Hans Rothfels and the Intersection Between Radical Conservatism

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Hans Rothfels and the Intersection Between Radical Conservatism Johannes Hürter, Hans Woller. Hans Rothfels und die deutsche Zeitgeschichte. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005. 209 S. EUR 24.80, paper, ISBN 978-3-486-57714-3. Reviewed by Stefan K. Berger Published on H-German (March, 2006) Hans Rothfels was one of the most powerful came a branch of historical studies which aimed doyens of the German historical profession in the at revising the new Eastern borders of the 1950s. A victim of the National Socialist race laws, Weimar Republic. Rothfels occupied a prominent he was forced into exile in 1939. After 1945, he place within Ostforschung, taking up and propa‐ was one of the few historians who returned to re‐ gating many of the ideas of Volksgeschichte. The sume a somewhat delayed model career. He gave controversy surrounding Rothfels found its high‐ legitimacy to the compromised historical profes‐ point in February 2003, when H-Soz-u-Kult orga‐ sion in Germany by confirming its dubious claim nized a discussion forum on Rothfels.[2] that, as a profession, it had stayed well clear of The volume under review is yet another at‐ Nazism. When this myth came under increasing tempt to evaluate Rothfels's career from its begin‐ fire from a younger generation of historians in nings in the Weimar Republic through the Third the 1990s, Hans Rothfels was one of those who Reich and the exile years in the United States to its came in for a good deal of criticism over his apogee in the young Federal Republic. It has its championing of Volksgeschichte during his years origins in a conference organized by the Institut as professor at the University of Königsberg be‐ für Zeitgeschichte in Munich. Rothfels was, of tween 1926 and 1935. Volksgeschichte rose to course, its frst director and played an influential prominence after the First World War. It was an role in determining the course of West German attempt to replace the state as the crucial focus of Zeitgeschichte after the Second World War. Yet, historical studies in Germany with the Volk. The contrary to what one might expect, this volume is notion of Volk employed by many historians was not an apologia for Rothfels. It includes a range of one deeply tinged with racial and nationalist critical voices, despite the fact that, regrettably, overtones. One of the key objectives of Volks‐ two of his foremost critics are absent: Nicolaus geschichte was to contribute to the revision of the Berg and Karl Heinz Roth apparently had differ‐ Versailles Treaty, in particular the loss of territo‐ ent commitments at the time of the conference. ries to neighboring countries.[1] Ostforschung be‐ H-Net Reviews Unfortunately, the introduction leaves the ques‐ Wolfgang Neugebauer analyzes Rothfels's re‐ tion open whether they were asked to contribute search on East Central Europe and fnds much to to the conference volume without having been at commend it. Thus Rothfels emphasized a specifi‐ the conference. cally East Central European libertas culture early Overall, the emphasis of the volume is on un‐ on as characteristic of the region. Making use of derstanding Rothfels in his epoch, on contextual‐ the methodology developed by Otto Hintze, Roth‐ izing him as a man of his time, historicizing him fels was also an early proponent of the compara‐ rather than sitting in judgment on him. One of tive history of East Central Europe and sought those contexts is the experience of the totalitarian structural similarities in East Central European state and its offer of a truly Faustian pact: vast societies. Neugebauer fnds in Rothfels's writings new possibilities for scholars, including those rep‐ a clear fascination with the cultural and ethnic di‐ resenting the historical sciences, in exchange for versity of East Central Europe. But it is here that scholars becoming the handmaidens of politics. Neugebauer also locates the major shortcoming of The second context is the national conservative Rothfels's oeuvre. His Germanocentrism prevent‐ milieu in which Rothfels thrived in Königsberg. At ed him from any deeper understanding of the the end of the Weimar Republic, this milieu ways in which non-German cultures contributed shared several key assumptions with the National to the shaping of East Central Europe. Socialists. In the introduction, the editors stress Ingo Haar demonstrates how vociferously that these two contexts are essential for properly Rothfels fought against the Weimar Republic and understanding the life and career of Hans Roth‐ against those of his colleagues with democratic fels. The rest of the articles deal with different and republican credentials. He also shows how stages of Rothfels's life. much overlap there was in his radical conserva‐ Jan Eckel, who provides a sketch of Rothfels's tive thinking with the ideas of the National Social‐ intellectual biography,[3] argues convincingly that ists. Peter Th. Walther investigates Rothfels's exis‐ one of the central ideas underpinning Rothfels's tence in exile and concludes that he played a mar‐ historical thinking throughout his career was the ginal role in the American university landscape. notion that the German state was threatened both The exile years did not seem to have a major im‐ from within and without. The experiences he pact on his methodological or thematic orienta‐ gained living through war, revolution, hyperinfla‐ tion, although he clearly de-emphasized his earli‐ tion and the Great Depression confirmed this per‐ er espousal of a racialized Volksgeschichte. sistent fear and led him to advocate geopolitical Christoph Cornelissen shows how Rothfels joined orders that, in his view, would bring security and forces with Gerhard Ritter after 1945 to instru‐ stability to an inherently insecure and unstable mentalize the German resistance of July 20, 1944, world. Eckel also portrays Rothfels as representa‐ in order to reject Allied criticisms of the traditions tive of that segment of national conservative of German history. In particular they both came to thought in the Weimar Republic that remained at a positive evaluation of Prussian conservatism. arm's length to pluralism and democracy after The most ambitious theoretical contribution 1945. Men like Rothfels were, however, willing to to the volume comes from Thomas Etzemüller. support the anti-Communism of the early Federal Drawing on Ludwig Fleck's Denkstillehre, Et‐ Republic and slowly many lost their negative zemüller wants to analyze not only the individual views on Western forms of political and social intentions of Rothfels, but presents Rothfels as the thinking. epicenter of a prominent intellectual collective that played an important role in historical think‐ 2 H-Net Reviews ing from the later years of the Weimar Republic to eral contributors to this volume clearly show, the early years of the Federal Republic.[4] The even an emphatic approach to Rothfels cannot "Rothfelsians" were united by propagating radical avoid two central conclusions. First, there was ideas of ordering society through forms of social considerable overlap between the radical conser‐ engineering which knew no boundaries. Et‐ vative and the National Socialist milieu in the in‐ zemüller sees different emphases in their re‐ terwar period. Second, radical conservative search before and after 1945, but the thinking in thought did not vanish with the end of the Nation‐ terms of order (Ordnungsdenken) remained the al Socialists but continued to have a major influ‐ central concern of the "Rothfelsians" well into the ence on the intellectual history of the early Feder‐ 1960s and 1970s when their Denkstil fnally be‐ al Republic. came obsolete. Notes Herman Graml's contribution is most clearly [1]. Volksgeschichte was frst systematically written to save Rothfels's reputation and defend analyzed by Willi Oberkrome, Volksgeschichte: him against his critics. Graml seeks to demon‐ methodische Innovation und völkische Ideolo‐ strate that his revered mentor, as editor of the gisierung in der deutschen Geschichtswis‐ Vierteljahreshefte, did not omit any significant senschaft 1918--1945 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & theme of contemporary history. Rothfels actively Ruprecht, 1993). Oberkrome's study followed a pi‐ sought to counter any apologia for National So‐ oneering work by Michael Burleigh, Germany cialism and in particular picked up the theme of Turns Eastwards. A Study of Ostforschung in the the death camps early on. Where Rothfels inter‐ Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University vened to prevent the publication of research, as in Press, 1993). For a comparative perspective on the case of George Hallgarten, this action was tak‐ Volkgeschichte see also Manfred Hettling, ed., en not for political reasons but because these Volksgeschichten im Europa der Zwis‐ writings were not scholarly enough. Alas, the rela‐ chenkriegszeit_ (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & tionship between politics and scholarship is a Ruprecht, 2003). complex one that cannot be reduced to a straight‐ [2]. See http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu- forward dichotomy. berlin.de/forum/type=diskussionen&id=281 , Matthias Beer contributes an intriguing arti‐ where much additional literature on Rothels can cle in which he argues against the idea of the in‐ be found. vention of contemporary history after 1945. [3]. See also the more detailed work by Jan Drawing on an article by Justus Hashagen from Eckel, Hans Rothfels (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2005). the time of the First World War and a publication by Theodor Schieder from 1935, Beer demon‐ [4]. See also Thomas Etzemüller, strates that some of the key characteristics of con‐ Sozialgeschichte als politische Geschichte. Werner temporary history (as summarized in Rothfels's Conze und die Neuorientierung der westdeutschen famous article in the frst issue of the Viertel‐ Geschichtswissenschaft nach 1945 (Munich: Old‐ jahreshefte) had already been formulated during enbourg, 2001). the first half of the twentieth century. Finally, Heinrich August Winkler and Horst Möller provide brief articles that again seek to emphasize Rothfels's conversion in exile and after 1945 and stress the need to understand rather than judge his intellectual biography.
Recommended publications
  • Metaphysicking the West
    REVIEWS Heinrich August Winkler, The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West, 1914–1945, trans. Stewart Spencer Yale University Press: New Haven, ct 2015, $50, hardback 998 pp, 978 0 3002 0489 6 Dylan Riley METAPHYSICKING THE WEST Heinrich August Winkler’s thousand-page tome on ‘the age of catastrophe’, 1914–45, requires some contextualization for Anglophone readers. First, this brick of a book is merely Volume Two of a far more amplitudinous project, stretching from Antiquity to the era of Brexit and Trump. Second, Winkler’s subject is neither world, nor European, history as such, but the story of ‘The West’. This is, in other words, a heavily normative account—one that has been heaped with accolades in Germany. Winkler’s role as a public figure is also relevant here. Born in Königsberg in 1938, descended from a long line of Protestant ministers, Heinrich relocated with his family to Württemberg in 1944. A teenage Christian Democrat, he switched to the spd at the age of 23, and from that point on has been a stalwart, firmly on the party’s right. In 1968 he was an outspoken opponent of student demands for university reform. As a doctoral student in Tübingen he was taught by the conservative historian Hans Rothfels. An important figure in the interwar Volksgeschichte movement—a thinly veiled rationalization of German-imperial designs in eastern Europe—Rothfels played a decisive role in the re-establishment of German historiography after 1945, editing the journal Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte and heading the German Historians’ Association. Moving to Freiburg, Winkler’s research centred on workers’ movements in the Weimar period, a three-volume study appearing in the mid-80s.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE - WASHINGTON ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES No
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE - WASHINGTON ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES No. I FROM PROTESTANT PEASANTS TO JEWISH INTELLECTUALS The Germans in the Peopling of America BERNARD BAILYN CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE GERMAN CATASTROPHE HEINRICH AUGUST WINKLER German Historical Institute Annual Lecture Series No. 1 From Protestant Peasants to Jewish Intellectuals: the Germans in the Peopling of America Bernard Bailyn Causes and Consequences of the German Catastrophe Heinrich August Winkler BERG Oxford / New York / Hamburg First published in 1988 by Berg Publishers Limited 77 Morrell Avenue, Oxford OX4 INQ, UK 175 Fifth Avenue/Room 400, New York, NY 10010, USA Schenefelder Landstr. 14K, 2000 Hamburg 55, FRG for the German Historical Institute 1759 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA © German Historical Institute 1988 Printed in the United States of America Preface PLANS TO ESTABLISH A GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE in the United States originated in 1976, the year of the bicentennial. It took more than ten years, and the efforts of many, to launch the project. In 1987, finally, the new "voyagers to the West" arrived in Washington, D.C. In mid- November 1987 the Institute was officially opened. The addresses printed in this small volume were the highlights of the opening ceremony. In "From Protestant Peasants to Jewish Intellectuals: the Germans in the Peopling of America" Bernard Bailyn from Harvard University brilliantly outlined the dimensions and the changes in the process of German migration to the New World; and in "Causes and Consequences of the German Catastrophe" Heinrich August Winkler from the University of Freiburg underscored the Institute's commitment to careful analysis and critical examination of twentieth-century German history.
    [Show full text]
  • Auf Den Spuren Des Sonderwegs. Zur Westorientierung Der Deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft in Der Bundesrepublik
    Egbert Klautke, UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies Auf den Spuren des Sonderwegs. Zur Westorientierung der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft in der Bundesrepublik Die Auseinandersetzung um das Vermächtnis der nationalsozialistischen „Volksgeschichte“, die ihren Höhepunkt auf dem Frankfurter Historikertag 1998 erreichte, stellte die Kontinuitäten innerhalb der westdeutschen Geschichtswissenschaft über das Jahr 1945 hinaus in den Vordergrund. Im Zentrum der Debatte standen Werner Conze und Theodor Schieder, die zu den Gründungsvätern der Sozialgeschichte in der Bundesrepublik gehörten. Beide hatten sich in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren als „volkgeschichtliche“ Nachwuchskräfte qualifiziert, waren der NSDAP beigetreten und hatten dem nationalsozialistischen Regime zugearbeitet. Deswegen wurden sie von Götz Aly und Susanne Heim zu den „Vordenkern der Vernichtung“ gerechnet, da sie zumindest mittelbar, als intellektuelle Berater, an der nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungspolitik beteiligt gewesen seien. Die bundesdeutsche Sozialgeschichte, deren Selbstverständnis auf der Überwindung nationalsozialistischer Traditionen beruht, habe selbst „braune Wurzeln“, so die Kritiker.1 1 Die Diskussionen des Frankfurter Historikertags sind dokumentiert in Winfried Schulze/Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.), Deutsche Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, Frankfurt a. M. 1999; siehe weiterhin Peter Schöttler (Hrsg.), Geschichtsschreibung als Legitimationswissenschaft 1918-1945, Frankfurt a. M. 1997; Willi Oberkrome, Volksgeschichte. Methodische Innovation
    [Show full text]
  • German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
    EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 The Expulsion of the ‘German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Edited by STEFFEN PRAUSER and ARFON REES BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2004 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees and individual authors Published in Italy December 2004 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy www.iue.it Contents Introduction: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees 1 Chapter 1: Piotr Pykel: The Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia 11 Chapter 2: Tomasz Kamusella: The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland 21 Chapter 3: Balázs Apor: The Expulsion of the German Speaking Population from Hungary 33 Chapter 4: Stanislav Sretenovic and Steffen Prauser: The “Expulsion” of the German Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia 47 Chapter 5: Markus Wien: The Germans in Romania – the Ambiguous Fate of a Minority 59 Chapter 6: Tillmann Tegeler: The Expulsion of the German Speakers from the Baltic Countries 71 Chapter 7: Luigi Cajani: School History Textbooks and Forced Population Displacements in Europe after the Second World War 81 Bibliography 91 EUI WP HEC 2004/1 Notes on the Contributors BALÁZS APOR, STEFFEN PRAUSER, PIOTR PYKEL, STANISLAV SRETENOVIC and MARKUS WIEN are researchers in the Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence. TILLMANN TEGELER is a postgraduate at Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Germany. Dr TOMASZ KAMUSELLA, is a lecturer in modern European history at Opole University, Opole, Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Domesticating the German East: Nazi Propaganda and Women's Roles in the “Germanization” of the Warthegau During World Wa
    DOMESTICATING THE GERMAN EAST: NAZI PROPAGANDA AND WOMEN’S ROLES IN THE “GERMANIZATION” OF THE WARTHEGAU DURING WORLD WAR II Madeline James A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the History Department in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Konrad Jarausch Karen Auerbach Karen Hagemann © 2020 Madeline James ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Madeline James: Domesticating the German East: Nazi Propaganda And Women’s Roles in the “Germanization” of the Warthegau during World War II (Under the direction of Konrad Jarausch and Karen Auerbach) This thesis utilizes Nazi women’s propaganda to explore the relationship between Nazi gender and racial ideology, particularly in relation to the Nazi Germanization program in the Warthegau during World War II. At the heart of this study is an examination of a paradox inherent in Nazi gender ideology, which simultaneously limited and expanded “Aryan” German women’s roles in the greater German community. Far from being “returned to the home” by the Nazis in 1933, German women experienced an expanded sphere of influence both within and beyond the borders of the Reich due to their social and cultural roles as “mothers of the nation.” As “bearers of German culture,” German women came to occupy a significant role in Nazi plans to create a new “German homeland” in Eastern Europe. This female role of “domesticating” the East, opposite the perceived “male” tasks of occupation, expulsion, and resettlement, entailed cultivating and reinforcing Germanness in the Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) communities, molding them into “future masters of the German East.” This thesis therefore also examines the ways in which Reich German women utilized the notion of a distinctly female cultural sphere to stake a claim in the Germanizing mission.
    [Show full text]
  • The White Rose's Resistance to Nazism
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 2017 The White Rose’s Resistance to Nazism: The Influence of Friedrich Nietzsche Katilyn R. Kirkman Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Kirkman, Katilyn R., "The White Rose’s Resistance to Nazism: The nflueI nce of Friedrich Nietzsche" (2017). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 65. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/65 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The White Rose’s Resistance to Nazism: The Influence of Friedrich Nietzsche Katilyn Kirkman History 499, Senior Seminar Primary Reader: Professor David Doellinger Secondary Reader: Professor Patricia Goldsworthy-Bishop Spring 2017 The White Rose was a non-violent resistance organization that was run by students and a professor from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) that was active from 1942- 1943. The organization anonymously distributed anti-Nazi leaflets and tagged public places with anti-Nazi graffiti in response to Hitler’s anti-Semitic actions. The two main members were Hans and Sophie Scholl because Hans founded the organization and Sophie ran the operations of the organization, quickly becoming one of the leaders of the organization. By reading and discussing the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, members of the White Rose, particularly Hans and Sophie Scholl, solidifying their commitment to opposing Nazism, including their belief that Germans could no longer ignore the crimes of the Nazi State.
    [Show full text]
  • By Ingo Haar
    QUEST N. 17 – REVIEWS Cordelia Hess, The Absent Jews: Kurt Forstreuter and the Historiography of Medieval Prussia, (New York, Berghahn Books, 2017), pp. 323. by Ingo Haar In The Absent Jews, Cordelia Hess tackles a key topic in German history and writes about the connection between science and political power under National Socialism. For two decades now, research has been being conducted on the part that German historians played in the genocide of the European Jews and Slavic people in Eastern Europe, but here Hess focuses on the role played by archivists. As Raphael Lemkin, the father of the Genocide Convention, pointed out, the physical destruction of a nation or ethnic group is preceded by the removal of their cultural heritage. This finding is still unproven in Germany except for individual research on the looting of archives by Wolfgang Freund, Esther Abel and Anja Heuss and the genealogical research that Jürgen Schlumbohm works on. The key focus of this book by Cordelia Hess, medieval historian and chair of Nordic History at the University of Greifswald, is the Königsberg archivist and medievalist Kurt Forstreuter (1897–1979). As there is hardly any evidence for the presence of Jews in the area around the eastern Baltic in the Middle Ages, especially in the State of the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden), the region has long been considered as being without Jews. In her study, Cordelia Hess questions this thesis of the absence of Jews and investigates whether this is not rather the result of the destruction of Jewish sources during the Holocaust, an activity closely related to Forstreuter.
    [Show full text]
  • CCC Volume 25 Issue 1 Cover and Back Matter
    FORTHCOMING Volume 25 Number 2 1992 ARTICLES Rethinking the Categories of the German Revolution of 1848: The Emergence of Popular Conservatism in Bavaria James F. Harris The Political Calculus of Capital: Banking and the Business Class in Prussia, 1848-1856 James M. Brophy The End of the "Final Solution"?: Nazi Plans to Ransom Jews in 1944 Richard Breitman and Shlomo Aronson Rehearsal for "Reinhard"?: Odilo Globocnik and the Lublin Selbstschutz Peter R. Black BOOK REVIEWS England and the German Hanse, 1157-1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy, by T. H. Lloyd (Herbert H. Kaplan) Frauen und Dissens: Frauen im Deutschkatholizismus und in den freien Gemeinden, 1841-1852, by Sylvia Paletschek Gonathan Sperber) Von Heidelberg nach Berlin: Friedrich Ebert 1871-1905, by Ronald A. Muench (William Carl Mathews) Fields of Knowledge. French Academic Culture in Comparative Perspective, 1890-1920, by Fritz Ringer (Charles E. McClelland) A Nation of Provincials. The German Idea of Heimat, by Celia Applegate (James H. Jackson, Jr.) On Socialists and "The Jewish Question" after Marx, by Jack Jacobs (Albert S. Lindemann) Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922, by Carol Fink, Axel Frohn, and Jiirgen Heideking, eds. Appeasing Fascism: Articles from the Wayne State University Conference on Munich after Fifty Years, by Melvin Small and Otto Feinstein, eds. (A. J. Nicholls) Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 27 Sep 2021 at 00:07:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938900019671 FORTHCOMING (cont.) On Heidegger's Nazism and Philosophy, by Tom Rockmore (Peter Bergmann) The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945, by Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann (Lawrence D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ingo Haar Und Hans Rothfels: Eine Erwiderung
    Diskussion HEINRICH AUGUST WINKLER GESCHICHTSWISSENSCHAFT ODER GESCHICHTSKLITTERUNG? Ingo Haar und Hans Rothfels: Eine Erwiderung Hängt das Urteil über die wissenschaftliche und politische Rolle des Historikers Hans Rothfels in der Zeit um 1933 wesentlich von der richtigen oder falschen Datie­ rung eines einzigen Textes ab? Seit Ingo Haar im Jahre 2000 die Buchfassung seiner Dissertation „Historiker im Nationalsozialismus. Deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft und 'Volkstumskampf im Osten" vorgelegt hat, muß man diese Frage wohl bejahen. Haars Schlüsseldokument ist eine angeblich von der „Deutschen Welle" gesendete „Radioansprache zum Machtantritt der Nationalsozialisten", in der sich Rothfels nach Auffassung des Autors „rückhaltlos hinter das neue Regime" gestellt hat1. In einem Beitrag für diese Zeitschrift habe ich im Oktober 2001 den Nachweis geführt, daß es eine Rundfunkansprache von Rothfels zur „Machtergreifung" nicht gibt2. Die von Haar zitierte Rede „Der deutsche Staatsgedanke von Friedrich dem Großen bis zur Gegenwart" wurde nicht irgendwann nach dem 30. Januar 1933 von der „Deutschen Welle", sondern drei Jahre vorher, im Januar und Februar 1930, in vier Folgen vom Ostmarken-Rundfunk Königsberg ausgestrahlt. Haars Fehldatie­ rung geht auf einen irrigen Vermerk im vorläufigen Findbuch zum Nachlaß Rothfels im Bundesarchiv Koblenz zurück. Zur Vorgeschichte des Vermerks wird gleich noch etwas zu sagen sein. Eine kritische Lektüre des Textes hätte Haar selbst zu dem Ergebnis führen müs­ sen, daß die Zeitangabe des Findbuchs nicht stimmen kann. Aber er hat das Manu­ skript nicht kritisch, sondern so voreingenommen gelesen, daß aus Rothfels' aner­ kennenden Worten über den „ersten Präsidenten der Republik", also Friedrich Ebert, ein Lob für seinen Nachfolger, den ehemaligen Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg, und aus einer rhetorischen Verbeugung vor Hindenburg der Ver­ such wird, „Hitler in die Kontinuität Friedrichs des Großen und Bismarcks" einzu­ reihen.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious and Secular Responses to Nazism: Coordinated and Singular Acts of Opposition
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Religious And Secular Responses To Nazism: Coordinated And Singular Acts Of Opposition Kathryn Sullivan University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Sullivan, Kathryn, "Religious And Secular Responses To Nazism: Coordinated And Singular Acts Of Opposition" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 891. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/891 RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR RESPONSES TO NAZISM COORDINATED AND SINGULAR ACTS OF OPPOSITION by KATHRYN M. SULLIVAN B.A. University of Central Florida, 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2006 © 2006 Kathryn M. Sullivan ii ABSTRACT My intention in conducting this research is to satisfy the requirements of earning a Master of Art degree in the Department of History at the University of Central Florida. My research aim has been to examine literature written from the 1930’s through 2006 which chronicles the lives of Jewish and Gentile German men, women, and children living under Nazism during the years 1933-1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Diss Gradschool Submission
    OUTPOST OF FREEDOM: A GERMAN-AMERICAN NETWORK’S CAMPAIGN TO BRING COLD WAR DEMOCRACY TO WEST BERLIN, 1933-72 Scott H. Krause A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Konrad H. Jarausch Christopher R. Browning Klaus W. Larres Susan Dabney Pennybacker Donald M. Reid Benjamin Waterhouse © 2015 Scott H. Krause ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Scott H. Krause: Outpost of Freedom: A German-American Network’s Campaign to bring Cold War Democracy to West Berlin, 1933-66 (under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) This study explores Berlin’s sudden transformation from the capital of Nazi Germany to bastion of democracy in the Cold War. This project has unearthed how this remarkable development resulted from a transatlantic campaign by liberal American occupation officials, and returned émigrés, or remigrés, of the Marxist Social Democratic Party (SPD). This informal network derived from members of “Neu Beginnen” in American exile. Concentrated in wartime Manhattan, their identity as German socialists remained remarkably durable despite the Nazi persecution they faced and their often-Jewish background. Through their experiences in New Deal America, these self-professed “revolutionary socialists” came to emphasize “anti- totalitarianism,” making them suspicious of Stalinism. Serving in the OSS, leftists such as Hans Hirschfeld forged friendships with American left-wing liberals. These experiences connected a wider network of remigrés and occupiers by forming an epistemic community in postwar Berlin. They recast Berlin’s ruins as “Outpost of Freedom” in the Cold War.
    [Show full text]
  • CRITICAL SOCIAL HISTORY AS a TRANSATLANTIC ENTERPRISE, 1945-1989 Philipp Stelzel a Dissertatio
    RETHINKING MODERN GERMAN HISTORY: CRITICAL SOCIAL HISTORY AS A TRANSATLANTIC ENTERPRISE, 1945-1989 Philipp Stelzel A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Adviser: Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Reader: Dr. Dirk Bönker Reader: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Karen Hagemann Reader: Dr. Donald Reid © 2010 Philipp Stelzel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT PHILIPP STELZEL: Rethinking Modern German History: Critical Social History as a Transatlantic Enterprise, 1945-1989 (under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) My dissertation “Rethinking Modern German History: Critical Social History as a Transatlantic Enterprise, 1945-1989” analyzes the intellectual exchange between German and American historians from the end of World War II to the 1980s. Several factors fostered the development of this scholarly community: growing American interest in Germany (a result of both National Socialism and the Cold War); a small but increasingly influential cohort of émigré historians researching and teaching in the United States; and the appeal of American academia to West German historians of different generations, but primarily to those born between 1930 and 1940. Within this transatlantic intellectual community, I am particularly concerned with a group of West German social historians known as the “Bielefeld School” who proposed to re-conceptualize history as Historical Social Science (Historische Sozialwissenschaft). Adherents of Historical Social Science in the 1960s and early 1970s also strove for a critical analysis of the roots of National Socialism. Their challenge of the West German historical profession was therefore both interpretive and methodological.
    [Show full text]