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Viajeros Franceses En Canarias En El Siglo XVIII

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Viajeros Franceses En Canarias En El Siglo XVIII Curso 2004/05 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES/6 I.S.B.N.: 84-7756-630-5 CRISTINA GONZÁLEZ DE URIARTE MARRÓN Viajeros franceses en Canarias en el siglo XVIII Directora BERTA PICO GRAÑA SOPORTES AUDIOVISUALES E INFORMÁTICOS Serie Tesis Doctorales ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................... 15 Presentación del corpus ............................................................................... 33 PRIMERA PARTE EL MUNDO EN LOS MAPAS. LAS EXPEDICIONES MARÍTIMAS DEL S. XVIII .........95 1.1. Evolución en el conocimiento del mundo a través de la cartografía........ 97 1.1.1. Antigüedad....................................................................................... 97 1.1.2. Edad Media ................................................................................... 104 1.1.2.1. Los portulanos................................................................ 110 1.1.2.2. La navegación a finales de la Edad Media....................... 115 1.1.3. Siglo XVI........................................................................................ 118 1.1.4. Siglo XVII....................................................................................... 134 1.1.5. Siglo XVIII............................................................................... 141 1.2. La Terra australis y otros mitos geográficos.......................................... 145 1.3. Concepción del viaje en el siglo XVIII................................................... 173 1.4. Organización y desarrollo de los viajes de exploración ......................... 177 1.4.1. La Marina francesa y otras instituciones científicas....................... 184 1.4.2. Redacción de las instrucciones de los viajeros.................................. 190 1.4.3. Objetivos de las campañas.............................................................. 197 1.4.3.1. El móvil científico: la Geografía y la Historia Natural..... 199 1.4.3.2. Perfeccionamiento de los instrumentos y de las técnicas de navegación........................................................................... 206 1.5. Especialización del viajero.................................................................... 219 1.6. El barco. Desarrollo de la construcción naval....................................... 227 1.6.1. Condiciones de la vida a bordo.................................................. 230 1.7. El viaje por mar y sus ritos: el paso del Ecuador................................... 240 SEGUNDA PARTE (D)ESCRIBIR EL VIAJE...................................................................................243 2.1. La narración del viaje........................................................................... 246 2.2. Formas de escritura del viaje................................................................ 257 2.2.1. El diario de navegación................................................................... 257 2.2.2. La correspondencia.................................................................. 260 2.2.3. El relato de viajes..................................................................... 263 2.3. Distribución de la información y de las ilustraciones. Título, notas y textos preliminares................................................................................... 271 2.4. La captatio benevolentiæ y otros recursos estilísticos.............................. 280 2.5. Redacción y publicación del viaje........................................................ 293 2.6. La cuestión de la alteridad................................................................... 297 2.7. El viajero-narrador............................................................................... 304 2.7.1. Una mirada racional sobre el mundo.............................................. 307 2.7.2. La experiencia personal................................................................... 308 2.7.3. Fuentes de información.................................................................. 312 2.7.4. *A beau mentir qui vient de loin+: credibilidad del viajero................ 316 2.7.5. Desmitificación de la realidad.................................................... 320 2.8. El lector............................................................................................... 323 2.9. La escala en Canarias........................................................................... 329 2.9.1. Interés histórico.............................................................................. 331 2.9.2. Interés científico............................................................................. 333 2.9.3. Interés humano y social............................................................ 335 TERCERA PARTE CANARIAS, Y EN PARTICULAR TENERIFE, EN LA LITERATURA DE VIAJES DEL SIGLO XVIII............................................................................................................339 3.1. Primeras referencias a Canarias. Tenerife y las otras islas del Archipiélago en la narrativa de viajes....................................................................................... 342 3.2. Procedencia de la información ............................................................ 349 3.2.1. Documentos escritos y fuentes orales......................................... 350 3.3. Primera impresión de Tenerife............................................................. 354 3.3.1. Descripción del Teide .................................................................... 356 3.3.2. Referencias mitológicas............................................................. 365 3.3.2.1. Las Islas Afortunadas...................................................... 367 3.3.2.2. El Jardín de las Hespérides y los Campos Elíseos............ 370 3.3.2.3. La leyenda de San Brandán............................................. 371 3.3.2.4. El Garoe......................................................................... 372 3.3.2.5. La Atlántida............................................................. 374 3.4. La economía insular............................................................................. 378 3.4.1. La actividad comercial.................................................................... 382 3.4.2. La vid............................................................................................. 389 3.4.3. Agricultura, ganadería y pesca.................................................... 394 3.5. Las observaciones de historia natural.................................................... 400 3.5.1. La botánica..................................................................................... 410 3.5.2. La zoología y la geología................................................................. 417 CUARTA PARTE LA CIUDAD Y SUS GENTES............................................................................ 427 4.1. Tenerife en el siglo XVIII según los viajeros franceses............................ 428 4.2. Principales núcleos urbanos................................................................. 433 4.2.1. Santa Cruz de Tenerife .................................................................. 433 4.2.2. El puerto........................................................................................ 441 4.2.3. La Laguna...................................................................................... 446 4.2.4. La Orotava ............................................................................. 451 4.3. La preocupación etnográfica en la literatura de viajes .......................... 455 4.3.1. Contexto socio-económico de Tenerife en el s. XVIII ................... 465 4.3.2. Descripción física y valoración moral del canario ........................... 472 4.3.3. Costumbres y vida religiosa............................................................ 480 4.3.4. Vestido .......................................................................................... 487 4.3.5. Alimentación, higiene, medicina y salud .....................................492 4.4. Relaciones con los isleños.....................................................................499 5. CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................503 6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .........................................................................................511 ÍNDICE DE VIAJEROS ....................................................................................557 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES..........................................................................561 Je ne me dissimule point les fatigues, les dangers même, inséparables d'une longue navigation. L'élément terrible auquel j'ose confier ma frêle existence peut devenir mon tombeau. Si j'échappe aux tempêtes, je serai peut-être victime du climat brûlant sous lequel je dois vivre pendant plusieurs mois: cependant mon courage n'en est point ébranlé; je sais qu'un citoyen doit sacrifier son repos, sa santé, sa vie même, lorsqu'il travaille pour l'utilité publique et le progrès des connaissances humaines. Ledru INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio de la narrativa de viajes en relación con Canarias ha experimentado un especial impulso en los últimos tiempos, como lo atestigua la publicación de diversos trabajos, ediciones y traducciones de relatos, amén de la creación de grupos de investigación de carácter pluridisciplinar. El conjunto de la documentación —integrado por la correspondencia, las crónicas y los cuadernos de bitácora elaborados por aventureros, marinos, científicos, comerciantes y misioneros
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