34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 78 79 Nudibranchia 66 67 69 76 77 80 81 82 84 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Butterflies of the Sea 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

110 111 112 Isabella Kirkland 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

Nudibranchia is a celebration of the wild variety of physical 134 136 137 138 139 142 and behavioral traits that have evolved in this order of animals. 135 140 141 143 Nudibranchs are mollusks without shells: “nudi” = naked and 144 146 “branch” = gill. The 206 species here are just a small portion 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 of those known: estimates of the total number of species run from 3,000 to 6,000. Given how vast the oceans are, how short 154 155 156 157 161 a time we humans have been able to physically explore under- 158 159 160 162 water, and how small a percentage of the 7/10’s of Earth’s total area has been visited, who knows? The oceans are the last 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 great frontier on the planet. Nudibranchs inhabit every part of 168 every ocean: from shallow reefs and mudflats to the depth of a thermal vent, from the Arctic to the equator. These creatures 172 175 173 174 176 177 178 are short lived. Many have only a few days to a few months to 179 reproduce once they reach sexual maturity. In order to maximize their chances of finding each other, all are hermaphrodites. They 181 183 can also mate across generations, in what is called protandry 180 182 184 185 186 (making a baby with your grandfather or great niece): any sexually mature nudibranch can mate with any other mature one of its species, regardless of size. Penile and vaginal structural 187 188 192 variation in nudibranchs is truly stupefying and wondrous. 189 190 191 A wide array of mimicries and camouflages has also evolved among nudibranchs. Some slugs’ cerata look so much like their prey species that the slugs are virtually invisible if nestled amongst them. Many can swim. 193 194 195 196 197

Nudibranchia, 2014 Oil & alkyd on canvas over panel, 4' x 5' Animals are painted to scale. For greater visibility, they are 202 198 199 200 201 represented at the maximum end of their size range.

A new series of paintings

204 205 Aquae 203 206 2014

www.IsabellaKirkland.com species List 51 Chromodoris striatella ​​​ 1877 103 Goniobranchus geminus 1987 155 Scyllaea pelagica 1758 52 Polycera abei ​​​​ 1960 104 Felimare acriba 1967 156 Armina Californica 1863 1 Okenia cochimi 2004 53 Felimida punctilucens ​ 1890 105 Ardeadoris rubroannulata 1986 157 Nembrotha yonowae ​​​ 1992 Nudibranchia 2 Doto amyra 1961 54 Felimida sphoni ​​ 1971 106 Dendrodoris krusensternii 1850 158 Lomanotus genei ​​ 1846 3 Aegires pruvotfolae 2004 55 Hypselodoris babai 2000 107 Atagema alba ​​​​ 1927 159 Gymnodoris aurita 1852 4 Eubranchus mandapamensis 1968 Butterflies of the Sea 56 Cerberilla albopunctata ​​​ 1976 108 Goniobranchus geometricus 1928 160 Nembrotha cristata 1877 5 Dermatobranchus albineus 2011 57 Phyllodesmium poindimiei ​​ 1928 109 Hypselodoris paulinae 1999 161 Baeolidia moebii 1888 6 Gymnodoris nigricolor ​​​ 1960 58 Phestilla lugubris ​​​ 1870 110 Dendrodoris krebsii 1863 162 Phyllidia varicosa 1801 Isabella Kirkland 7 Eubranchus inabai ​​​ 1964 59 Roboastra arika ​​​​ 1967 111 Discodoris boholiensis 1877 163 Miamira moloch 1988 8 Babakina indopacifica 2007 60 Plocamopherus lucayensis ​​ 1988 112 Cerberilla affinis 1888 164 Nembrotha kubaryana 1877 9 Noumea laboutei ​​​ 1986 61 Goniobranchus fidelis ​ 1858 113 Marionia elongoreticulata 2007 165 Halgerda okinawa 2000 10 Phyllodesmium macphersonae ​ 1962 62 Dirona picta ​​​​​​ 1905 114 Miamira sinuatum ​​​ 1824 166 Phyllidiopsis shireenae 1990 11 Cadlinella ornatissima ​​​ 1928 63 Ceratophyllidia africana ​​ 1903 115 Reticulidia halgerda 1990 167 Hypselodoris pulchella ​ 1830 12 Hypselodoris alboterminata 1999 64 Hypselodoris nigrostriata 1904 116 Spurilla neapolitana 1841 168 Glossodoris hikuerensis 1954 13 Trapania miltabrancha ​​​ 2008 65 1961 117 1877 169 1984 special thanks to: Polycera chilluna ​​​ Tambja morosa Ardeadoris egretta 14 Halgerda albocristata 1998 66 Herviella mietta 1965 118 Hermissenda crassicornis ​​ 1831 170 Felimare zebra 1889 15 Noumea romeri ​​​​ 1928 To all of you who shot and shared photos 67 Glaucus atlanticus ​​​ 1777 119 Felimare ghiselini 1978 171 Ceratosoma tenue 1876 16 Facelina rhodopos ​​​ 2000 of nudibranchs on the web: thank you for helping me 68 Notobryon wardi 1936 120 Tritoniella belli ​​​​ 1907 172 Dendrodoris warta 1976 17 Jorunna parva ​​​​ 1938 see them clearly through your collective lens. 69 Taringa halgerda ​​​ 1998 121 Dermatobranchus ornatus 1874 173 Gymnodoris ceylonica 1858 18 Tambja oliva ​​​​ 1977 70 Sakuraeolis kirembosa ​​​ 1980 122 Chromodoris kuiteri 1982 174 Dermatobranchus gonatophora 1824 19 Okenia rosacea ​​​​ 1905 71 1993 123 1804 175 1828 perpetual thanks to: Reticulidia fungia ​​​ Phyllidia ocellata ​​​ Marionia rubra ​​​ 20 Trapania naeva 2008 72 Felimare fontandraui ​​​ 1951 124 Halgerda willeyi 1904 176 Doriprismatica stellata ​​​ 1986 21 Embletonia gracilis ​​​ 1928 John McCosker 73 Phyllodesmium kabiranum ​​ 1991 125 Nembrotha megalocera 1990 177 Tambja verconis 1905 22 Cerberilla chavezi ​​​ 2007 Terry Gosliner 74 Noumea verconis 1905 126 Flabellina japonica 1937 178 Kalinga ornata 1864 23 Phyllidiopsis sphingis ​​​ 1993 The California Academy of Sciences 75 Pauleo jubatus ​​​​ 1992 127 Phyllidiopsis krempfi 1957 179 Felimare picta 1836 24 Ancula gibbosa ​​​​ 1818 Ryan Phelan and Stewart Brand 76 Chromodoris elisabethina ​​ 1877 128 Plocamopherus imperialis 1864 180 Aegires minor ​​​​ 1904 25 Charcotia granulosa ​​​ 1906 The Long Now Foundation 77 Tambja eliora ​​​ 1967 129 Diaulula sandiegensis 1863 181 Doris montereyensis 1863 26 Cuthona caerulea ​​​ 1804 Peter and Mimi Buckley 78 Dondice occidentalis ​​​ 1925 130 Dendrodoris nigra 1855 182 Triopha catalinae 1863 27 Polycera odhneri ​​​ 1955 Christopher Tellis 79 Tambja fantasmalis 1986 131 Nembrotha milleri 1997 183 Phyllodesmium longicirrum 1905 28 Thorunna arbuta ​​ 1961 and Hudson 80 Flabellina trophina ​​​ 1890 132 Felimare agassizii 1894 184 Armina variolosa 1904 29 Limacia cockerelli ​​​ 1905 81 Phyllodesmium rudmani 2006 133 Doriopsilla spaldingi 1998 185 Bornella anguilla 1984 30 Acanthodoris rhodoceras ​​ 1905 82 Janolus ignis 1986 134 Aegires serenae 1997 186 Dendrodoris albopurpura 1957 31 Flabellina hamanni 1994 83 Cuthona yamasui 1993 135 Miamira alleni 1996 187 Platydoris formosa 1864 32 Favorinus tsuruganus ​​​ 1964 84 Halgerda tessellata 1880 136 Tritonia bollandi ​​​ 2003 188 Pteraeolidia ianthina 1864 33 Anteaeolidiella indica ​​​ 1888 85 Bornella stellifer ​ 1848 137 Felimida baumanni 1970 189 Ceratosoma brevicaudatum 1876 34 Cumanotus beaumonti ​​​​ 1906 Blue Numbers indicate species found on 86 Goniobranchus roboi 1998 138 Felimare californiensis ​ 1879 190 Triopha maculata 1905 35 Doto ussi ​​​ 1982 the West Coast of the United States. 87 Doriprismatica tibboeli 2005 139 Melibe leonina 1852 191 Jorunna rubescens 1876 36 Acanthodoris hudsoni 1905 88 Tambja gratiosa 1890 140 Nembrotha rosannulata 2008 192 Dendrodoris tuberculosa 1832 37 Ceratophyllidia papilligera ​​ 1890 Orange Numbers indicate date of discovery. 89 Flabellina cynara ​​​ 1967 141 Hypselodoris tryoni 1873 193 Dirona albolineata 1905 38 Doto pinnatifida ​​​ 1804 90 Polycera capensis 1824 142 Platydoris cruenta 1832 194 Dendrodoris rainfordi​​ 1932 39 Greilada elegans ​​​ 1894 91 Janolus cristatus ​​​ 1841 143 Nembrotha chamberlaini ​​ 1997 195 Tambja gabrielae 2005 40 Crosslandia viridis ​​​ 1902 92 Jason mirabilis 1974 144 Aeolidia papillosa 1761 196 Armina papillata 1933 41 Dermatobranchus rubidus ​​ 1852 93 Gymnodoris striata 1908 145 Goniobranchus annulatus ​​ 1904 197 Doris odhneri 1966 42 Flabellina exoptata 1991 94 Chromodoris magnifica 1832 146 Hypselodoris apolegma 2001 198 Doris wellingtonensis 1877 43 Mexichromis macropus ​​​ 1983 95 Jorunna pardus ​​ 1981 147 Aegires gardineri ​​ 1906 199 Dendronotus iris 1863 A New Series of Paintings 44 Roboastra gracilis ​​​ 1877 96 Hypselodoris bennetti 1864 148 Jorunna funebris 1859 200 Tochuina tetraquetra 1788 45 Lomanotus vermiformis ​​​ 1908 97 Glossodoris cincta 1888 149 Flabellina iodinea ​​​ 1863 201 Dendronotus rufus 1921 Aquae 46 Halgerda stricklandi ​​​ 1999 98 Leminda millecra ​​​ 1985 150 Miamira miamirana 1875 202 Asteronotus cespitosus 1824 47 Tambja stegosauriformis 2005 99 Dendrodoris guttata 1917 151 Goniobranchus collingwoodi 1987 203 Hexabranchus sanguineus 1830 2014 48 Cadlina sparsa ​​​​ 1921 100 Phyllidia coelestis 1905 152 Doriprismatica atromarginata 1804 204 Melibe viridis 1858 49 Chromodoris lochi ​​​ 1982 101 Goniobranchus coi ​ 1956 153 Bonisa nakaza 1981 205 Tochuina tetraquetra 1788 www.IsabellaKirkland.com 50 Phyllidiella rosans ​​​ 1873 102 Gymnodoris impudica 1830 154 Tambja sagamiana 1955 206 Roboastra tigris 1978