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Reinwardtia a Journal on Taxonomic Botany, Plant Sociology and Ecology REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ISSN 0034 – 365 X | E-ISSN 2337 − 8824 | Accredited 792/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016 2017 16 (2) REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 16 (2): 49 – 110, December 19, 2017 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Barry J. Conn (Taxonomist, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia) David G. Frodin (Taxonomist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom) Graham Eagleton (Wagstaffe, NSW, Australia) Secretary Rina Munazar Layout Liana Astuti Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY– INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA – BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 CIBINONG INDONESIA PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: [email protected] http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia Cover images: Plant and flower of Appendicula cordata Wibowo & Juswara. Photos by A. R. U. Wibowo. The Editors would like to thank all reviewers of volume 16(2): Aida Baja-Lapis - Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau College, Laguna, Philippines Andre Schuiteman - Herbarium Kewense, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England, UK Eduard F. de Vogel - Hortus Botanicus, Rapenburg 73, 2311 GJ, Leiden Herwasono Soedjito - Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia John Dransfield - Herbarium Kewense, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England, UK Maarten J. M. Christenhusz - Plant Gateway, Hertford, England, UK Mien A. Rifai - Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia Peter O’Byrne - Waikiki Condominium H10-11, Tanjung Aru, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Yee Wen Low - Herbarium Singapore, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore REINWARDTIA Vol 16, No 2, pp: 77–92 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF A LOWER MONTANE FOREST ON MT. BATULANTEH, SUMBAWA, INDONESIA Received August 07, 2017; accepted October 31, 2017 MUHAMMAD MANSUR Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] KUSWATA KARTAWINATA Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT MANSUR, M. & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Phytosociology of a lower montane forest on Mt. Batulanteh, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 77–92. — While Indonesia’s forests are globally known for their high species diversity but many regions remain little known. The objective of the study was to investigate the tree community in a lower montane forest at Mt. Batulanteh in Sumbawa. We subjectively laid out plots of 1.800 m2 each, two in secondary forests and one in a disturbed primary forest. All stems over 5 cm diameters were measured and identified. In the plot of 0.54 hectare, we recorded 723 individuals, representing 78 species, 60 genera and 33 families. Estimated volume of boles was 183.2 m3/0.54 ha. The forest at Mt. Batulanteh was classified as Garcinia- Cryptocarya association consisting of Micromelum-Cinnamomum subassociation. Dipterocarpus-Calophyllum subas- sociation and Garcinia-Syzygium subassociation. Dominant species were Micromelum minutum (IV=27.24), Mallotus philippensis (IV=26.2), Cryptocarya ferrea (IV=24.71) and Cinnamomum burmanni (IV=23.81) in Plot 1, Dipterocarpus retusus (IV=77.4) and Calophyllum soulattri (IV=24.21) in Plot 2, and Garcinia celebica (IV=34.86) and Syzygium sp. 1 (IV=34.76) in Plot 3. Dipterocarpus retusus was unique of having restricted distribution. Faga- ceae, typical family in montane forests, was absent. Shannon’s diversity index was low (H-1 = 1.61). It can be conclud- ed that the plots do not constitute a representative of Mt. Batulanteh and the surrounding forests, but they were sufficient to provide an illustration of the forests locally. The diameter class distribution indicated that the forests were regenerating. They were developing secondary forest and regenerating disturbed primary forest; slow succes- sions were in the process and could be enhanced by ecological restoration. Further botanical explorations in poorly known regions of Sumbawa should be intensified further. Key words: biomass, carbon stock, CO2 sequestration, Dipterocarpus retusus, floristic association, Mt. Batulanteh, Montane forest, regeneration, structure, Sumbawa. ABSTRAK MANSUR, M. & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Fitososiologi hutan pegunungan bawah, G. Batulanteh, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 77–92. — Hutan Indonesia dikenal mempunyai keanekaragaman jenis tinggi, tetapi masih banyak wilayah yang belum diketahui keanekaragaman jenisnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menelaah komunitas pepohonan di hutan pegunungan bawah G. Batulanteh, Sumbawa. Petak seluas 1,800 m2 dibuat secara terpilih, dua buah di hutan sekunder dan sebuah di hutan primer terganggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dalam petak seluas 0,54 ha tercatat 723 pohon, 78 jenis, 60 marga dan 33 suku. Estimasi volume batang bebas cabang 3 sebesar 183,2 m /0,54 ha, biomassa 220,1 ton/0,54 ha, stok karbon 110,0 ton/0,54 ha dan sekuestrasi CO2 403,1 ton/0,54 ha. Hutan di G. Batulanteh dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai asosiasi Garcinia-Cryptocarya yang terdiri atas subassosiasi Micromelum-Cinnamomum, subasosiasi Dipterocarpus-Calophyllum dan subasosiasi Garcinia- Syzygium. Jenis dominan adalah Micromelum minutum (IV=27,24), Mallotus philippensis (IV=26,2), Cryptocarya ferrea (IV=24,71) dan Cinnamomum burmanni (IV=23,81) dalam Plot 1, Dipterocarpus retusus (IV=77,4) dan Calophyllum soulattri (IV=24,21) dalam Plot 2, Garcinia celebica (IV=34,86) dan Syzygium sp. 1 (IV=34,76) dalam Plot 3. Dipterocarpus retusus adalah jenis yang unik karena sebarannya terbatas. Fagaceae merupakan suku khas hu- tan pegunungan, namun tidak terdapat di hutan G. Batulanteh. Keanekaragaman indeks Shannon rendah (H-1 = 1,61). Tegakan dalam petak-petak penelitian tidak cukup mewakili tipe hutan pegunungan G. Batulanteh dan sekitarnya, tetapi dapat memberikan gambaran hutan setempat. Sebaran kelas diameter menunjukkan bahwa hutan sedang beregenerasi. Mereka merupakan hutan sekunder yang sedang berkembang dan hutan primer terganggu yang sedang beregenerasi. Proses suksesi yang lambat sedang berlangsung dan dapat dipercepat dengan restorasi ekologi. Ekplorasi botani selanjutnya di daerah Sumbawa yang belum banyak dikenal masih harus ditingkatkan. Kata kunci: asosiasi floristik, biomassa, Dipoterocarpus retusus, G. Batulanteh, Hutan pegunungan, regen- erasi, sekuestrasi CO2 , stok karbon, struktur, Sumbawa. 77 78 REINWARDTIA [VOL.16 INTRODUCTION sessed only qualitatively and to date no quantita- tive measurements have been exercised. Sumbawa, where the Batulanteh montane The forests on Mt. Batulanteh have been area lies, is the largest island in West Nusa heavily disturbed by tree poaching and conversion Tenggara Province. It is located in the humid to into agricultural lands. However, remnants of seasonally dry rainfall region of Schmidt & relatively good track of least disturbed natural Ferguson (1951). Therefore, the pattern of vegeta- forests and those that have developed after heavy tion occurring there is in line with the rainfall disturbances are available. They have been select- distribution (Monk et al., 1997; Steenis, 1935; ed as sites for the present study. The objective of Steenis & Schippers-Lammertse, 1965; Whitmore, the present study is to do quantitative measure- 1984). Similarly, its flora which is relatively poor ments of floristic composition and structure of and and fall within the South Malesian phytogeo- to estimate the carbon storage in the lower graphic realm (Steenis, 1950), is in harmony with montane forest at Mt. Batulanteh. To date no such the above rainfall distribution (Steenis & initiative has been undertaken. The main section of Schippers-Lammertse, 1965). the paper focused on the description of the forest Botanical studies, especially the aspect of in terms of the main structural parameters, species exploration, have been initiated since the last two richness, pattern of relative abundance and family centuries (Steenis-Kruseman & Steenis, 1950). composition. The data and information secured Such prominent biologists including Beccari, may be useful for planning a park establishment Bloembergen, de Voogd, Ernst, Pijl, Posthumus, and eventual park and protected forest manag- Reinwardt, Rensch, Straelen, Warburg Weber, ement. Such data are important for measuring the Weber-van Bosse, Zollinger, etc. had explored the suitability and the priority of conservation (Keel et island (Steenis-Kruseman & Steenis, 1950; al., 1993), for maintaining the carbon
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