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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change in Lusaka City Using Geoinformatics Tools

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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change in Lusaka City Using Geoinformatics Tools The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102 Spatial Temporal Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change in Lusaka City Using Geoinformatics Tools (Conference ID: CFP/371/2017) Alick Nguvulu Nicholas Okello Survey Department, School of Mines and Mineral Sciences Survey Department, School of Mines and Mineral Sciences Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692 Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692 Kitwe, Zambia Kitwe, Zambia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— I. INTRODUCTION Analyzing the land use land cover (LULC) Land use land cover (LULC) change through change over time and space is important for effective rapid urbanization has been known to have such city space planning, monitoring and management effects as pollution from sewage, industrial especially in fast growing cities like Lusaka. effluent, urban run-off agricultural siltation, Nowadays, satellite based earth observation and localized air pollution and heat islands, monitoring has been used to detect, manage and overcrowding, traffic congestion due to monitor land use land cover changes over large areas inadequate infrastructure, high poverty levels of land. In the present study, we analyze the spatial- due to unemployment and poor social services temporal change of LULC for Lusaka City using classified Landsat imageries for 1995, 2005 and provision in water and sanitation electricity and 2015 in ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS 10.2 solid waste disposal [1], [2]. It has also been environments. The classification is based on a noticed that urban land conversion leads to loss predefined LULC classification scheme consisting of of parcels of land earmarked for such purposes five classes, namely Industrial / Commercial / as recreation, open space and forest to built-up Residential, Water, Open/Unutilized Land, Miombo areas [3], [4]. All these arise from an interplay Light Forest and Mixed Cultivation/Plantation, of factors such as ineffective land management developed from field knowledge and the Lusaka practices, poor planning and squatter (or Integrated Development Plan. Supervised unplanned) settlements [1], [4]-[6]. classification was employed using Maximum LULC change is driven by a number of Likelihood Classifier parametric decision rule. The biophysical and anthropogenic factors [7], [8]. results show that between 1995 and 2015 As observed by both [4] and [9] LULC change Industrial/Commercial/Residential land has often occurs in time and space as well as in the increased by 21.41% while Water, Open/Unutilized nature or intensity of the change. The change Land, Miombo Light Forest and Mixed Cultivation/Plantation have decreased by -0.33%, - may also involve a direct or indirect 2.09%, -7.23% and -11.76% respectively. modification of natural habitats [10]-[12] and their impact on the ecology of the area [13]. It is Keywords— change detection; GIS, image observed in [8] that the LULC pattern of a classification; land use land cover; remote sensing; place/region is an outcome of natural and socio- urbanization economic factors and their utilization by humans in time and space. The study of LULC pattern has been identified by the research community as an 1 Paper-ID: CFP/371/2017 www.ijmdr.net The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102 important topic in Remote Sensing and participation, (3) education and communication Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programmes with respect to land utilization, (4) applications [14], [15] and an integral adequate mechanisms to curb the mushrooming component of the various development indexes of unplanned settlements, (5) quality data and for land and water resources management [16]. information on land and its utilization. Such a study makes it possible to understand the This study aims to apply Remote Sensing and underlying mechanisms of the spatial dynamics GIS tools and techniques to generate and of LULC change. Furthermore, the derived provide systematic spatio-temporal information information offers the means for effective urban on land and its utilization (land use land cover planning, appropriate allocation of services and change) in Lusaka over a 20-year period from infrastructures and management of the social 1995 to 2015. It is envisaged that this study will wellbeing of a growing population. This contribute to the scientific understanding of the information, often presented as maps and current status of LULC in Lusaka and enhance statistical data, is vital for sustainable utilization the institutional capabilities for monitoring, and management of often limited land for such assessment and control of LULC change in the purposes as agriculture, forestry, pasture, urban- city. industrial development, and environmental studies [16], [17]. II. STUDY AREA Literature on the rapid urbanization and urban sprawl with their attendant impacts on the A. Geography conditions of urban ecosystems is well Our study area is Lusaka City located in documented [1], [11], [12], [18], and [19]. A Lusaka Province (Fig. 1) of Zambia. The City is review of the literature reveals that it is located between latitudes 15° 18′ 08″ S and 15° imperative for local authorities to have accurate 35′ 08″ S, and longitudes 28°11′ 59″ E and 28° and up-to-date information on the status of 29′ 13″ E with an average elevation of 1260 m current land use/cover. Availability of and above mean sea level. Lusaka is situated on a accessibility to such information by policy very flat area that covers approximately 360 makers and other stakeholders is very desirable km2. Escarpments lie to the east and north of for effective formulation of strategies for Lusaka, which end in the Luangwa Valley. sustainable development and improved livelihoods in cities. Use of Remote Sensing in combination with GIS has made it possible to study spatio- temporal changes over large swaths of land in growing cities using imagery observed from space-borne satellites [20]- [22]. According to [23], the population of Lusaka City is growing at 4.9% per annum. This rapid population growth is putting pressure on the urban environment such that there is an acute shortage of housing and health facilities, inadequate recreation facilities and basic urban services such as water, sanitation, solid waste management, road networks, and drainage Fig. 1. Lusaka City: Its location in Lusaka Province and Zambia systems. The ability of the Lusaka City Forested areas can be found north and east of management and other stakeholders to adequately provide for required services and the city and Savannah woodlands to the abate the negative effects of rapid urbanization southwest. Open deciduous woodland, locally can be enhanced if there is (1) strong legal and known as “Miombo” accounts for 80% of the institutional frameworks, (2) all-stakeholder forested areas, while Savannah woodland 2 Paper-ID: CFP/371/2017 www.ijmdr.net The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102 dominates the remaining areas. Vegetation types and provincial heads offices. It is also a seat of generally show a marked correspondence to the all diplomatic missions accredited to Zambia. geological formations. Lusaka district shares district boundaries with Chongwe in the east, D. Climate Mumbwa in the west, Chisamba in the north and According to the Köppen-Geiger Chilanga in the south. classification System [24], the climate of Lusaka is classified as Cwa. This implies Lusaka’s B. Population Distribution climate is mild and generally warm and According to the 2010 Census Report, the temperate with an average annual temperature population of Lusaka City was 1,747,152 as at and precipitation of 20.0°C and 650 mm 2010 with a growth rate of 4.9% during the respectively. In winter, there is much less period 2000-2010. The population density for rainfall than in summer. Precipitation is lowest Lusaka City is 4,853.2 persons per square in June, with an average of 0 mm. Most kilometer. The population density increased precipitation falls in January, with a monthly from 3013.1 persons per square kilometer in average of 220 mm. At a monthly average 2000 to 4,853.2 persons per square kilometer in temperature of 28.9°C, September is the hottest 2010, representing an increase in density of month of the year while July, with a monthly 1840.1 persons per square kilometer. average temperature of 9.6°C is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The C. Industry summer is characterized with periods of Lusaka is one of the most developed thunderstorm activity that often lasts for more commercial and industrial areas in Zambia. than a week. Humidity rises to about 84% Economic activities include agriculture, trade, during January, but averages a monthly 62.8% commerce, industry (mainly manufacturing and during the remainder of the year. The annual food processing), forestry, and fisheries [1]. The average evapotranspiration is 2218mm. farming economy is based on mixed farming, with a strong emphasis put on maize and beef III. DATA production. The central position of the City has Fig. 2 shows the 1995 Landsat 5 TM, the made it to be one of the most important 2005 Landsat 5 TM, and 2015 Landsat 8 OLI economic hubs of Zambia as it provides the imagery downloaded from market for the absorption of the agriculture http://glovis.usgs.gov/ based on the obtainability produce from all provinces. The City of Lusaka of good quality images. Other data included also constitutes the center of national and social georeferenced images of the Zambia Survey amenities such as the University Teaching (ZS) Toposheets: 1528 C1, C2, C3, C4 at Scale Hospital, University of Zambia, National 1:50,000 obtained from Surveyor General’s Resource Development College, and National Office, Zambia Survey Department. Administration (Cabinet), government ministries (a) 1995 Landsat 5 TM (b) 2005 Landsat 5 TM (c) 2015 Landsat 8 OLI Fig. 2. Landsat imagery of Lusaka City in (a) 1995 (b) 2005 and (c) 2015 3 Paper-ID: CFP/371/2017 www.ijmdr.net The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102 measure of classification accuracy.
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