DOCSLIB.ORG

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical and Optical Properties of Magnesium-Type Boracite

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical and Optical Properties of Magnesium-Type Boracite Turkish Journal of Chemistry Turk J Chem (2015) 39: 1025 { 1037 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/ ⃝c TUB¨ ITAK_ Research Article doi:10.3906/kim-1410-37 Synthesis, characterization, and electrical and optical properties of magnesium-type boracite Tu˘gba IBROS¸KA_ 1, Azmi Seyhun KIPC¸AK1, S¨ureyya AYDIN YUKSEL¨ 2, Emek DERUN1;∗, Sabriye PIS¸K_ IN_ 1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul,_ Turkey 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul,_ Turkey Received: 17.10.2014 • Accepted/Published Online: 09.04.2015 • Printed: 30.10.2015 Abstract: Synthesis of the magnesium type of the mineral boracite (Mg 3 B 7 O 13 Cl) was studied. Several parame- ters affecting boracite synthesis were investigated. The raw materials selected were magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 .6H 2 O), magnesium oxide (MgO), and boron oxide (B 2 O 3). Reaction temperatures were selected between 600 ◦ C and 900 ◦ C. Moreover, three different reaction times of 4, 1, and 0.5 h were studied with the determined opti- mum molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction medium. Synthesized boracite characterization analyses were done by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Reaction yields were also calculated. From the results of this study the magnesium type of boracite was obtained as a single phase with high XRD crystal score. Optimum conditions for the synthesis were as follows: ◦ MgCl 2 .6H 2 O to B 2 O 3 mole ratios of 5:6.5, 5:7.5, 6:6.5, 6:7.5, 7:6.5, 7:7.5; 600 C reaction temperature; 1 h reaction time; and reaction medium as air atmosphere. Reaction yields were between 58.81 1.65% and 77.49 1.86%. Some selected magnesium type of boracite minerals, electrical resistivity, and optical absorbance properties were also measured for the determination of physical properties. Key words: Magnesium-type boracite, solid-state synthesis, reaction yield 1. Introduction Magnesium borates have many advantages in the boron mineral groups including their high elasticity coefficient and heat resistance, light weight, and anticorrosive properties. 1−4 With these properties magnesium borates can be used in cathode ray tube screens, in the ceramic industry, in detergent compositions, in ferroelastic material production, in fluorescent discharge lamps as luminescent materials, in friction reducing additive manufacture, as thermoluminescent phosphor, in superconducted material production, and in X-ray screens. 5−10 There are several studies on the solid-state synthesis of magnesium-type borates in the literature. In these studies, the synthesis was conducted in a high temperature furnace. The magnesium sources mainly used were magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2·6H 2 O), magnesium nitride hexahydrate Mg(NO 3)2·6H 2 O, and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2), and these sources were reacted with the boron sources of boron oxide (B 2 O 3) and boric acid (H 3 BO 3). In these syntheses dehydrated magnesium borate compounds were formed. 11−16 ∗Correspondence: [email protected] 1025 IBROS¸KA_ et al./Turk J Chem ◦ Mg 2 B 2 O 5 was obtained by Qasrawi et al. at 1250 C with a 3 h reaction time using the reactants 12 ◦ Mg(OH) 2 and H 3 BO 3 [11], by Dosler et al. at 1000 C with the reactants MgO and B 2 O 3 , by Elssfah et al. at 900 ◦ C using the same reactants used by Qasrawi et al. 13 , by Li et al. 14 at 800 ◦ C using the starting ◦ materials MgCl 2·6H 2 O and NaBH 4 , by Zeng et al. at 1200 C in a vacuum for 1 h with a mixed tablet 15 of Mg(BO 2)2 . Mg 3 B 2 O 6 is another type of magnesium borate that can be synthesized via the solid-state method. This was studied by Zhang et al. with varying lengths and widths ranging between 100 and 300 nm 16 ◦ and Dosler et al. at 1300 C with the same reactants of MgO and B 2 O 3 that synthesize Mg 2 B 2 O 5 type of magnesium borate. 12 Boracite is a borate compound that contains chlorine. Boracite is generally expressed by the formul M 3 B 7 O 13 X. M represents the two valence cations of Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or Cd and X is the one 17 valence anion of F, Cl, Br, I, OH, or NO 3 . In some situations, X can be S, Se, or Te and M may be single valence Li. 18 In nature there are four types of boracite. These are ericaite and trembathite, with the same formulae 19;20 of (Fe,Mg) 3 B 7 O 13 Cl; chambersite (Mn 3 B 7 O 13 Cl); and congolite (Fe 3 B 7 O 13 Cl) (Mg,Fe) 3 B 7 O 13 Cl). Boracite is found with gypsum (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O), gypsum anhydrite (CaSO 4), halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl), 21 carnallite (KMgCl 3 .6(H 2 O), kainite (MgSO 4 .KCl.3H 2 O), and hilgardite (Ca 2 B 5 O 9 Cl.H 2 O). Usually boracites were synthesized through four different methods, namely hydrothermal, pressurized mechanical, vapor transfer, and sintering flow. 20 The most widely used method was the sintering flow method. Using this method, Wang et al. synthesized the Fe{Cl type boracite. 22 On the other hand, Ju et al. studied the utilization of the flow method in boracite synthesis where they synthesized the five different halogen boracites Mn 3 B 7 O 13 Cl, Co 3 B 7 O 13 Cl, Ni 3 B 7 O 13 Cl, Cu 3 B 7 O 13 Cl, and Zn 3 B 7 O 13 I by the reaction of the transition metal halides CoCl 2·6H 2 O, NiCl 2·6H 2 O, MnCl 2·4H 2 O, CuCl 2·2H 2 O, and ZnI 2 together with H 3 BO 3 at temperatures between 240 and 300 ◦ C and reaction times between 2 and 4 days. 23 In the study by Delfino et al., Ni{Br, Zn{Br, Zn{Cl, Mn{Cl, Co{Br, Mg{Cl, and Mn{I type boracites were studied at temperatures between 475 and 540 K, along with very long reaction times of 18{60 h and high reaction pressures of 5{33 atm. 24 However, in this study only the air atmosphere was studied and the reaction yield of magnesium-type boracite was not calculated. In the literature, it is seen that the synthesis of magnesium type of boracites was not studied in detail, and that very long reaction times were employed, ranging from 2 to 4 days. Our study group conducted some preliminary research on boracite synthesis. For instance, some studies were carried out with the solid-state method, using H 3 BO 3 as the raw material along with MgO and MgCl 2·6H 2 O, but the formation of pure boracite could not be achieved. 25;26 Another solid-state method employed at 1000 ◦ C by Piskin et al. showed that at high temperatures, dehydrated type of magnesium borates were formed as the major phases. 25 In the study by Kipcak et al., the same raw materials were used as in the aforementioned study, but a lower temperature range of 500{700 ◦ C was used. The results showed that the formation of boracite started at 500 ◦ C; however, a further increase in temperature again resulted in the formation of dehydrated type of magnesium 26 borates as the major phases. Another important result obtained from these studies is that the use of H 3 BO 3 in boracite synthesis was not suitable. This study mainly focused on the solid-state rapid synthesis of magnesium type of boracites. For this aim several different parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction atmosphere, and different types of raw materials were studied for optimization of the perfect crystal structure for magnesium type of boracites. After the synthesis, the characterization of the products was conducted using the techniques of 1026 IBROS¸KA_ et al./Turk J Chem X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, with the selected magnesium type of boracite minerals, electrical resistivity and optical absorbance properties were measured. 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Raw material results In the XRD analyses, the raw materials of MgCl 2 .6H 2 O and MgO were identified as bischofite with JCPDS card number 01-077-1268 and periclase with JCPDS card number 01-087-0651. B 2 O 3 is identified as the mixture of both phases of B 2 O 3 and B 2 O with JCPDS card numbers 00-006-0297 and 01-088-2485, respectively. 2.2. XRD results of the synthesized minerals 2.2.1. Stage 1 In stage 1, set 1 and set 2 syntheses were conducted using MgO (Mo), MgCl 2 .6H 2 O (Mc), and B 2 O 3 (B) with the synthesis temperature between 600 ◦ C and 900 ◦ C in air atmosphere. From the results of this stage three different phases were obtained (Table 1). Table 1. XRD scores of the products synthesized from Mo, Mc, and B between 600 ◦ C and 900 ◦ C and 4 h of reaction time in air atmosphere (stage 1). Mole ratio 600 ◦C 700 ◦C 800 ◦C 900 ◦C Sets (Mo:Mc:B) B M S B M S B M S B M S 4:1:6.5 16 45 - 21 50 20 65 67 20 21 77 26 4:1:7.0 25 51 - 17 53 17 31 66 - 33 74 24 4:1:7.5 7 50 - 20 53 19 23 55 22 32 78 25 5:1:6.5 11 42 - 27 60 19 6 25 - 10 80 20 1 5:1:7.0 30 53 - 26 52 20 17 65 - 34 78 23 5:1:7.5 17 36 - 23 58 19 3 22 - 17 75 24 6:1:6.5 19 43 - 23 60 - 23 62 - 20 79 21 6:1:7.0 19 43 - 24 62 18 31 66 - 34 72 23 6:1:7.5 6.5 52 - 20 52 17 4 21 17 26 78 22 4:2:6.5 25 21 - 23 47 18 10 39 25 38 72 23 4:2:7.0 20 34 17 32 41 17 7 63 17 36 81 28 4:2:7.5 24 12 - 20 50 16 22 65 21 34 77 23 5:2:6.5 33 18 - 23 48 17 7 11 7.5 33 74 22 2 5:2:7.0 34 31 - 29 52 22 3 61 25 34 76 21 5:2:7.5 29 41 - 28 26 - 4 47 20 38 79 27 6:2:6.5 24 26 - 19 39 17 17 53 28 42 77 27 6:2:7.0 24 6.5 - 18 44 16 7 32 18 35 81 23 6:2:7.5 24 32 - 33 50 22 7 47 20 39 75 25 0:5:6.5 60 23 - 63 50 - 65 67 21 42 70 21 0:5:7.0 53 11 - 66 50 - 60 57 20 33 73 19 0:5:7.5 55 29 - 63 69 - 59 69 - 31 68 22 0:6:6.5 75 - - 67 27 - 66 70 - 41 34 22 3 0:6:7.0 62 51 - 65 54 - 66 67 - 26 65 24 0:6:7.5 63 52 - 69 50 - 53 72 18 19 69 8 0:7:6.5 64 3 - 69 52 - 67 72 - 44 76 - 0:7:7.0 58 6 - 66 42 - 71 64 20 52 72 22 0:7:7.5 68 - - 67 51 - 62 63 19 40 71 20 1027 IBROS¸KA_ et al./Turk J Chem These phases are 01-071-0750 JCPDS card numbered boracite (Mg 3 B 7 O 13 Cl), 00-031-0787 JCPDS card numbered magnesium borate (MgB 4 O 7), and 01-073-2107 JCPDS card numbered suanite (Mg 2 B 2 O 5).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S40645-019-0306-X.Pdf
    Isaji et al. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2019) 6:60 Progress in Earth and https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0306-x Planetary Science RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Biomarker records and mineral compositions of the Messinian halite and K–Mg salts from Sicily Yuta Isaji1* , Toshihiro Yoshimura1, Junichiro Kuroda2, Yusuke Tamenori3, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo1,4, Stefano Lugli5, Vinicio Manzi6, Marco Roveri6, Hodaka Kawahata2 and Naohiko Ohkouchi1 Abstract The evaporites of the Realmonte salt mine (Sicily, Italy) are important archives recording the most extreme conditions of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). However, geochemical approach on these evaporitic sequences is scarce and little is known on the response of the biological community to drastically elevating salinity. In the present work, we investigated the depositional environments and the biological community of the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets and the K–Mg salt layer deposited during the peak of the MSC. Both hopanes and steranes are detected in the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets, suggesting the presence of eukaryotes and bacteria throughout their deposition. The K–Mg salt layer is composed of primary halites, diagenetic leonite, and primary and/or secondary kainite, which are interpreted to have precipitated from density-stratified water column with the halite-precipitating brine at the surface and the brine- precipitating K–Mg salts at the bottom. The presence of hopanes and a trace amount of steranes implicates that eukaryotes and bacteria were able to survive in the surface halite-precipitating brine even during the most extreme condition of the MSC. Keywords: Messinian Salinity Crisis, Evaporites, Kainite, μ-XRF, Biomarker Introduction hypersaline condition between 5.60 and 5.55 Ma (Manzi The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) is one of the most et al.
    [Show full text]
  • 1469 Vol 43#5 Art 03.Indd
    1469 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1487 (2005) BORATE MINERALS OF THE PENOBSQUIS AND MILLSTREAM DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA JOEL D. GRICE§, ROBERT A. GAULT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN† Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The borate minerals found in two potash deposits, at Penobsquis and Millstream, Kings County, New Brunswick, are described in detail. These deposits are located in the Moncton Subbasin, which forms the eastern portion of the extensive Maritimes Basin. These marine evaporites consist of an early carbonate unit, followed by a sulfate, and fi nally, a salt unit. The borate assemblages occur in specifi c beds of halite and sylvite that were the last units to form in the evaporite sequence. Species identifi ed from drill-core sections include: boracite, brianroulstonite, chambersite, colemanite, congolite, danburite, hilgardite, howlite, hydroboracite, kurgantaite, penobsquisite, pringleite, ruitenbergite, strontioginorite, szaibélyite, trembathite, veatchite, volkovskite and walkerite. In addition, 41 non-borate species have been identifi ed, including magnesite, monohydrocalcite, sellaite, kieserite and fl uorite. The borate assemblages in the two deposits differ, and in each deposit, they vary stratigraphically. At Millstream, boracite is the most common borate in the sylvite + carnallite beds, with hilgardite in the lower halite strata. At Penobsquis, there is an upper unit of hilgardite + volkovskite + trembathite in halite and a lower unit of hydroboracite + volkov- skite + trembathite–congolite in halite–sylvite. At both deposits, values of the ratio of B isotopes [␦11B] range from 21.5 to 37.8‰ [21 analyses] and are consistent with a seawater source, without any need for a more exotic interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Astonishing Naica Giant Crystals in Chihuahua, Mexico
    minerals Review Evolution of the Astonishing Naica Giant Crystals in Chihuahua, Mexico Iván Jalil Antón Carreño-Márquez 1 , Isaí Castillo-Sandoval 2, Bernardo Enrique Pérez-Cázares 3, Luis Edmundo Fuentes-Cobas 2 , Hilda Esperanza Esparza-Ponce 2 , Esperanza Menéndez-Méndez 4, María Elena Fuentes-Montero 3 and María Elena Montero-Cabrera 2,* 1 Department of Engineering, Universidad La Salle Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31625, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Department of Environment and Energy, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico; [email protected] (I.C.-S.); [email protected] (L.E.F.-C.); [email protected] (H.E.E.-P.) 3 Department of Computational Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; [email protected] (B.E.P.-C.); [email protected] (M.E.F.-M.) 4 Department Physicochemical Assays, Instituto Eduardo Torroja de Ciencias de la Construcción, 28033 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is one of the most common evaporites found in the earth’s crust. It can be found as four main variations: gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), bassanite (CaSO4·0.5H2O), soluble Citation: Carreño-Márquez, I.J.A.; anhydrite, and insoluble anhydrite (CaSO4), being the key difference the hydration state of the Castillo-Sandoval, I.; Pérez-Cázares, sulfate mineral. Naica giant crystals’ growth starts from a supersaturated solution in a delicate B.E.; Fuentes-Cobas, L.E.; Esparza- thermodynamic balance close to equilibrium, where gypsum can form nanocrystals able to grow Ponce, H.E.; Menéndez-Méndez, E.; up to 11–12 m long.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the New Zn1. 5Co1
    Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the New Zn1.5Co1.5B7O13Br Boracite Roberto Escudero∗ and Francisco Morales Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico. A. Postal 70-360. M´exico, D.F., 04510 MEXICO.´ Marco A Leyva Ramirez Departamento de Qu´ımica, Centro de Investigaci´on y Estudios Avanzados del IPN. 07360, M´exico, D. F. Jorge Campa-Molina and S. Ulloa-Godinez C. Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieras, Universidad de Guadalajara, Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados Departamento de Electronica. 044840, Guadalajara, Jalisco. MEXICO.´ (Dated: August 29, 2021) arXiv:1106.5446v1 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 27 Jun 2011 1 Abstract New Zn1.5Co1.5B7O13Br boracite crystals were grown by chemical transport reactions in quartz ampoules, at a temperature of 1173 K. The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The crystals present an orthorhombic structure with space group Pca21, (No. 29). The determined cell parameters were: a = 8.5705(3)A,˚ b = 8.5629(3) A,˚ and c = 12.1198(4)A,˚ and cell volume, V = 889.45(5) A˚3 with Z = 4. Magnetic properties in single crystals of the new boracite, were determined. The Susceptibility-Temperature (χ−T ) behavior at different magnetic intensities was studied. The inverse of the magnetic susceptibility χ−1(T ) shows a Curie-Weiss characteristic with spin s = 3/2 and a small orbital contribution, l. At low temperatures, below 10 K, χ(T ) shows irreversibility that is strongly dependent on the applied magnetic field. This boracite is ferrimag- netic up to a maximum temperature of about 16 K, as shows the coercive field.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (11) 3,615,174
    United States Patent (11) 3,615,174 72 Inventor William J. Lewis 3,342,548 9/1967 Macey....... A. 2319 X South Ogden, Utah 3,432,031 3/1969 Ferris........................... 209/166 X 21 Appl. No. 740,886 FOREIGN PATENTS 22, Filed June 28, 1968 45 Patented Oct. 26, 1971 1,075,166 4f1954 France ......................... 209/66 (73) Assignee NL Industries, Inc. OTHER REFERENCES New York, N.Y. Chem. Abst., Vol. 53, 1959, 9587e I & EC, Vol. 56, 7, Jy '64, 61 & 62. Primary Examiner-Frank W. Lutter 54 PROCESSFOR THE SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF Assistant Examiner-Robert Halper POTASSUMAND MAGNESUMWALUES FROM Attorney-Ward, McElhannon, Brooks & Fitzpatrick AQUEOUSSALT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THE SAME 11 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs. ABSTRACT: Kainite immersed in brine in equilibrium con 52) U.S. Cl........................................................ 23138, verted to carnalite by cooling to about 10 C. or under. Car 209/11, 209/166,23191, 22/121 nallite so obtained purified by cold flotation. Purified carnal (5) Int. Cl......................................................... B03b 1100, lite water leached to yield magnesium chloride brine and B03d 1102, C01f 5126 potassium chloride salt. Latter optionally converted to potas 50 Field of Search............................................ 209/166,3, sium sulfate by reaction with kainite, or by reacting the carnal 10, 11; 23.19, 38, 121 lite with kainite. Naturally occurring brine concentrated to precipitate principally sodium chloride, mother liquor warm 56 References Cited concentrated to precipitate kainite, cooled under mother UNITED STATES PATENTS liquor for conversion to carnallite. A crude kainite fraction 2,479,001 8/1949 Burke........................... 23.191 purified by warm flotation and a crude carnallite fraction pu 2,689,649 9, 1954 Atwood....
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Potash Ores
    www.saltworkconsultants.com John Warren - Friday, Dec 31, 2018 BrineSalty evolution Matters & origins of pot- ash: primary or secondary? Ancient potash ores: Part 3 of 3 Introduction Crossow of In the previous two articles in this undersaturated water series on potash exploitation, we Congruent dissolution looked at the production of either Halite Mouldic MOP or SOP from anthropo- or Porosity genic brine pans in modern saline sylvite lake settings. Crystals of interest formed in solar evaporation pans Dissolved solute shows stoichiometric match to precursor, and dropped out of solution as: dissolving salt goes 1) Rafts at the air-brine interface, A. completely into solution 2) Bottom nucleates or, 3) Syn- depositional cements precipitated MgCl in solution B. 2 within a few centimetres of the Crossow of depositional surface. In most cases, undersaturated water periods of more intense precipita- Incongruent dissolution tion tended to occur during times of brine cooling, either diurnally Carnallite Sylvite or seasonally (sylvite, carnallite and halite are prograde salts). All Dissolved solute does not anthropogenic saline pan deposits stoichiometrically match its precursor, examples can be considered as pri- while the dissolving salt goes partially into solution and a mary precipitates with chemistries new daughter mineral remains tied to surface or very nearsurface Figure 1. Congruent (A) versus incongruent (B) dissolution. brine chemistry. In contrast, this article discusses the Dead Sea and the Qaidam sump most closely resemble ancient potash deposits where the post-deposition chem- those of ancient MgSO4-depleted oceans, while SOP fac- istries and ore textures are responding to ongoing alter- tories in Great Salt Lake and Lop Nur have chemistries ation processes in the diagenetic realm.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States
    [Show full text]
  • OCCURRENCE of BROMINE in CARNALLITE and SYLVITE from UTAH and NEW MEXICO* Manrr Loursp Lrnosonc
    OCCURRENCE OF BROMINE IN CARNALLITE AND SYLVITE FROM UTAH AND NEW MEXICO* Manrr Loursp LrNosonc ABSTRACT Both carnallite and sylvite from Eddy County, New Mexico, contain 0.1 per cent of bromine. The bromine content of these minerals from Grand county, utah, is three times as great. No bromine was detected in halite, polyhalite, l5ngbeinite, or anhydrite from New Mexico. Iodine was not detected in any of these minerals. on the basis of the bromine content of the sylvite from New Mexico, it is calculated that 7,000 tons of bromine were present in potash salts mined from the permian basin during the period 1931 to 1945. INrnooucrroN The Geological Survey has previously made tests for bromine and iodine in core samples of potash salts from New Mexico.r Bromine was found to be present in very small amounts. No systematic quantitative determinations were made, nor was the presenceof bromine specificalry correlated with quantitative mineral composition. Sections of potash core from four recently drilled wells and selected pure saline minerals from Eddy County, New Mexico, together with two cores from Grand County, Utah, were therefore analyzed for their bromine and iodine content. The percentage mineral composition was then correlated with the bromine content. rt was found that bromine was restricted to carnall- ite and sylvite. fodine was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. If present, its quantity must be less than .00570. Brine and sea water are the present commercial sourcesof bromine in the United States, though both Germany and U.S.S.R. have utilized potash salts as a source of bromine.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in Syste
    ineering ng & E P l r a o c i c e m s e s Journal of h T C e f c h o Kostiv and Basystiuk, J Chem Eng Process Technol 2016, 7:3 l ISSN: 2157-7048 n a o n l o r g u y o J Chemical Engineering & Process Technology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000298 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access + 2+ + - 2- Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in System K , Mg , Na // Cl , SO4 -Н2О Kostiv IY1 and Yа І Basystiuk2* 1State Enterprise Scientific - Research Gallurgi Institute 5a, Fabrichna Str., 76000 Kalush, Ukraine 2Precarpathian National University named after V. Stephanyk 57, Shevchenko Str., 76025 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Abstract In isothermal conditions have been studied the influence of system solution sea salts during their evaporation and crystallization to composition of received liquid and solid phases. It is shown that evaporation of the solution leading 2- to its supersaturation by sulfate salts. In the liquid phase before crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 ions increases to 10% and above. Through this probability of formation of crystals increases and the result of evaporation 2- is the formation of finely dispersed kainite. During crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 in the liquid phase 2- 2+ decreases rapidly. Decreasing its intensity increases with increasing value k=E SO4 : E Mg of initial solution. For 2- the degree of evaporation of 20.0% and 31.0% concentration of SO4 in evaporated solution on the value of k does not change. Most forms of potassium salts in the solid phase for the value k=0.7573 and reaches a maximum value at 82% evaporation rate of 31%.
    [Show full text]
  • Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal Or Solar Heating?
    minerals Article Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating? Jiuyi Wang 1,2 ID and Tim K. Lowenstein 2,* 1 MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-607-777-4254 Received: 1 November 2017; Accepted: 9 December 2017; Published: 13 December 2017 Abstract: Elevated surface paleobrine temperatures (average 85.6 ◦C) are reported here from Cretaceous marine halites in the Maha Sarakham Formation, Khorat Plateau, Thailand. Fluid inclusions in primary subaqueous “chevron” and “cumulate” halites associated with potash salts contain daughter crystals of sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (MgCl2·KCl·6H2O). Petrographic textures demonstrate that these fluid inclusions were trapped from the warm brines in which the halite crystallized. Later cooling produced supersaturated conditions leading to the precipitation of sylvite and carnallite daughter crystals within fluid inclusions. Dissolution temperatures of daughter crystals in fluid inclusions from the same halite bed vary over a large range (57.9 ◦C to 117.2 ◦C), suggesting that halite grew at different temperatures within and at the bottom of the water column. Consistency of daughter crystal dissolution temperatures within fluid inclusion bands and the absence of vapor bubbles at room temperature demonstrate that fluid inclusions have not stretched or leaked. Daughter crystal dissolution temperatures are reproducible to within 0.1 ◦C to 10.2 ◦C (average of 1.8 ◦C), and thus faithfully document paleobrine conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Gases in Evaporites: Part 2 of 3: Nature, Distribution and Sources
    www.saltworkconsultants.com Salty MattersJohn Warren - Wed., November 30, 2016 Gases in Evaporites: Part 2 of 3: Nature, distribution and sources This, the second of three articles on gases held within salt de- older and younger sets of gas analyses conducted over the years posits, focuses on the types of gases found in salt and their ori- in various salt deposits are not necessarily directly comparable. gins. The first article (Salty Matters October 31, 2016) dealt with Raman micro-spectroscopy is a modern, non-destructive meth- the impacts of intersecting gassy salt pockets during mining or od for investigating the unique content of a single inclusion in drilling operations. The third will discuss the distribution of the a salt crystal. There is a significant difference in terms of what is various gases with respect to broad patterns of salt mass shape measured in analysing gas content seeping from a fissure in a salt and structure (bedded, halokinetic and fractured) mass or if comparisons are made with conventional wet-chem- ical methods which were the pre Raman-microscopy method What’s the gas? that is sometimes still used. Wet chemical methods require sam- Gases held in evaporites are typically mixtures of varying propor- ple destruction, via crushing and subsequent dissolution, prior to tions of nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen analysis. This can lead to the escape of a variable proportion of sulphide, as well as brines and minor amounts of Units dominated by Units dominated by Units with more or other gases such as argon inclusions from the N-O inclusions from less equal numbers CH -H -H S groups of both groups and various short chain and N2 groups 4 2 2 hydrocarbons (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • 179 Overprinting of Hydrothermal Regimes I N
    179 OVERPRINTING OF HYDROTHERMAL REGIMES IN THE PALIMPINON GEOTHERMAL F I E L D , SOUTHERN NEGROS, PHILIPPINES T.M. L e a c h and I.Bogie Kingston Reynol ds Thom 1ardice Limited (KRTA) ABSTRACT major hydrothermal regimes are evident from the teration mineralogy in the Palimpinon Geothermal Field. A relict mineral zonation consisting potassic, advanced argill and propyl itic zones appears to have formed in response to the intrusion of a large in the western section of the field. A recent mineral zonation, that is interpreted t o have formed during the current geothermal system, is superimposed on the relict system and appears to be centered around the eastern portion of the field. The ict assemblages have many characteristics of a failed or barren porphyry copper system. The ict advanced ic mineralogy is interpreted to be of magmatic fluid origin and probably has not formed from the present geothermal regime with its Figure la: Well locations and cross section line predominant meteoric fluid component. The abundant Palimpinon Geothermal anhydrite being deposited in this geothermal system Field. Resistivity contours are shown is interpreted to have originated by redistribution in ohm-metres = 500 m) of anhydrite formed initially during the relict mag- matic hydrothermal system. Most Philippine systems are similar. INTRODUCT I0N Elevation An of the location and development of the Palimpinon field is given by Maunder et al. (1982). A general stratigraphy and subsurface geology derived from well geology is given in The youngest formation, the Cuernos Volcanics .) consists of an upper dacite unit (with a age of 14,000 years B.P.) and a lower clinopyroxene andesite.
    [Show full text]