Andrei Racolţa: Sincretism Vizual Şi

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Andrei Racolţa: Sincretism Vizual Şi ANDREI - GHEORGHE RACOLŢA 1 Andrei – Gheorghe Racolţa 2 SINCRETISM VIZUAL ŞI SONOR ÎN RITMURILE ARHITECTURALE ANDREI - GHEORGHE RACOLŢA 3 SINCRETISM VIZUAL ŞI SONOR ÎN RITMURILE ARHITECTURALE Timişoara, 2014 4 SINCRETISM VIZUAL ŞI SONOR ÎN RITMURILE ARHITECTURALE Colecţia ACADEMIS Coordonator de colecţie: Prof. univ. dr. Daniela Constantin Conducător doctorat: Prof. univ. dr. Viorel Toma Referenţi ştiinţifici: Prof. univ. dr. Cornel Ailincăi Prof. dr. arh. Cristian Dumitrescu Prof. univ. dr. Ileana Pintilie Teleagă Coperta: Armand Acea Editura Eurostampa Timişoara, Bd. Revoluția din 1989 nr. 26 Tel/Fax: 0256 204 816 [email protected] [email protected] www.eurostampa.ro Tipărit la Eurostampa © 2014 Andrei - Gheorghe Racolţa Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României RACOLŢA, ANDREI-GHEORGHE Sincretism vizual şi sonor în ritmurile arhitecturale / Andrei-Gheorghe Racolţa. - Timişoara : Eurostampa, 2013 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-569-672-3 72 ANDREI - GHEORGHE RACOLŢA 5 CUPRINS Cuvânt înainte 9 RITM VIZUAL. RITM SONOR 13 Cap. 1. Un ritm care sună bine „arată” bine 15 1.1 Noţiuni generale despre ritmul muzical. Elemente de teorie muzicală 15 1.1.1 Geneza sincretică a ritmului, element de unitate al tuturor artelor 15 1.1.2 Definirea ritmului muzical şi percepţia sa diferenţiată 20 Macrostructural şi microstructural în definirea ritmului 21 Percepţia diferenţiată a produsului artistic 22 1.1.3 Sistematica ritmului 23 1.1.4 Procedee de dezvoltare ale formelor ritmului în creaţia muzicală 33 Procedeele clasice de dezvoltare a ritmului 33 Procedee ritmico-melodice şi ritmico-armonice 45 Procedee evoluate şi contemporane de dezvoltare a ritmului muzical 47 1.2 Posibilitatea vizualizării grafice a ritmului muzical – de la Paul Klee la softurile contemporane 51 Raţiunea esenţei şi rolul aleatoriului. Ordinea artistică 52 Vibraţia ritmică a culorii 53 Ritmul la Paul Klee 55 Ritmul de 1 – un ritm abstract 55 Egalitatea elementelor şi necesitatea repetiţiei periodice 58 Indivizii neritmici 60 Reţeaua ritmică structurală 61 Ritmul binar dezvoltat prin procedeele similare din muzică 62 „Serialismul” la Paul Klee 66 Ad Parnassum. Polifonie şi contrapunct 68 Polifonia – sursă de sugerare a spaţialităţii 70 Bagheta dirijorului 72 Vizualizarea dinamicii polifonice 73 Rolul ritmului în structurarea formei artistice abstracte 78 Biomimetism şi ecotectură 82 1.3 Importanţa măsurii 88 1.3.1 Măsura în muzica şi în arhitectură 88 1.3.2 Confuzia ritm-metru – cauza sărăciei ritmice a arhitecturii 90 1.3.3 Accentul ritmic, intensitatea şi dinamica 96 6 SINCRETISM VIZUAL ŞI SONOR ÎN RITMURILE ARHITECTURALE Cap. 2 Compoziţii ritmice 109 2.1 Ritm simplu 110 2.2 Ritmuri compuse. Morfologie și sintaxă 114 2.3 Suprapuneri de ritmuri 118 2.4 Accente, nuanțe, tempo 127 2.5 Accidente şi intruşi 134 Cap. 3 Explicitarea sonoră a ritmului arhitectural 139 3.1 Dezabstractizarea unor noţiuni prin analogii sonore 139 3.2 Ritmuri non-muzicale 150 RITM CULTURAL 153 Cap. 4 Reflectarea ritmului în diferitele genuri artistice și în muzica unui anumit areal cultural 159 Preambul. Ritm natural – ritm cultural 159 4.1 Fenomene de consonanţă. Ritmul lăuntric 162 Pledoarie împotriva utilizării cuvântului „primitiv” 162 Ritmul lăuntric 163 Ritmul egal şi tentaţia simetriei 163 Memoria formei 173 Ritmul asimetric 176 Ritmul fractalilor 178 Fractalii africani 186 4.2 Constanţa anumitor tipologii specifice şi intruziuni din alte culturi 191 Colonizatori şi colonizaţi 193 Ritmul spaţiului mioritic 197 4.3 Ritmul artistic individual 201 Cazul lui Toyo Ito 205 Cap. 5 Ritmul în diverse perioade istorice în corelare cu dominanta spirituală a epocii 213 5.1 Ritmurile antichităţii politeiste 215 5.2 Ritmurile Evului Mediu în context religios monoteist 220 Ritmul muzicii bizantine 221 Ritmul muzicii gregoriene 222 Islamul 231 5.3 Renaşterea europeană 235 5.4 Barocul 239 5.5 (Neo)clasicismul 240 5.6 Romantismul 244 5.7 Ritmul muzicii moderne 251 Ritmul curentului neomodal 252 Iannis Xenakis 252 Ritmul muzicii aleatorice 253 Luigi Russolo 253 5.8 Muzica electronică şi muzica contemporană 255 ANDREI - GHEORGHE RACOLŢA 7 Cap. 6 Regionalism şi globalism în contemporaneitate 257 6.1 Dimensiunea şi forţa locului 257 6.2 Demonetizarea simbolului şi desacralizarea lumii contemporane. Stilul International Modern şi regionalismul critic 262 6.3 Proiectarea ambientală 269 6.4 Oraşul global. Individul global. Comunităţi globale 271 6.5 Stilul global 273 6.6 Ritmul urbanistic în context contemporan global 275 6.7 Declinul ritmic interior. Necesitatea protecţiei locale 276 Gaia Charter 280 SINCRETISM ARTISTIC ÎN ARHITECTURA CONTEMPORANĂ 283 Reafirmarea sincretismului 287 Cap. 7 Analogia elementelor de limbaj 289 Introducere: cauza decalajelor 289 7.1 Coexistenţa elementelor ritmice, armonice şi melodice în muzică 290 7.1.1 Ritm şi melodie 291 7.1.2 Armonie şi proporţie. Spaţialitatea multidimensională a muzicii 292 7.1.3 Studiul rapoartelor şi proporţiilor – analogii între intervalele muzicale şi sistemele de proporţionare albertiene 294 7.1.4 Înălţimea notei este culoare? Armonia interioară în sens kandinskian 295 7.1.5 Procedee ritmico-melodice şi ritmico-armonice în arhitectură 297 7.1.6 Sursa de provenienţă a ritmului egal şi repetitiv în arhitectură şi cauza perpetuării modelului 303 7.2 Utilizarea elementelor grafice, cromatice, texturale şi volumetrice în ritmica arhitecturii contemporane 305 De Stijl şi sinteza artelor 305 Sincretism arhitectural contemporan 308 Cap. 8. Mişcarea sugerată 313 8.1 Mişcarea reală a arhitecturii 313 8.2 Clădiri care „cântă”. Clădiri care „dansează” 318 Arhitectura clasică europeană „cântă” pe ritmuri de dans 318 Dansul nemetric al Africii 319 Ritmul arhitecturii contemporane a faţadelor cu goluri decalate 321 8.3 Dinamism arhitectural 322 Cap. 9 Tentaţia extremelor 333 9.1 Între austeritatea purismului şi comerţul de forme 333 A fi comercial 333 Kitsch şi anti-kitsch 334 A fi purist 337 Purism şi minimalism 338 Purism şi formalism 341 Purism şi abstract 346 Epurarea şi asanarea 347 8 SINCRETISM VIZUAL ŞI SONOR ÎN RITMURILE ARHITECTURALE Conceptul de recuperare şi tentaţia purismului 349 Purismul ritmic 350 A fi kitsch 352 9.2 Între discursul intelectual interiorizat şi populismul gratuit 354 Cap. 10 Gestionarea ritmului la diverse scări dimensionale 357 10.1 Condiţia arhitecturii contemporane şi potenţialul ritmului 357 10.2 Reţele ritmice 357 Reţele ritmice structurale 359 Forma reţelei 361 Reţele egale şi inegale 362 Reţele ritmice şi reţele metrice. Două reţele suprapuse şi două module 368 Raportarea la contur versus secvenţa izolată 372 Modulul şi metabolismul reţelei 374 Reţele armonice progresive 377 Poliritmia reţelelor suprapuse 384 Arhitectură polimetrică şi nemetrică 385 10.3 Adaptarea ritmului la funcţiunea arhitecturii 388 10.4 Alegerea ritmurilor consonante 390 ANEXĂ - Lista abrevierilor utilizate 394 BIBLIOGRAFIE 395 ANDREI - GHEORGHE RACOLŢA 9 Cuvânt înainte M-am născut într-o familie de muzicieni (mama, tata și bunicul din partea tatălui) la Timișoara, în 1973. Pianul a răsunat pe parcursul întregii mele copilării și adolescențe în camera învecinată, deseori (dar din păcate nu atât de des pe cât îmi doresc acum să o fi făcut) fiind manevrat chiar de mine. Fiind atras mai mult de culori decât de clapele albe și negre, am urmat cursurile gimnaziale și liceale la Liceul de Arte Plastice din Timișoara unde, am beneficiat de îndrumările unor oameni minunați pe care, rămânând în Timișoara, am onoarea să-i mai întâlnesc din când în când. Datorită pasiunii pentru matematică și desen am dat admitere la proaspăt re-înființata Facultate de Arhitectură din oraș (deși o perioadă destul de lungă eram destul de hotărât să urmez medicina) unde am intrat în 1992 și de unde am ieșit arhitect în 1998, cu speranța că vreodată voi avea destui bani să-mi cumpăr un microbus, să-l umplu de „scule” și să plec prin lume împreună cu trupa mea de metal-, thrash- sau punk-rock (deoarece între timp, în loc să-mi „temperez bine” pianul pe calea deschisă de Johann Sebastian Bach, eu o apucasem pe cărările pe care urmele pașilor lui Angus Young, Kirk Hammet, Les Claypool sau Jello Biafra nu se uscaseră, cântând la chitară electrică, bas și voce în primul val al underground-ului local post-decembrist). Am rămas arhitect, am rămas și în facultate unde predau în cadrul atelierului de proiectare de arhitectură și în cel de „Studiul Formei”, dar microbusul nu mi l-am cumpărat. Încă. Alegerea pentru lucrarea de doctorat a unui subiect care implică ritmul muzical se datorează persistenţei în memoria personală a unei întâmplări petrecute în primul an de facultate şi anume în contextul celei dintâi teme primite în cadrul atelierului de proiectare de arhitectură, numită „Zidul”. Aceasta consta în principiu în amplasarea unui element de delimitare într-un părculeţ din Timişoara, ce trebuia să ţină cont de vegetaţia existentă acolo, de traseele pietonale, de vecinătatea cursului canalului Bega, de însorire, de peisajul în schimbare, de fapt de un întreg ansamblu de componente dinamice, pe care respectiva locație le avea. În urma analizei detaliate a sitului trebuia ampasat un „zid” a cărui poziţie, dimensiune şi conformare să răspundă la cerinţele locului respectiv astfel încât să intre într-un dialog cu acesta fără să-l agreseze. Nu mi-a rămas întipărită în memorie imaginea micului meu proiect, dar ţin minte că în loc să amplasez un zid masiv, texturat şi perforat într-o oarecare poziţie, am desenat o succesiune de elemente verticale inegale ca dimensiune şi neechidistante,
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