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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH DAN PENETAPAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT EKSTRAK ETANOLIK DAUN DADAP SEREP (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Farmasi (S.Farm.) Program Studi Farmasi Oleh : Aldo Kristian NIM : 098114038 FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2013 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini kupersembahkan untuk : Tuhanku Yesus Kristus atas segala berkat dan penyertaan-Nya Bapak, Ibu dan Kakak-kakakku atas kasih sayang dan segala hal yang diberikan Sahabat-sahabatku dan almamaterku iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis kepada Tuhan atas segala rahmat, berkat, anugrah dan penyertaan-Nya kepada penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH DAN PENETAPAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT EKSTRAK ETANOLIK DAUN DADAP SEREP (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.)” ini dengan baik. Skripsi ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Farmasi (S.Farm) pada Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta. Penulis ingin berterima kasih kepada segala pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan baik dukungan, bimbingan, sarana, materil maupun moril dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu, dalam kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas segala bantuan yang telah diberikan kepada: 1. Ipang Djunarko,M.Sc.,Apt., selaku Dekan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2. Prof.Dr.C.J. Soegihardjo,Apt., selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah memberikan perhatian, bimbingan dan arahan dari awal pengusulan skripsi sampai penulisan skripsi ini selesai. 3. Lucia Wiwid Wijayanti,M.Si., selaku Dosen Penguji atas ketersediaannya untuk menguji dan juga memberikan masukan dan saran dalam skripsi ini. 4. Yohanes Dwiatmaka,M.Si., selaku Dosen Penguji atas ketersediaannya untuk menguji dan juga memberikan masukan dan saran dalam skripsi ini. vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 5. Rini Dwiastuti S.Far.,Apt, M.Sc., selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik yang telah membimbing dan memberi nasihat kepada penulis. 6. Sahabat seperjuangan skripsi DPPH, Anthony Felix, Mikhael Gustandy, Willigis Danu Patria yang selalu membantu dan bekerjasama dengan luar biasa. 7. Teman-teman FSM dan FST A 2009, atas kerjasama, dukungan dan bantuan yang diberikan. 8. Segenap laboran Laboratorium Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma atas segala bantuan selama penulis melakukan penelitian di laboratorium. 9. Pemerintah Kabupaten Bengkayang, Kal-Bar, atas bantuan dana yang diberikan. 10. Semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan dan dukungan yang tidak dapat disebut satu per satu. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih terdapat ketidaksempurnaan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis akan menerima segala kritik dan saran yang membangun dari semua pihak. Akhir kata, semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan dan banyak pihak. Yogyakarta, 10 Maret 2013 Penulis viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL……………………………………………………. i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING………………………... ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN………………………………………….. iii HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN………………………………………… iv PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA..………………………………. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA…. vi KATA PENGANTAR.…………………………………………………. vii DAFTAR ISI…………………………………………………………….. ix DAFTAR TABEL……………………………………………………….. xiii DAFTAR GAMBAR…………………………………………………….. xv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………... xvi INTISARI………………………………………………………………... xvii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... xviii BAB I PENGANTAR……………………………………………………. 1 A. Latar Belakang…………………………………………………... 1 B. Permasalahan…………………………………………………….. 3 C. Keaslian Penelitian……………………………………………..… 3 D. Manfaat penelitian……………………………………………....... 4 E. Tujuan Penelitian…………………………………………………... 5 BAB II PENELAAHAN PUSTAKA……………………………………..... 6 A. Dadap Serep……………….......................................................... 6 1. Keterangan botani………………………………………………… 6 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2. Nama tumbuhan…………………………………………………. 6 3. Klasifikasi dadap serep…..……………………………………… 6 4. Gambaran umum………………………………………………… 7 5. Kandungan kimia dadap serep…………………………………… 7 B. Senyawa Fenolik……………………………………………………. 8 C. Radikal Bebas…………………………………………………… 9 D. Antioksidan……………………………………………………… 11 E. Penyarian………………………………………………………… 13 F. Metode DPPH dan Folin-Ciocalteu…………………………….... 14 G. Validasi Metode……………………………………………...…… 16 H. Landasan Teori……………………………………………………. 18 I. Hipotesis………………………………………………………….. 19 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN………………………………… 20 A. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian………………………………….. 20 B. Variabel…………………………………………………………… 20 C. Definisi Operasional…………………..……………………….… 20 D. Bahan dan Alat Penelitian………………………………………… 21 1. Bahan penelitian……………………………………………….. 21 2. Alat penelitian…………………………………………….…… 21 E. Tatacara Penelitian………………………………………………… 22 1. Determinasi tumbuhan………………………………………… 22 2. Pengumpulan bahan……………………………………….…… 22 3. Preparasi sampel…………………………………………….… 22 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 4. Pembuatan larutan pembanding dan uji…………………….… 23 5. Uji pendahuluan……………………………………………..… 24 6. Optimasi metode uji aktivitas antioksidan………………..…… 25 7. Uji aktivitas antioksidan………………………………….…… 26 8. Optimasi metode penetapan kandungan fenolik total…………. 27 9. Penetapan kandungan fenolik total……………………………. 27 F. Analisis Hasil……………………………………………………… 28 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN……………………………….… 31 A. Determinasi……………………………………………………….. 31 B. Hasil Pengumpulan Bahan………………………………………… 31 C. Hasil Preparasi Sampel……………………………………….…… 34 1. Ekstraksi sampel……………………………………………..… 34 2. Fraksinasi ekstrak…………………………………………….… 35 D. Hasil Uji Pendahuluan……………………………………………....... 37 1. Uji pendahuluan aktivitas antioksidan……………………….… 37 2. Uji pendahuluan senyawa fenolik……………………………… 39 E. Hasil Optimasi Metode Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan……………………. 40 1. Penentuan panjang gelombang maksimun (λ maks)…………… 40 2. Penentuan Operating Time (OT)………………………………... 41 F. Hasil Validasi Metode Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan………………………. 43 1. Presisi metode uji aktivitas antioksidan ………………………… 45 2. Linearitas metode uji antioksidan……………………………….. 46 3. Spesifisitas metode uji antioksidan………………………………… 47 xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI G. Hasil Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dengan Radikal DPPH……………… 48 H. Hasil Optimasi Metode Penetapan Kandungan Fenolik Total……….. 55 1. Penentuan operating time (OT)……………………………………….. 55 2. Penentuan panjang gelombang maksimum…………………………… 56 I. Hasil Validasi Metode Penetapan Kandungan Fenolik Total………… 57 1. Presisi metode penetapan kadar kandungan fenolik total…………….. 57 2. Linieritas metode penetapan kandungan fenolik total………………… 58 3. Spesifisitas metode penetapan kandungan fenolik total………………. 59 J. Hasil Penetapan Kandungan Fenolik Total……………………………. 59 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN…………………………………. 62 A. Kesimpulan……………………………………………………….……. 62 B. Saran………………………………………………………………....... 62 DAFTAR PUSTAKA…………………………………………………….. 63 LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………………….… 66 BIOGRAFI PENULIS…………………………………………………….. 95 xii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I. Berbagai Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) dan antioksidan sebagai penetral……………………………. 13 Tabel II. Kisaran recovery hasil analisis yang diterima………….. 17 Tabel III. Kriteria nilai presisi yang masih dapat diterima………... 17 Tabel IV. Hasil Scanning panjang gelombang maksimum DPPH… 40 Tabel V. Hasil pengukuran absorbansi seri baku kuersetin yang direaksikan dengan radikal DPPH………………… 43 Tabel VI. Hasil pengukuran absorbansi seri fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun dadap serep yang direaksikan dengan DPPH…………………………………………… 44 Tabel VII. Hasil presisi aktivitas antioksidan standar kuersetin……. 45 Tabel VIII. Hasil presisi aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etil asetat……… 45 Tabel IX. Hasil aktivitas antioksidan kuersetin dengan metode DPPH……………………………………………………. 51 Tabel X. Hasil aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun dadap serep dengan metode DPPH…………. 52 Tabel XI. Hasil perhitungan IC50 kuersetin dan Fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun dadap serep…………………………. 53 Tabel XII. Penggolongan tingkat kekuatan antioksidan kuersetin dan fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun dadap serep…… 54 xiii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Tabel XIII. Hasil scanning panjang gelombang maksimum………….. 57 Tabel XIV. Hasil presisi asam galat dari beberapa parameter……… 58 Tabel XV. Hasil pengukuran absorbansi asam galat yang direaksikan dengan Folin-Ciocalteu…………………… 58 Tabel XVI. Hasil penentuan jumlah fenolik total fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun dadap serep……………………… 60 xiv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1. Beberapa struktur senyawa isoflavonoid………………… 8 Gambar 2. Klasifikasi flavonoid produk alam………………………. 9 Gambar 3. Usulan mekanisme reaksi antara BHT dan DPPH……….. 12 Gambar 4. Reaksi antara radikal DPPH dengan senyawa antioksidan.. 15 Gambar 5. Skema jalannya penelitian……………………………….. 30 Gambar 6. Blanko DPPH , Fraksi etil asetat, Kuersetin…………..…. 38 Gambar 7. Blanko reagen Folin-ciocalteau , Fraksi+reagen Folin-ciocalteau, Asam galat+ragen
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    Annex 914 Edward Balfour, Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2d Supp.) (1862) Annex 915 “Trema species”, Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production (1980) Annex 916 Jim Croft, “An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies”, Australian National Botanic Gardens (1999), available at https://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/structure.html (accessed 31 May 2016) Home > Gardens | CANBR > ferns > Structure SEARCH An Introduction to the Structure of Ferns and their Allies Prepared by Jim Croft ([email protected]) Introduction Habit, Lifeform Stems, Rhizomes Leaves, fronds Sporophyte fertility Cytology . Life Cycle . Terrestrial . Growth form . Stipe . Sori . Chromosomes . Gametophyte . Epiphyte . Branching . Branching . Sporangia . Polyploidy . Sporophyte . Aquatic . Protection . Rachis . Spores . Internal . Lamina . Heterospory . Roots . Venation . Dimorphism . Polymorphism . Sporocarps . Bulbils Introduction The ferns and their allies share a lot of commom morphlogy with the other vascular plants and in many cases the same descriptive terminology is used. However, there are some fundamental and significant differences of structure unique to the pteridophytes and a specialized terminology has evolved to descdribe these. The most obvious difference between the pteridophytes and the remainder of the vascular plants is that the ferns and their allies do not produce large floral or reproductive structures that give rise to seeds which eventually develop into the next generation of plants. Pteridophytes reproduce and disperse by means of microscopic spores, the structure and development of which is every bit as intricate and amazing as the flowers of the higher plants. This outline covers the easily recognised features of the ferns and their alies and mentions many of the technical terms used to describe them.
  • Reinwardtia a Journal on Taxonomic Botany, Plant Sociology and Ecology

    Reinwardtia a Journal on Taxonomic Botany, Plant Sociology and Ecology

    REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ISSN 0034 – 365 X | E-ISSN 2337 − 8824 | Accredited 792/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016 2017 16 (2) REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, December 19, 2017 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Barry J. Conn (Taxonomist, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia) David G. Frodin (Taxonomist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom) Graham Eagleton (Wagstaffe, NSW, Australia) Secretary Rina Munazar Layout Liana Astuti Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY– INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA – BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 CIBINONG INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: [email protected] http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia Cover images: Plant and flower of Appendicula cordata Wibowo & Juswara. Photos by A. R. U. Wibowo. The Editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): Aida Baja-Lapis - Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau College, Laguna, Philippines Andre Schuiteman - Herbarium Kewense, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England, UK Eduard F.
  • Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers

    Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers

    Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers The following individuals provided assistance, information, and review of this report. It could not have been completed without their cooperation. USDA APHIS-PPQ: D. Alontaga*, T. Culliney*, H. Meissner*, L. Newton* Hawai’i Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division: B. Kumashiro, C. Okada, N. Reimer University of Hawai’i: F. Brooks*, H. Spafford* USDA Forest Service: K. Britton*, S. Frankel* USDI Fish and Wildlife Service: D. Cravahlo Forest Research Institute Malaysia: S. Lee* 1 U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey: L. Loope* Hawai’i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife: R. Hauff New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries: S. Clark* Hawai’i Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species: C. Martin* *Provided review comments on the draft report. 2 Appendix 2—Scientific Authorities for Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 5 Hypothenemus obscurus (F.) Kallitaxila granulatae (Stål) Insects Klambothrips myopori Mound & Morris Charaxes khasianus Butler Monema flavescens Walker Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) Neopithecops zalmora Butler Actias luna L. Nesopedronia dura Beardsley Adoretus sinicus (Burmeister) Nesopedronia hawaiiensis Beardsley Callosamia promethea Drury Odontata dorsalis (Thunberg) Ceresium unicolor White Plagithmysus bilineatus Sharp Chlorophorus annularis (F.) Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Citheronia regalis Fabricus Scotorythra paludicola Butler Clastoptera xanthocephala Germ. Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh & Kuoh Cnephasia jactatana Walker Specularis
  • Changes in Phenological Patterns of Erythrina Species in Two Different Precipitation Regimes in Tropical Forests of Mizoram

    Changes in Phenological Patterns of Erythrina Species in Two Different Precipitation Regimes in Tropical Forests of Mizoram

    CHANGES IN PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ERYTHRINA SPECIES IN TWO DIFFERENT PRECIPITATION REGIMES IN TROPICAL FORESTS OF MIZORAM THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN FORESTRY By J. VANLALREMKIMI MZU/PhD/277 of 09.06.2009 Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences & Natural Resources Management Mizoram University, Aizawl -796004 2017 MIZORAM UNIVERSITY AIZAWL – 796004, MIZORAM DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DECLARATION I, Ms. J. Vanlalremkimi, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis entitled “Changes in Phenological Patterns of Erythrina Species in two Different Precipitation Regimes in Tropical Forests of Mizoram” is the record of work done by me, that the content of the thesis did not form basis for the award of any previous degree or to anybody else, and that I have not submitted the thesis in any other University / Institute for any other degree. This is being submitted to the Mizoram University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Forestry. (J. VANLALREMKIMI) Countersigned by: (PROF. LALNUNDANGA) (PROF. S.K.TRIPATHI) Supervisor Head Department of Forestry Department of Forestry Mizoram University Mizoram University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Most of all, I express my heartfelt gratitude to a Mighty God for who and what I am today, gave me courage to face the challenges and helped me make it through this day. I offer my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Lalnundanga, Jt. supervisor, Dr. V.P Khanduri and Assistant Prof. Kewat Sanjay Kumar, Department of Forestry, Mizoram University for their guidance, never ending care, constructive analysis, immeasurable help, detailed discussions and their valuable time for the completion of my thesis work.