Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia Edited by David J. Penman Modadugu V. Gupta Madan M. Dey formerly known as “ICLARM - The World Fish Center” Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia Edited by David J. Penman Modadugu V. Gupta Madan M. Dey 2005 Published by the WorldFish Center P.O. Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia Penman, D.J., M.V. Gupta and M.M. Dey (eds.) 2005. Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia. WorldFish Center Technical Report 65, 152 p. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Carp genetic resources for aquaculture in Asia / edited by David J. Penman, Modadugu V. Gupta, Madan D. Dey. ISBN 983-2346-35-5 1. Carp fisheries--Asia. 2. Fish-culture--Asia. 3. Aquaculture-- Asia. I. Penman, David J. II. Gupta, Modadugu V. III. Dey, Madan M. 639.37483095 Cover photos by: WorldFish Center photo collection ISBN 983-2346-35-5 WorldFish Center Contribution No. 1727 Printed by Jutaprint WorldFish Center is one of the 15 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness campaign, Future Harvest. ii WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia Contents iii Contents PREFACE iv CHAPTER 1 1 Importance of carp genetic resources M. V. Gupta, M. M. Dey and D.J. Penman CHAPTER 2 6 Carp production in Asia: past trends and present status M.M. Dey, F. J. Paraguas, R. Bhatta, F. Alam, W. Miao, S. Piumsombun, S. Koeshandrajana, L.T.C. Dung, and N.V. Sang CHAPTER 3 16 Carp genetic resources 3.1 Carp genetic resources of Bangladesh 16 M.G. Hussain and M.A. Mazid 3.2 Carp genetic resources of China 26 J. Zhu, J. Wang, Y. Gong and J. Chen 3.3 Carp genetic resources of India 39 P.V. G.K. Reddy 3.4 Carp genetic resources of Indonesia 54 L. Emmawati, A. Azizi, M. Sulhi, Subagyo and A. Hardjamulia 3.5 Carp genetic resources of Thailand 63 N. Pongthana 3.6 Carp genetic resources of Vietnam 72 N.C. Dan, T.M. Thien and P.A. Tuan CHAPTER 4 82 Progress in carp genetics research D.J. Penman CHAPTER 5 114 Constraints to increased yields in carp farming: implications for future genetic research M.M. Dey, F. Alam, W. Miao, S. Piumsombun, R. Bhatta, L.T.C. Dung and F.J. Paraguas CHAPTER 6 121 The status of introduced carp species in Asia B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta CHAPTER 7 138 Threatened cyprinid species in Asia B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta APPENDIX 1 146 Nomenclature of cyprinid species mentioned in this publication from FishBase SPECIES INDEX 148 ii WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia Contents iii Preface There are over 1 300 species of cyprinids in Asia, and these are utilized by people for food (capture fisheries and aquaculture) and as ornamental species. For people in many parts of Asia, cyprinids form an integral part of their livelihoods, as subsistence or commercial fishers, hatchery operators, nursery operators, seed traders, ongrowers, middlemen, fish sellers, consumers, or producers of ornamental species. The habitats of many of these species are also increasingly threatened by human activities. It is thus vital that we protect this part of our biodiversity, since it sustains human populations as well as having its own intrinsic value. While there are over 1300 cyprinids species, presently only few of them are used in aquaculture and the potential of many other species in aquaculture is yet to be assessed. Fifteen species are of major aquaculture importance to the countries in Asia and contributed 49 per cent of aquaculture production in the region in 2001. This publication focuses on cyprinid species that are bred in hatcheries and used in aquaculture and restocking activities. Introduced and threatened species of cyprinids in Asia are also discussed. We are well aware that we have not covered many other cyprinid species that are utilized by people in Asia in various ways: wild species in capture fisheries, self-recruiting species in aquaculture ponds and other water bodies, and aquarist species. The species nomenclature given in this publication follows that of FishBase (http://www.fishbase.org) and further information on the species dealt with here can be found in this database. Lastly, the Editors would like to thank the Asian Development Bank for funding the project that led to this publication, and the many people who provided research results and hard-to-find references that are included here. David J. Penman Modadugu V. Gupta Madan M. Dey Editors iv WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 1 | Importance of Carp Genetic Resources 1 Chapter 1 Importance of Carp Genetic Resources1 Modadugu V. Gupta2, Madan M. Dey2 and David J. Penman3 Fish and fisheries play an important role in the human consumption (FAO 2003). FAO (1999a) economies of developing countries, contributing estimated that by the year 2010, demand for food to animal protein intake, employment generation, fish will have increased by 13.5-18 per cent or to household incomes and foreign exchange about 105-110 million t. Against this demand, earnings. Surveys conducted by the WorldFish production from capture fisheries is declining as Center and FAO show that fish has become an most of the world’s fish stocks have been exploited increasingly important source of protein over the to their maximum potential or over exploited, last decade in most of the developing countries. indicating it might be difficult to increase yields Countries with low per capita gross domestic from capture fisheries in the near future (Williams product tend to have a higher share of fish protein 1996). During the 1950s and 1960s capture fish in their animal protein consumption (Kent 1997). production increased by an average of 6 per cent Studies indicated that demand for fish increases per annum and this declined to 2 per cent during as expenditure/income rises and that higher the 1970s and 1980s, falling almost to zero income groups tend to consume more fish than during the 1990s (FAO 2000). lower income groups. However, the share of fish (as protein) and the share of fish to the total food In contrast to declining growth in capture expenditure are higher among lower income fisheries, aquaculture has been growing at a fast groups, suggesting that lower income groups are rate, by about 5 per cent per year during the the most dependent on fish (Dey et al. 2004; FAO 1950s and 1960s to about 8 per cent during the 1999a; Dey 2000; Dey et al. 2000a; ICLARM 1970s and 1980s and over 10 per cent since 1990 2000). This result is also consistent with the (FAO 2000). Aquaculture production has generalization that although less developed increased from 3.2 per cent of the total fish countries are not the biggest consumers of fish, production in 1950 to 32 per cent in 2000. they are the most dependent on aquatic resources Aquaculture has become the world’s fastest (FAO 1993; Kent 1997; FAO 1999b), indicating growing food-producing sector, with production the importance of fish as a primary source of more than doubling during 1990-2000, from protein among relatively poorer households in 13.1 million t in 1990 to 35.6 million t in 2000 these countries. No wonder it is regarded as “poor (FAO 2003). man’s protein” (Williams 1996). Of the total aquaculture production of 45.7 In Asia, on average, almost 30 per cent of the total million t in 2000, 45 per cent was contributed by animal protein intake is derived from fish. Among freshwater aquaculture. Production increased the Southeast Asian countries, fish protein from 7.9 million t in 1991 to 20.6 million t in provides 45 per cent of the total protein consumed 2000. Asia produces about 91 per cent of the (Prein and Ahmed 2000). Although Japan, the world’s freshwater aquaculture production, with European Union and USA have higher per capita China contributing 74 per cent of this (Fig.1). consumption of fish and fish products, the share Other major producers of freshwater aquaculture of fish protein in terms of the total animal protein are India (9.89 per cent), Bangladesh (2.77 per consumption is far less than that in many cent), Vietnam (1.85 per cent), Indonesia (1.76 developing countries. per cent), Thailand (1.29 per cent) and the Philippines (0.54 per cent). Growth in freshwater World fish production in 1999 was estimated at aquaculture in the last decade among these 130 million t, of which only 97 million t was for countries differs: Vietnam had the highest growth 1 WorldFish Center Contribution No. 1728. 2 WorldFish Center, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia. 3 University of Stirling, U.K. iv WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 1 | Importance of Carp Genetic Resources 1 of 14.54 per cent per annum during 1990-2000, production increased from 10.8 million t in 1990 followed by China (13.6 per cent), Bangladesh to 29.48 million t in 2001, while carp production (12.94 per cent), Thailand (9.38 per cent) and increased from 5.07 million t in 1990 to 16.42 Indonesia (5.65 per cent). million t in 2001 (Fig. 1.1). With this remarkable increase in production, Table 1.1. Carp production (million t) from capture fisheries and relatively low prices and limited international culture during 1990-2001 markets, freshwater fish are expected to become Year Production from Production from Total an increasingly important source of animal culture capture (million t) protein, particularly for those in medium and (million t) fisheries(million t) lower income groups in developing countries, 1990 5.07 0.47 5.54 especially in Asia (Dey et al.