Val Lewton, Entre Dos Sombras

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Val Lewton, Entre Dos Sombras Ramón Moreno Cantero Val Lewton, entre dos sombras 2003 - Reservados todos los derechos Permitido el uso sin fines comerciales Ramón Moreno Cantero Val Lewton, entre dos sombras «¿A qué cosa crees que tiene más miedo la gente? A la oscuridad, porque en ella todo cobra vida propia...» El productor Jonathan Shields (Kirk Douglas) explicando a su director cómo hacer un film sobre hombres pantera en The Bad and the Beautiful (Vicente Minnelli, 1952). Vladimir Ivan Leventon fue definido por Jacques Tourneur como una persona «de apariencia serena, bastante sólida, pero que bulle en su interior; y eso fue lo que le mató, creo». En buena medida, esa opinión podría constituir un epitafio cinematográfico, ya que cualquiera de los nueve films fantásticos que escribió (en mayor o menor medida) y produjo entre 1942 y 1946 esconden algo más que historias sobre zombies, mujeres pantera, profanadores de tumbas o adoradores de Satán: estos personajes son aprovechados como meros esqueletos iconológicos que darán cuerpo a un entramado simbólico, un cortinaje de sombras sobre la realidad que se descorre parcialmente (o se transparenta) dejando ver otra realidad, menos aprehensible, pero no por ello menos existente. Como se verá, los protagonistas de Lewton destacan por su aspecto normal, casi cotidiano, con una «apariencia serena» que oculta, por lo menos, una personalidad dual: es decir, «bullen en su interior». No sólo los personajes de Lewton se movían entre sombras (externas e internas), sino su propia carrera, basculando entre dos: una le persiguió hasta su muerte, la de su incapacidad para llevar a buen término sus propuestas sin un eficaz colaborador (Tourneur y Robert Wise lo fueron en diferente grado), -364- mientras la otra pertenecía al propio Jacques Tourneur; la sombra de éste (ayudada por una desmedida teoría del autor) ha ocultado la personalidad del productor y su labor en la génesis de las más importantes obras del género durante los años cuarenta; un análisis sobre estas debe prestar atención tanto a la labor de Lewton en los guiones (fruto de una particular formación literaria), como al hecho de ser esfuerzos colectivos de un estudio, la RKO, en un momento muy concreto de su historia, con unas condiciones de libertad creativa inhabituales en plena Guerra Mundial. Semblanza de Val Lewton Nacido en Yalta, sobrino de la actriz Alla Nazimova, llega a Estados Unidos en compañía de su madre Nina a la edad de siete años. Tras estudiar en la Universidad de Columbia, se dedica a escribir novelas baratas durante diez años (incluyendo una pornográfica, Yasmine), firmadas a veces con seudónimos que emplearía en sus guiones (Cosmo Forbes y Carlos Keith), algunas de ellas realizadas con el futuro guionista Donald Henderson Clark. Pasa a ocupar el puesto de asesor editorial de David O. Selznick en los primeros años treinta, trabajo que su propia madre realizó para la MGM en Nueva York. Sin embargo, desavenencias con Selznick durante el rodaje de Gone with the Wind (Victor Fleming, entre otros, 1939) le hacen perder su empleo; al parecer Lewton consideraba la novela de Margaret Mitchell un plagio de Guerra y Paz. En 1942 se hace cargo de una unidad de bajo presupuesto de la RKO destinada a producir films de terror, supervisando un total de once films con éxito (sobre todo los dos primeros), mientras Charles Koerner fue jefe de Producción del estudio. Nueve de ellos pertenecen al género fantástico: Cat People (1942), I Walked with a Zombie (1943) y The Leopard Man (1943), dirigidos por Jacques Tourneur; The 7th Victim (1943), Ghost Ship (1943), Isle of the Dead (1 945) y Bedlam (1946), de Mark Robson; The Curse of Cat People (1944) y The Body Snatcher (1945), dirigidos por Robert Wise (The Curse, codirigido con Gunter Fritsch). Al morir Koerner, Lewton firmará por la Paramount, la MGM y la Universal, produciendo un film para cada uno (dos comedias y un western) con nulo éxito. Enfermo coronario, fallece finalmente en 1951 a los 46 años de edad. Más que estos breves datos biográficos nos interesa resaltar su sólida formación literaria, vinculada especialmente a los clásicos rusos y europeos en general, herencia más que probable de su madre y de su educación en la Universidad de Columbia. El propio Tourneur, a cuyas entrevistas acudiremos en más ocasiones, destaca su gran cultura, así como el crítico que escribió su esquela -365- cinematográfica, Manny Farber, que lo define como un «apacible bibliófilo». Efectivamente, el origen de los guiones elaborados por Lewton y sus escritores podía ser propio, inspirado en una frase (Koerner sugirió el título Cat People), en un cuento (el de Inez Wallace para I Walked with a Zombie), o bien en relatos clásicos de Robert Louis Stevenson, como The Body Snatcher. Sin embargo, las adaptaciones realizadas poco tenían que ver finalmente con el original literario, ya que Lewton introducía personajes, escenas, y un sentido elíptico del terror que rara vez existía en otro lugar que no fuera su mente, unificando así escenarios tan diversos como Nueva York, Edimburgo, Haití, México o una isla griega, y en diferentes épocas; estas historias, llamémoslas «convencionales» dentro del género, quedaban desdobladas en dos, ya que la ambivalencia se adueñaba del guión, ofreciendo al menos dos interpretaciones diferentes, cuando no eran más, a los hechos que narran: ni lo sobrenatural ni lo racional resultan convincentes como explicaciones de los films producidos por Lewton. La duda queda como única protagonista y, con ella, la inquietud. El estudio «RKO»: la era Koerner Cuando Val Lewton fue contratado en uno de los departamentos de «serie B» en la RKO corría el año 1942, y la productora estaba en medio de una de sus mayores crisis financieras (con un déficit de millón y medio de dólares), consecuencia en parte de los proyectos de Orson Welles, tales como The Magnificent Ambersons (1941, con un coste de más de un millón de dólares) y el nunca montado It's all True, cuyo rodaje Welles eternizaba en Brasil, disparando un presupuesto infructuoso. Charles W. Koerner, dedicado a la distribución hasta ahora, es nombrado jefe de Producción general, con el específico en cargo de sanear la compañía, aun a costa de frenar y mutilar los trabajos de Welles. La potenciación de la «serie B» es precisamente lo que más nos interesa; en ella, Koerner buscaba una máxima tan empresarial como la del bajo coste-alta rentabilidad, para lo cual contrató a Edward Dmytryk, Val Lewton o Jacques Tourneur (proveniente de la MGM), entre otros, y continuó las series «clásicas» de la RKO, Mexican Spifire y Tarzán, creando otras como la de Dick Tracy en 1946 o el propio ciclo de terror supervisado por Lewton desde 1942. -366- Pero Koerner no era el típico «manager de estudio» despótico: al contrario, dio a sus nuevos contratados una libertad creativa que llama la atención en el rígido panorama directivo de los estudios de inicios de los años cuarenta. Tan sólo daba directrices generales sobre las series que proponía; de hecho, Val Lewton sólo sabía que tenía que poner en marcha un programa de modestos films de terror cuando fue contratado. Tal vez Koerner pretendió recuperar el pasado que el género tuvo en la RKO durante los años treinta con éxitos como The Most Dangerous Game (Schoedsack & Pichel, 1932), King Kong (Cooper & Schoedsack, 1933) o The Haunchback of Notre Dame (William Dieterle, 1939). En 1944, la crisis quedaba conjurada con unos beneficios superiores a cinco millones de dólares. Valga como ejemplo, y concretando en los films objeto de este estudio, el coste de Cat People, 134.000 dólares, con unos beneficios de unos cuatro millones; si bien esa cifra de recaudación no fue rebasada, tendiendo a disminuir, la rentabilidad del ciclo duró aproximadamente hasta la muerte de Koerner, ocurrida en 1946. Las producciones de Lewton respondían a un patrón técnico de trabajo fijado en la primera cinta, sometido a ligeras variaciones: presupuesto no superior a 150.000 dólares, rodaje de un mes en los estudios RKO, un par de meses de posproducción y montaje, y una duración que no excediera los 77 minutos. A su vez, estaban realizadas por un equipo de profesionales pertenecientes al estudio cuya labor fue decisiva en los resultados obtenidos y sobre los cuales merece la pena detenerse brevemente. Lewton contaba con el autor teatral DeWitt Bodeen, con Ardel Wray y Philip McDonald como trío más frecuentado para elaborar los guiones, aunque siempre supeditados a sus líneas argumentales, que a veces quedaban plasmadas bajo seudónimos como Carlos Keith o Cosmo Forbes. El montaje corría a cargo de Mark Robson, que pasará a dirigir los films después de que Tourneur y Wise fueran promovidos a la «serie A». La música era compuesta por Roy Webb, dirigiéndola Constantin Bakaleinikoff, que debía arreglar el tema principal a las posibles variaciones que una canción concreta pueda provocar (a veces sugerida por Tourneur o Lewton) en apoyo de la acción, cosa que ocurrió como veremos en algunos films del ciclo. Los decorados eran construidos por Darrell Silvera y Al Fields, bajo la dirección artística de Albert D'Agostino y Walter E. Keller, pero la huella de Lewton es perceptible en los mismos, especialmente cuando se trataba de ambientar un interior de forma significativa (el apartamento de Irena en Cat People, repleto de elementos felinos), de reconstruir escenarios pasados (el Edinburgo de 1831 de The Body Snatcher) o imaginarios (la casa tropical de Walked with a Zombie). Sin embargo, la habilidad del equipo quedó manifiesta en los decorados -367- de las dos primeras obras de Welles, Citizen Kane y The Magnificent Ambersons, ambas de 1941. En fotografía contó con dos de los más reputados operadores del estudio: Nicholas Musuraca y J.
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