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Of the Sea Hare Aplysia Dactylomela
Marine Biology (1998) 130: 389±396 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 T. H. Carefoot á M. Harris á B. E. Taylor D. Donovan á D. Karentz Mycosporine-like amino acids: possible UV protection in eggs of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela Received: 13 May 1997 / Accepted: 27 June 1997 Abstract We investigated mycosporine amino acid twice as often. The UV-treated adults produced spawn _ (MAA) involvement as protective sunscreens in spawn with signi®cantly higher V O2 s and their embryos devel- of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela to determine if adult oped to hatching sooner. The only signi®cant eect of diet and ultraviolet (UV) exposure aected the UV UV exposure of the spawn was to reduce the percentage sensitivity of developing embryos. Adults were fed a red of veligers hatching from 71 to 50%. There was no sig- alga rich in MAAs (Acanthophora spicifera) or a green ni®cant eect on hatching time or size of the veligers at alga poor in MAAs (Ulva lactuca). Adults on each diet hatching, nor on number of eggs per capsule. were exposed for 2 wk to ambient solar irradiance with two types of acrylic ®lters; one allowed exposure to wavelengths >275 nm (designated UV) and one to Introduction wavelengths only >410 nm (designated NOUV). Spawn from each adult group was likewise treated with UV or Ultraviolet radiation in both the A (320 to 400 nm) and NOUV and monitored during development for dier- B (280 to 320 nm) portions of the spectrum has broad- ences in mortality and metabolic rate (measured as ox- ranging deleterious eects on marine organisms. -
Biodiversity Journal, 2020, 11 (4): 861–870
Biodiversity Journal, 2020, 11 (4): 861–870 https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.4.861.870 The biodiversity of the marine Heterobranchia fauna along the central-eastern coast of Sicily, Ionian Sea Andrea Lombardo* & Giuliana Marletta Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences - Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The first updated list of the marine Heterobranchia for the central-eastern coast of Sicily (Italy) is here reported. This study was carried out, through a total of 271 scuba dives, from 2017 to the beginning of 2020 in four sites located along the Ionian coasts of Sicily: Catania, Aci Trezza, Santa Maria La Scala and Santa Tecla. Through a photographic data collection, 95 taxa, representing 17.27% of all Mediterranean marine Heterobranchia, were reported. The order with the highest number of found species was that of Nudibranchia. Among the study areas, Catania, Santa Maria La Scala and Santa Tecla had not a remarkable difference in the number of species, while Aci Trezza had the lowest number of species. Moreover, among the 95 taxa, four species considered rare and six non-indigenous species have been recorded. Since the presence of a high diversity of sea slugs in a relatively small area, the central-eastern coast of Sicily could be considered a zone of high biodiversity for the marine Heterobranchia fauna. KEY WORDS diversity; marine Heterobranchia; Mediterranean Sea; sea slugs; species list. Received 08.07.2020; accepted 08.10.2020; published online 20.11.2020 INTRODUCTION more researches were carried out (Cattaneo Vietti & Chemello, 1987). -
Phyllodesmium Tuberculatum Tritonia Sp. 3 Doto Sp. H Facelina Sp. A
Austraeolis stearnsi Hermosita hakunamatata Learchis poica Phidiana militaris Protaeolidiella juliae Moridilla brockii Noumeaella sp. 4 Cerberilla bernadettae Cerberilla sp. A Noumeaella sp. B Facelina sp. A Tritonia nilsodhneri Tritoniella belli Flabellina babai Notaeolidia depressa Tethys fimbria Armina californica Tritonia sp. F Tritonia antarctica Tritonia pickensi Leminda millecra Marianina rosea Scyllaea pelagica Pteraeolidia ianthina Limenandra sp. B 1 1 Limenandra fusiformis Limenandra sp. C 0.99 Limenandra sp. A Baeolidia nodosa 1 Spurilla sargassicola 0.82 Spurilla neapolitana 0.75 Spurilla sp. A Spurilla braziliana 1 Protaeolidiella atra Caloria indica 1 Aeolidia sp. B 0.92 Aeolidia sp. A Aeolidia papillosa 1 Glaucus atlanticus Glaucus marginatus 1 Tritonia diomedea Tritonia festiva 0.99 Hancockia californica 1 Hancockia uncinata Hancockia cf. uncinata 0.99 Spurilla creutzbergi 1 Berghia verrucicornis 0.98 Berghia coerulescens 0.91 Aeolidiella stephanieae 1 Berghia rissodominguezi 0.9 Berghia columbina Berghia sp. A 0.99 Aeolidiella sanguinea Aeolidiella alderi 0.99 Phidiana hiltoni Phidiana lynceus Armina lovenii 0.98 Armina sp. 3 Armina sp. 9 Dermatobranchus semistriatus Dermatobranchus sp. A 1 Armina semperi 0.89 Armina sp. 0.98 Dermatobranchus sp. 12 1 Dermatobranchus sp. 7 0.86 Dermatobranchus sp. 17 Dermatobranchus pustulosus 0.72 Dermatobranchus sp. 16 Dermatobranchus sp. 21 0.97 Dirona albolineata Charcotia granulosa 0.95 Baeolidia moebii 0.85 Aeolidiopsis ransoni 0.75 Baeolidia sp. A 1 Berghia salaamica 0.98 0.51 Berghia cf. salaamica 0.97 Baeolidia sp. B 0.94 Baeolidia japonica Baeolidia sp. C 0.95 Noumeaella sp. 3 Noumeaella rehderi 0.91 Cerberilla sp. B 0.57 Cerberilla sp. -
As Fast As a Hare: Colonization of the Heterobranch Aplysia Dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) Into the Western Mediterranean Sea
Cah. Biol. Mar. (2017) 58 : 341-345 DOI: 10.21411/CBM.A.97547B71 As fast as a hare: colonization of the heterobranch Aplysia dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) into the western Mediterranean Sea Juan MOLES1,2, Guillem MAS2, Irene FIGUEROA2, Robert FERNÁNDEZ-VILERT2, Xavier SALVADOR2 and Joan GIMÉNEZ2,3 (1) Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: [email protected] (2) Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group (GROC), Mas Castellar, 17773 Pontós, Catalonia, Spain (3) Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio 26 Isla Cartuja, 42092 Seville, Andalucía, Spain Abstract: The marine cryptogenic species Aplysia dactylomela was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 for the first time. Since then, this species has rapidly colonized the eastern Mediterranean, successfully establishing stable populations in the area. Aplysia dactylomela is a heterobranch mollusc found in the Atlantic Ocean, and commonly known as the spotted sea hare. This species is a voracious herbivorous with generalist feeding habits, possessing efficient chemical defence strategies. These facts probably promoted the acclimatation of this species in the Mediterranean ecosystems. Here, we report three new records of this species in the Balearic Islands and Catalan coast (NE Spain). This data was available due to the use of citizen science platforms such as GROC (Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group). These are the first records of this species in Spain and the third in the western Mediterranean Sea, thus reinforcing the efficient, fast, and progressive colonization ability of this sea hare. -
Phidiana Lynceus Berghia Coerulescens Doto Koenneckeri
Cuthona abronia Cuthona divae Austraeolis stearnsi Flabellina exoptata Flabellina fusca Calma glaucoides Hermosita hakunamatata Learchis poica Anteaeolidiella oliviae Aeolidiopsis ransoni Phidiana militaris Baeolidia moebii Facelina annulicornis Protaeolidiella juliae Moridilla brockii Noumeaella isa Cerberilla sp. 3 Cerberilla bernadettae Aeolidia sp. A Aeolidia sp. B Baeolidia sp. A Baeolidia sp. B Cerberilla sp. A Cerberilla sp. B Cerberilla sp. C Facelina sp. C Noumeaella sp. A Noumeaella sp. B Facelina sp. A Marionia blainvillea Aeolidia papillosa Hermissenda crassicornis Flabellina babai Dirona albolineata Doto sp. 15 Marionia sp. 10 Marionia sp. 5 Tritonia sp. 4 Lomanotus sp. E Piseinotecus sp. Dendronotus regius Favorinus elenalexiarum Janolus mirabilis Marionia levis Phyllodesmium horridum Tritonia pickensi Babakina indopacifica Marionia sp. B Godiva banyulensis Caloria elegans Favorinus brachialis Flabellina baetica 1 Facelinidae sp. A Godiva quadricolor 0.99 Limenandra fusiformis Limenandra sp. C 0.71 Limenandra sp. B 0.91 Limenandra sp. A Baeolidia nodosa 0.99 Crosslandia daedali Scyllaea pelagica Notobryon panamica Notobryon thompsoni 0.98 Notobryon sp. B Notobryon sp. C Notobryon sp. D Notobryon wardi 0.97 Tritonia sp. 3 Marionia arborescens 0.96 Hancockia cf. uncinata Hancockia californica 0.94 Spurilla chromosoma Pteraeolidia ianthina 0.92 Noumeaella sp. 3 Noumeaella rehderi 0.92 Nanuca sebastiani 0.97 Dondice occidentalis Dondice parguerensis 0.92 Pruvotfolia longicirrha Pruvotfolia pselliotes 0.88 Marionia sp. 14 Tritonia sp. G 0.87 Bonisa nakaza 0.87 Janolus sp. 2 0.82 Janolus sp. 1 Janolus sp. 7 Armina sp. 3 0.83 Armina neapolitana 0.58 Armina sp. 9 0.78 Dermatobranchus sp. 16 0.52 Dermatobranchus sp. 21 0.86 Dermatobranchus sp. -
Diversity and Distribution of Molluscs in the Intertidal Zone of Nglambor Beach, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
BIO Web of Conferences 33, 01002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213301002 ICAVESS 2021 Diversity and Distribution of Molluscs in the Intertidal Zone of Nglambor Beach, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta Yunita Fera Rahmawati1*, Rizka Apriani Putri1, Tatag Bagus Putra Prakarsa1, Milade Annisa Muflihaini1, and Yoga Putra Aliyani1 1Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Jl. Colombo No. 1 Karang Malang, Yogyakarta. Tel.: +62-586168 Abstract. The intertidal zone is the area between the highest and lowest tides, which represents the transition from ocean conditions to land conditions. This study aimed to determine the diversity and distribution of mollusks that exist along the intertidal zone of Nglambor Beach, between August and November 2020. Observations of all molluscs were carried out at two random stations using 10 plots measuring 1 x 1 m2 with 5 meters. A total of two classes of Mollusca (Gastropod and Bivalvia) belonging to twelve families and 19 species were found from upper to lower an intertidal zone. The upper intertidal zone was recorded to have the highest diversity and an evenness index (Shannon-Wiener diversity index: H '= 2.524 and Pielou evenness index: J' = 0.932) compared to the middle and lower zones. It can be concluding that the diversity index in the study location is categorized as medium and its evenness is high. Thais hippocastanum is the most dominant species found in the upper and middle zones, while Thais tissoti dominates in the lower zone. This research contributed to a preliminary checklist on molluscs, which will support a baseline study on the intertidal in future. -
Aplysia Dactylomela Ordine Anaspidea Rang, 1828 Famiglia Aplysiidae
Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene Classe Gastropoda Aplysia dactylomela Ordine Anaspidea Rang, 1828 Famiglia Aplysiidae SINONIMI RILEVANTI Nessuno. DESCRIZIONE COROLOGIA / AFFINITA’ Senza dati. Animale di grandi dimensioni, presenta anelli di forma irregolare distribuiti su tutto il corpo. Parapodi molto sviluppati. DISTRIBUZIONE ATTUALE Circumtropicale, Mediterraneo: Italia, Grecia, Cipro, Turchia, Israele COLORAZIONE Il colore base è verde con gli anelli di colore scuro. PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN MEDITERRANEO 2002, Lampedusa (IT) (Trainito, 2005). FORMULA MERISTICA - PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN ITALIA TAGLIA MASSIMA 2002, Lampedusa (IT) (Trainito, 2005). - ORIGINE STADI LARVALI Indo-Pacifico. - SPECIE SIMILI VIE DI DISPERSIONE PRIMARIE Traffici marittimi. - CARATTERI DISTINTIVI VIE DI DISPERSIONE SECONDARIE - - STATO DELL ’INVASIONE Insediato. Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene HABITAT MOTIVI DEL SUCCESSO Sconosciuti. Gli individui trovati a Lampedusa sono stati rinvenuti ad una profondità di 4 metri su un SPECIE IN COMPETIZIONE substrato misto di Posidonia oceanica e Caulerpa racemosa . - Nel mese di ottobre 2002 un esemplare di A. IMPATTI dactylomela è stato rinvenuto in una pozza di scogliera ad Acitrezza (Sicilia orientale) (Scuderi - et al., 2004). DANNI ECOLOGICI - PARTICOLARI CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI Sconosciute. DANNI ECONOMICI - BIOLOGIA Sconosciuta. IMPORTANZA PER L ’UOMO Sconosciuta BANCA DEI CAMPIONI - PRESENZA IN G -BANK - PROVENIENZA DEL CAMPIONE TIPOLOGIA : (MUSCOLO / ESEMPLARE INTERO / CONGELATO / FISSATO ECC ) LUOGO DI CONSERVAZIONE CODICE CAMPIONE Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene BIBLIOGRAFIA Cinar M.E., Bilecenoglu M., Ozturk B., Can A., 2006 - New records of alien species on the Levantine coast of Turkey. Aquatic Invasion, 1(2): 84-90. Eales N.B., 1957 - Revision of the species of Aplysia of the Museum National d'histoire naturelle (Malacologie), Paris. -
The Extraordinary Genus Myja Is Not a Tergipedid, but Related to the Facelinidae S
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 818: 89–116 (2019)The extraordinary genusMyja is not a tergipedid, but related to... 89 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.818.30477 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The extraordinary genus Myja is not a tergipedid, but related to the Facelinidae s. str. with the addition of two new species from Japan (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) Alexander Martynov1, Rahul Mehrotra2,3, Suchana Chavanich2,4, Rie Nakano5, Sho Kashio6, Kennet Lundin7,8, Bernard Picton9,10, Tatiana Korshunova1,11 1 Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia 2 Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3 New Heaven Reef Conservation Program, 48 Moo 3, Koh Tao, Suratthani 84360, Thailand 4 Center for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn Univer- sity, Bangkok 10330, Thailand5 Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, 560-I, Nishidomari, Otsuki, Hata- Gun, Kochi, 788-0333, Japan 6 Natural History Museum, Kishiwada City, 6-5 Sakaimachi, Kishiwada, Osaka Prefecture 596-0072, Japan 7 Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Box 7283, S-40235, Gothenburg, Sweden 8 Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, S-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden 9 National Mu- seums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK 10 Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK 11 Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia Corresponding author: Alexander Martynov ([email protected]) Academic editor: Nathalie Yonow | Received 10 October 2018 | Accepted 3 January 2019 | Published 23 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/85650B90-B4DD-4FE0-8C16-FD34BA805C07 Citation: Martynov A, Mehrotra R, Chavanich S, Nakano R, Kashio S, Lundin K, Picton B, Korshunova T (2019) The extraordinary genus Myja is not a tergipedid, but related to the Facelinidae s. -
(Mollusca: Gastropoda) Populations at Bahía De Los Ángeles, Baja California, México
Please note that this is the English translation (with original title) to: Bertsch, Hans. 2008. Opistobranquios. In: Danemann, Gustavo D., y Exequiel Ezcurra (eds.), Bahía de los Ángeles: Recursos Naturales y Comunidad. Línea Base 2007. SEMARNAT, Pronatura Noroeste, SDNHM & Instituto Nacional de Ecología, México. Pp. 319-338. Figures and tables in original publication are accessible at: http://www.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/consultaPublicacion.html?id_pub=546 Ten-Year Baseline Study of Annual Variation in the Opisthobranch (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Populations at Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California, México Hans Bertsch Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, 192 Imperial Beach Blvd., # A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932, USA, [email protected] With gratitude, affection and respect, I dedicate this work to Rosa del Carmen Campay–Villalobos, Tom Smith, and the people of Bahía de los Ángeles. IN MEMORIAM: Benjamin Casillas López (1976–2007) “The shores of the Gulf, so rich for the collector, must still be fairly untouched....We had not the time for the long careful collecting which is necessary before the true picture of the background of life can be established.” (John Steinbeck, 1941, The Log from the Sea of Cortez) Abstract From January 1992–December 2001 research dives were conducted at two shoreline sites north of the town of Bahía de los Ángeles (BLA), Baja California, using the total density per unit of time. This yielded 6095 specimens of opisthobranch molluscs, and approximately 81 species. Nine species were each encountered over 100 times, totaling 4999 specimens (82 % of the total number). Regression analyses on these species showed that over all the density of species per year significantly increased (P< = 0.01), but the number of specimens significantly decreased (P <= 0.007). -
Nuevos Registros De Moluscos Marinos Para Cuba New Records of Marine Mollusk for Cuba
REVISTA CUBANA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS http://www.rccb.uh.cu ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Nuevos registros de moluscos marinos para Cuba New records of marine mollusk for Cuba Yunier M. Olivera Espinosa* Centro de Investigaciones de Eco- sistemas Costeros, Ciego de Ávila, RESUMEN Cuba Se presentan dos nuevos géneros y una nueva especie encontrados en estu- dios realizados en las costas norte y sur del centro de Cuba. Se registran por * Autor para correspondencia: primera vez los géneros Parastarte (Bivalvia) y Cerberilla (Gastropoda) y la [email protected] especie Octopus joubini (Cephalopoda) para la malacofauna marina de Cuba. Palabras clave: nuevas especies, malacofauna marina, Cuba ABSTRACT Two new genera and a new species found in studies conducted in the north- ern and southern coasts of central Cuba are documented. This is the first rec- ord of the genera Partastarte (Bivalvia) and Cerberilla (Gastropoda), and the Recibido: 2014-09-19 species Octopus joubini (Cephalopoda) for the Cuban marine malacofauna. Aceptado: 2014-11-07 Keywords: new species, marine malacofauna, Cuba INTRODUCCIÓN Cuba posee la mayor diversidad de moluscos marinos plataforma insular, ya que existen áreas muy poco del Caribe, con 1770 especies aproximadamente estudiadas como los golfos de Guacanayabo y Ana (Espinosa et al., 2012), lo que representa el 58 % de María (Claro, 2007); ii) la escasez de estudios detalla- las 3032 especies registradas para la región hasta dos sobre los micromoluscos, debido sobre todo a la 2010 (Miloslavich et al., 2010). Esta riqueza de espe- complejidad de su taxonomía (Diez y Jover, 2012) y la cies evidencia la elevada biodiversidad que habita en cantidad de tiempo que consume su identificación; la plataforma marina de Cuba, favorecida por su ex- iii) finalmente la existencia de especies crípticas, difí- tensión territorial, diversidad de hábitats marinos y ciles de detectar con los métodos de muestreos es- costeros y una favorable situación geográfica (Espi- tandarizados para los inventarios biológicos rápidos y nosa et al., 2012). -
Alien Species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010
Mediterranean Marine Science Review Article Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution A. ZENETOS 1, S. GOFAS 2, M. VERLAQUE 3, M.E. INAR 4, J.E. GARCI’A RASO 5, C.N. BIANCHI 6, C. MORRI 6, E. AZZURRO 7, M. BILECENOGLU 8, C. FROGLIA 9, I. SIOKOU 10 , D. VIOLANTI 11 , A. SFRISO 12 , G. SAN MART N 13 , A. GIANGRANDE 14 , T. KATA AN 4, E. BALLESTEROS 15 , A. RAMOS-ESPLA ’16 , F. MASTROTOTARO 17 , O. OCA A 18 , A. ZINGONE 19 , M.C. GAMBI 19 and N. STREFTARIS 10 1 Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavissos, Hellas 2 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma ’laga, E-29071 Ma ’laga, Spain 3 UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, France 4 Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 5 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma ’laga, E-29071 Ma ’laga, Spain 6 DipTeRis (Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e della sue Risorse), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy 7 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC) Passeig Mar tim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain 8 Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey 9 c\o CNR-ISMAR, Sede Ancona, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy 10 Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. -
Marine Biodiversity in India
MARINEMARINE BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY ININ INDIAINDIA MARINE BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR Zoological Survey of India CITATION Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR; 2012. Marine Biodiversity : 1-164 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published : May, 2012 ISBN 978-81-8171-307-0 © Govt. of India, 2012 Printing of Publication Supported by NBA Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 Printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. ht³[eg siJ rJrJ";t Œtr"fUhK NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY Cth;Govt. ofmhfUth India ztp. ctÖtf]UíK rvmwvtxe yÆgG Dr. Balakrishna Pisupati Chairman FOREWORD The marine ecosystem is home to the richest and most diverse faunal and floral communities. India has a coastline of 8,118 km, with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq km and a continental shelf area of 468,000 sq km, spread across 10 coastal States and seven Union Territories, including the islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Indian coastal waters are extremely diverse attributing to the geomorphologic and climatic variations along the coast. The coastal and marine habitat includes near shore, gulf waters, creeks, tidal flats, mud flats, coastal dunes, mangroves, marshes, wetlands, seaweed and seagrass beds, deltaic plains, estuaries, lagoons and coral reefs. There are four major coral reef areas in India-along the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands, the Lakshadweep group of islands, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kachchh . The Andaman and Nicobar group is the richest in terms of diversity.