wales is still rest in peace, your legacy the major Welsh slate quarries. producing slates for roofing, lives on’) would certainly As a result he ended up a very and its owners are coming up be appropriate! rich man. The Diphwys quarry with innovative new uses for kicked off a major slate industry their product – including a ➤ Acknowledgement in North Wales. By the 1820s range of roof bat vents suitable This vignette was inspired by the quarry was producing for all 17 species protected by articles on Welsh Slate by Barry around 6000 tons of finished law. Hunt published in the November [roofing] slate a year and Meanwhile, Welsh slate – and 2013 and April 2015 issues of production took off in an even equivalent deposits on the other Natural Stone Specialist. Other *Nina Morgan is a geologist bigger way when the Ffestiniog side of the Iapetus ocean in sources include the websites and science writer based near narrow gauge railway opened what is now North America – http://www.grantonline.com/ Oxford. ‘The Geology of Oxford for business in 1836. became popular for use as pugh-family- Gravestones’ by Nina Morgan The Welsh slate industry gravestones, partly because it genealogy/places/slate-quarr and Philip Powell is now ies/slate-quarries.htm; reached its peak in the 1890s could take and hold carved available from the authors http://www.welshslate.com when half a million tons of inscriptions well. Welsh Slate and the Wikipedia entry for the priced at £14.99 + postage dressed slates were produced headstones dating from the Slate Industry in Wales. Further and packing (£2.80 for up to 4 and nearly 17,000 men were 19th Century can be found in reading about slate in Wales can copies sent to the same directly employed. From then cemeteries throughout the UK be found among the many works address). Contact on decline set in - capital dried and cemeteries located close to by ‘y Dyn Llechu’, Alun Richards, [email protected] for up, and sales dropped as the slate quarries in America at www.richards-slate.co.uk/. further information or to order.

Nina Morgan’s book on ‘The Geology of Oxford Gravestones’ is now available

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 25 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY JOHN STAVELEY WATSON 1945-2014

Technician with a wide range of expertise and ohn Staveley the Stonehenge bluestones Watson died of a flair, stalwart of the OU for over 30 years and Bronze Age stone grave heart attack last goods. Although he retired October a few days three years ago he continued J before his 69th in a 'visiting' role at the OU, birthday. Born in maintaining an XRF analysis Scarborough, Yorkshire in facility for students, 1945, he attended academics and external Scarborough Boys High customers. School before being employed as a laboratory Reconstructions technician in the His remarkable artistic electroplating industry. abilities were put to practical Following redundancy, he use producing computer- became self-employed and assisted pictorial undertook private study to reconstructions of ancient gain a place at Hull geological environments and University in 1973. After landscapes: images that successfully completing his featured in several OU BSc (Hons) in Geology, he courses. He was also took up teacher training, but involved in taking aerial decided to look elsewhere photographs of OU John Watson finds one of his palaeoenvironment for permanent employment. reconstructions on display at the Glasgow Botanic Gardens residential school field While demonstrating at an locations in northern Open University (OU) England, which provided the residential school based in basis of a photographic book Durham, he heard about a he took part in collecting trips initiated in 1994, he was produced with the OU technician’s post in the for teaching and later, for involved at the outset, and Geological Society for OU Department of Earth research from locations across for 20 years was a key Earth Science students. His

Sciences at the OU in Milton Britain and Europe: member of the team outside interests included an

Keynes. There he remained colleagues found him an responsible for collecting abiding fascination for for the rest of his working excellent field assistant and and preparing many test military history, militaria and life, gaining a reputation for travelling~ companion. samples. John’s quiet weaponry, and he was a keen being extremely resourceful, manner, sound technical genealogist. dependable and meticulous knowledge and desire to John was a stalwart of the in all that he did, and rising JOHN WAS A help others gained him much OU Earth Sciences to a senior technical STALWART OF THE respect and many friends Department for over 36 years; position. among geoanalysts. a fellow of the Geological OU EARTH SCIENCES John was responsible for Society since 1977; and a Technician DEPARTMENT FOR XRF facilities at the OU for member of the Yorkshire As a geochemistry OVER 36 YEARS over 25 years. He relished Geological Society since 1975. technician, John helped training students and He will be remembered with develop several analytical ~ researchers, and delighted in considerable affection by systems and was soon In the early 1990s John helping foreign visitors those who knew him and will responsible for day-to-day prepared several international develop a better be sorely missed. running of neutron geochemical reference understanding of the activation, atomic materials in collaboration idiosyncrasies of our absorption and X-ray with BRGM (Bureau de language and customs. ➤ By Dr Peter Webb fluorescence (XRF) analysis Recherches Géologique et Among his wider research A longer version of this equipment. His range of Minières). When the GeoPT interests were major obituary may be read online. practical skills was valued in geoanalytical proficiency archaeological projects, Editor research and teaching, and testing programme was including provenancing of

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

26 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR Can’t find your meeting? VISIT www.geolsoc.org.uk/listings] [full, accurate, up-to-date

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Lapworth’s Logs ‘Lapworth’s Logs’ is a series of e-courses involving practical exercises of increasing n/a complexity. Contact: [email protected]. Lapworth’s Logs is produced by Michael de Freitas and Andrew Thompson. Michael de Freitas and Andrew Thompson

EVENTS

MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

Children's Activity with Scarborough 6 & 13 Venue: Rotunda Museum, Scarborough. In celebration of the bicentenary of William Theatre Company August Smith the Scarborough Theatre Company Animated Objects lead children's activities Rotunda Museum linked to William Smith. W: http://rotundamuseum.co.uk/

Bradwell to Newport Pagnell Railway 1 August Field excursion. Leader: Dr Tom Hose. Venue: New Bradwell Windmill, Nightingale Geotrail Crescent, New Bradwell MK13 7UE. Free. See website for registration flyer. Home Counties North Regional

Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Geology 3 August Non-endorsed course. Presenter: Dr Walter Lynn. Cost: $5090. Petroskills W: petroskills.com/course/seismic-imaging-of-subsurface-geology-ssd

Geological Highlights of Martley 8 August Field excursion. Venue: Martley, Worcestershire. Leaders: John Nicklin and others. Geologists’ Assoc. Charges apply – see website. Contact: Sarah Stafford E: [email protected]. Teme Valey Geol. Soc.

12th International Congress for Applied 10-12 Conference. Venue: Süleyman Demirel Convention Center (SDK) of ITU, Istanbul, Mineralogy August Turkey. Contact: E: [email protected] W: www.icam2015.org. Istanbul Technical

The Building Stones of St Albans 16 August Field Excursion. Venue: St Albans. Leader: Di Smith. Charges apply – see website. Geologists’ Assoc. Contact: Sarah Stafford E: [email protected].

North West Highlands Geopark 21-24 Field Excursion. Venue: North West Highlands Geopark. 4-day excursion. Geolinks Festival 2015 August Charges apply – see website for details and booking. W: www.nwhgeopark.com.

The Geology of Reculver Country Park 23 August Field Excursion. Venue: Reculver Country Park, Kent. Leader: Geoff Downer. Geologists’ Assoc. Charges apply – see website. Contact: Sarah Stafford E: [email protected].

Mining 101 25-27 Non-endorsed course. A live webcast. Time: *-11 PDT. Presenter: Dr Scott Dunbar. Edumine August Charges apply. Visit website or W: www.edumine.com/courses/live- webcasts/mining-101/

CENTURY ONE PUBLISHING IS THE UK’S BRIGHTEST To plan your ad campaign in AWARD-WINNING Geoscientist magazine contact: Ollie Kirkman CONTRACT PUBLISHING t: 01727 739 184 AND ADVERTISING SALES AGENCY e: [email protected] w: www.centuryonepublishing.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 27 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY CHRISTOPHER KING 1943-2015

Expert on the London Clay, who once stopped to hris was born on the that had gone into this outskirts of retrieve a sample in Oxford Street traffic unsurpassed study. Southampton, where Chris left Paleoservices in he attended Barton 1992 but continued working in C Peveril Grammar the North Sea, North Africa, School. He read Geology in Venezuela and UK onshore. Kingston College of His research took him across Technology. In his early years Eurasia, North Africa & the Chris had two main interests, USA. He was a Chairman of astronomy and fossils, the the IGCP Regional Committee latter leading him to become a on Northern Paleogene member of the Geologists’ Stratigraphy and Member of Association (1958) aged 15, and the IGCP Paleocene-Eocene he remained one throughout Boundary Working Group. his life. Family trips to Lyme Regis Crossrail meant exploring for fossils. He His London Clay expertise led became a meticulous collector, him to teach courses to teaching himself skills that engineering geologists, brought him an international associated with Dr Jackie reputation as geologist and Skipper. These became specialist stratigrapher. prescribed for staff working on Crossrail and the Thames London Clay Tideway projects; hundreds At Kingston, and subsequently have attended them since they Imperial College under Derek started. Chris’s input into the Ager, he developed his interpretation of the ground devotion to the London Clay. around tunnelling projects has

He became renowned for the all present survived his manuscript for a Tertiary greatly increased our bathtub and spade in the back incessant puns. Anyone close Research Group (1980) understanding of how London of his car, for removing large to him will remember the publication entitled The Clay behaves and how it can amounts of sediment from groans that followed his Stratigraphy of the London Clay be engineered. holes in the road wherever perpetual~ wordplay. and associated deposits during Chris will be sorely missed they provided good material – what he described as a by all those people his life has including on Oxford Street “period of enforced touched. He is survived by (then still driveable) when a HE BECAME inactivity” on the oil rig Deep his wife Pat, three younger lump of London Clay from the Sea Saga. brothers David, Robert and Victoria Line excavations 'fell A METICULOUS The bathtub in his Citroën Raymond and his mother off a lorry'. Chris stopped to COLLECTOR, TEACHING estate was still used to collect Joan, aged 95. Christopher grab it in the middle of moving HIMSELF SKILLS THAT all available London Clay King 5 December 1943 – 5 traffic. samples and he managed, January 2015. Samples filled his mother’s BROUGHT HIM AN with assistance from attic and garage and cleaning INTERNATIONAL supervisor Dick Moody, to them in the sink frequently led REPUTATION AS maintain his registration at ➤ Compiled by Compiled by to blocked pipes. Despite this, the University of Kingston. Haydon Bailey with his London Clay research GEOLOGIST AND Finally, in 1991, his PhD thesis assistance from Dick continued. SPECIALIST The Stratigraphy of the London Moody, Jackie Skipper, Chris joined Paleoservices STRATIGRAPHER Clay Formation in the David Ward, Ross Sandman, Ltd. in 1971 as stratigrapher Hampshire Basin was accepted David King, Malcolm Hart and micropalaeontologist. and he was duly and Graham Williams. ~ Photograph courtesy Mike de During the 1970s Paleoservices He had a capacious memory acknowledged for the time, Freitas. was a growing company and and wrote a 158-page research and sink-blockages

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

28 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CROSSWORD

CROSSWORD NO.194 SET BY PLATYPUS WIN A SPECIAL PUBLICATION!

The winner of the June Crossword puzzle prize draw was Peter Macalister Hall of Aberdeen.

All correct solutions will be placed in the draw, and the winner’s name printed in the October 2015 issue. The Editor’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into. Closing date - August 18.

The competition is open to all Fellows, Candidate Fellows and Friends of the Geological Society who are not current Society employees, officers or trustees. This exclusion does not apply to officers of joint associations, specialist or regional groups.

Please return your completed crossword to Burlington House, marking your envelope “Crossword”. Do not enclose any other matter with your solution. Overseas Fellows are encouraged to scan the signed form and email it as a PDF to [email protected] ACROSS DOWN Name ......

1 The characteristic of species 1 Wind-deposited accumulation of arenaceous ...... displaying two different forms, material (4) assumed to be gender-related Membership number ...... 2 Small, floating particle visible in beams of light (10) (4) Address for correspondence ...... 6 The UK state body responsible 3 Hollow mineral deposit formed around roots (12) for funding research in natural ...... sciences (1,1,1,1) 4 Seat of Dutch Government (5) ...... 9 Lawrence's 'grimy town', 5 Whetted (9) home to nearby BGS (10) 7 Intentional ending of life (10) ...... 10 Sicilian volcano (4) 8 Clastic sedimentological evidence for increasing ...... 12 Beasts of the beetle Order (12) environmental energy (10) ...... 15 The makers of manmade 11 Square of the magnitude of a material's Fresnel exposure (9) reflection coefficient (12) Postcode ...... 17 Get it in your head (5) 13 This bulge results from the centripetal force of its rotation (10) 18 Belonging (5) 13 Much-blotted heraldic device (10) 19 Gain of electrons (9) SOLUTIONS JUNE 14 Capital of the Federation of St Kitts & Nevis (10) 20 Crystal system formed by ACROSS: stretching a cubic lattice (12) 16 Most boggy (9) 1 Half Graben 6 Gene 9 Alpenhorns 10 Whet 24 Jesus, King of the Jews 20 C5H10O5 all hydroxyl groups on one side (in 12 Swashbuckler 15 Homunculi 17 Inter Fischer) (6) (1,1,1,1) 18 Tonal 19 Legations 20 Greenlanders 24 25 de facto French capital until 21 Jessica is never merry when she hears it, Apse 25 Whetstones 26 Host 27 Adumbrated 1789 (10) apparently because her spirits are attentive (5) 26 French place (4) 22 Musical notation indicating that notes it DOWN: embraces should be played legato (4) 1 Head 2 Lapp 3 Gondwanaland 4 Aeons 27 Places of collection for animals 5 Ennobling 7 Exhalation 8 Enterprise 11 destined for slaughter (10) 26 Thames above Iffley Lock (4) Scriptwriter 13 Photograph 14 Amanuensis 16 Unleashed 21 Datum 22 Unit 23 Used

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2015 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST RECRUITMENT

30 | AUGUST 2015 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST RECRUITMENT

BOOK OF THE MONTH

List price: £ 130.00 Fellow’s price: £ 65.00 Other societies price: £ 78.00

Available online: www.geolsoc.org.uk/sp401 #planetarygeology #volcanism # tectonics

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE To keep abreast of the latest developments in mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology THEMATICHEMAATTIC TOPICSOPICS ININ 2015-20162015-2016 „AUGUSTAUGUST 20152015 – SSOCIALOCIAL ANDAND ECONOMICECONOMIC IMPACTIMPAC OFOF GEOCHEMISTRYGEOCHEMISTRRYY

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„OCTOBEROCTOBER 20152015 – SUPERGENESUPERGENE MMETALETTAAL DEPOSITSDEPOSITS MartinMartin RReicheich andand PauloPaulo VasconcelosVasconcelos „DECEMBERDECEMBER 20152015 – GEOMICROBIOLOGYGEOMICROBIOLOGY ANDAND MICMICROBIALROBIAL GEOCHEMISTRYGEOCHEMISTRRYY GregGreg DruschelDruschel andand GregGreg DickDick „FEBRUARYFEBRUARRYY 20162016 – EEARTHARRTTH SSCIENCESCIENCES FFOROR CCULTURALULLTTURAL HHERITAGEERITTAAGE GilbertoGilberto AArtiolirtioli aandnd SSimonaimona QQuartieriuartieri „APRILAPRIL 20162016 – EENIGMATICNIGMAATTIC RRELATIONSHIPELAATTIONSHIP BBETWEENETWEEN SSILICICILICIC PLUTONICPLUTONIC ANDAND VOLCANICVOLCANIC RROCKSOCKS CraigCraig LLundstromundstrom aandnd AAllenllen GGlaznerlazner PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL EDITORS:EDITORS: PatriciaPatricia M. DDoveove „JUNEJUNE 20162016 – CCOSMICOSMIC DUSTDUST GGordonordon EE.. BBrownrown Jr.Jr. SusanSusanT TaTaylor,aylorr,, DDonalonal EE.. BBrownlee,rownlee, aandnd GGeorgeeorge FFlynnlynn BBernardernard J.J. WoodWood To order individual articles or assemble articles To receive Elements forfkfor a course pack:pack: www.www.miminpubs.orgibnpubs.org To order back issues: www.elementsmagazine.net INDIVIDUALS Become a member of any of the participating societies: INSTITUTIONS Mineralogical Society of America ƒ Mineralogical Sociey of Great Britain and Ireland You will receive one copy of Elements if you subscribe to one or several ƒ The Clay Minerals Society ƒ Mineralogical Association of Canada ƒ Geochemical of the following journals: Society ƒ European Association for Geochemistry ƒ International Association American Mineralogist ƒ Clay Minerals ƒ Clays and Clay Minerals of GeoChemistry ƒ Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie ƒ ƒ Mineralogical Magazine ƒ The Canadian Mineralogist Association of Applied Geochemistry ƒ Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft ƒ If you do not subscribe to any of the above journals or if you wish to order an Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia ƒ Mineralogical Society of Poland ƒ additiona l subscription, an institutional subscription is available for $165\180 a year. International Association of Geoanalysts ƒ Sociedad Española de Mineralogia ƒ Swiss Contact your book agent or the executive editor at [email protected] Society of Mineralogy and Petrology ƒ Meteoritical Society ƒ Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences Elements is available online at www.elementsmagazine.org www.elementsmagazine.org/societies.htm and www.elements.geoscienceworld.org

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