T.C. Balikesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dali

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T.C. Balikesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dali T.C. BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI BAĞIMSIZLIKTAN BALKAN SAVAŞLARINA OSMANLI - ROMANYA İLİŞKİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ MEHMET FATİH SANSAR BALIKESİR, 2020 T.C. BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI BAĞIMSIZLIKTAN BALKAN SAVAŞLARINA OSMANLI - ROMANYA İLİŞKİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ MEHMET FATİH SANSAR TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. HASAN BABACAN BALIKESİR, 2020 ETİK BEYAN Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Yazım Kuralları’na uygun olarak hazırladığım bu tez çalışmasında; Tez içinde sunduğum verileri, bilgileri ve dokümanları akademik ve etik kurallar çerçevesinde elde ettiğimi, Tüm bilgi, belge, değerlendirme ve sonuçları bilimsel etik ve ahlak kurallarına uygun olarak sunduğumu, Tez çalışmasında yararlandığım eserlerin tümüne uygun atıfta bulunarak kaynak gösterdiğimi, Kullanılan verilerde ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlarda herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, Bu tezde sunduğum çalışmanın özgün olduğunu, bildirir, aksi bir durumda aleyhime doğabilecek tüm hak kayıplarını kabullendiğimi beyan ederim. 05/08/2020 Mehmet Fahit SANSAR iv ÖNSÖZ Balkanlar ve Güneydoğu Avrupa sahası tarih boyunca Türkler için önemli bir yer tutmuş, birçok Türk devlet veya kavmi bu coğrafyada izler bırakmıştır. İlk olarak Hunların Avrupa’ya ilerleyişi ile başlayan bu süreç, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkanlardaki fetih ve iskan hareketiyle farklı bir boyut kazanmıştır. Osmanlı egemenliğinde Balkanlar tam bir Türk-İslam kimliği kazanmıştır. Fakat XIX. yüzyılda Balkanların kaybedilmeye başlanması ile beraber sancılı bir dönem başlamış, Balkan Türklüğü göç, katliam ve baskılara maruz kalmış, beş yüz yıllık Türk şehirleri bir anda terkedilmek zorunda kalınmıştır. Dolayısıyla Balkan tarihini ve kültürünü araştırmak, Türkiye ile Balkan milletlerinin tarihi geçmişini ortaya koymak önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bugünkü Romanya’nın hakim olduğu topraklar tarihi ve kültürel anlamda Balkanlar ile kader birliği olan, aynı zamanda Rusya ile Osmanlı arasında bir geçiş bölgesi olması nedeniyle büyük önem arz etmektedir. Yaptığımız ön araştırmalarda Türkiye’de, Romanya’nın bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonraki dönemde, Osmanlı Devleti ile ilişkilerinin yeterince araştırılmadığını, bu döneme ait akademik çalışmaların az olduğunu görerek, Osmanlı-Romanya ilişkilerini tez konusu olarak incelemeye karar verdik. Tezin araştırma sürecinde, Osmanlı arşivlerinden, Türkiye’deki kütüphanelerden, ayrıca Romanya ve diğer yurtdışı yayınlardan yararlandık. Tezin ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı arşivlerine dayandırılması, gerek döneme ait arşiv kayıtlarının düzenli olması ve gerekse diğer yapılan çalışmalarda Osmanlı arşiv vesikalarının yeterince ele alınmamasından ileri gelmekteydi. Çalışmanın yazım aşamasında, elde ettiğimiz bilgi ve bulgular doğrultusunda doktora tezinin 3 bölümden oluşmasına karar verdik. Giriş bölümünde, Romanya’yı oluşturan coğrafya hakkında genel bilgiler, Eflak ve Boğdan voyvodalıklarının Osmanlı Devleti ile ilişkileri ve Osmanlı hakimiyetinde Eflak ve Boğdan’ın genel durumundan bahsettik. Birinci bölümde Romanya’nın bağımsızlığa giden sürecini, XIX. yüzyıldaki siyasi gelişmelerle birlikte ele aldık. İkinci bölümde, Osmanlı Devleti ile Romanya Devleti arasında diplomatik ilişkilerin başlaması, karşılıklı elçi atamaları ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin, tezimizin konusu olan dönemde Bükreş’te görev yapan v sefirleri ve onların faaliyetlerini inceledik. Üçüncü bölümde ise, 1878-1912 yılları arasında iki devlet arasındaki siyasi, askeri, ekonomik, kültürel ilişkileri ele aldık. Bu doktora tezinin hazırlanmasında her zaman desteğini esirgemeyen danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Hasan BABACAN’a, Balkanlara ilgi duymamızı sağlayan ve fikirleri ile ufkumuzu açan Prof. Dr. Zafer GÖLEN ve Doç. Dr. Abidin TEMİZER’e, tez sayfalarını sabırla okuyarak düzeltmeler yapan Doç. Dr. İbrahim SERBESTOĞLU’na ve her türlü desteklerini gördüğüm mesai arkadaşlarıma, aileme teşekkür ederim. BALIKESİR, 2020 MEHMET FATİH SANSAR vi ÖZET BAĞIMSIZLIKTAN BALKAN SAVAŞLARINA OSMANLI – ROMANYA İLİŞKİLERİ SANSAR, Mehmet Fatih Doktora, Tarih Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Hasan BABACAN 2020, 206 Sayfa Osmanlı Devletinin Balkanlardaki kuzey-doğu sınırı Tuna Nehri olup, Tuna Nehrinin kuzeyinde bulunan Eflak ve Boğdan voyvodalıkları XV. yüzyılda Osmanlı hakimiyetini kabul etmişlerdir. Osmanlı Devleti “Memleketeyn” olarak adlandırdığı bu beyliklerin iç işlerine karışmamış, yıllık vergi ve askeri bazı yükümlülükler getirerek sınırında tampon olarak kalmalarını uygun görmüştür. XIX. yüzyıla kadar Eflak ve Boğdan’ın bu statüsü devam etmiştir. Fakat bu yüzyılda gerek Avrupa Devletleri’nin siyaseti ve gerekse Rusya’nın Balkanlar ve Osmanlı Devleti üzerindeki politikaları sonucu Eflak ve Boğdan Prenslikleri yavaş yavaş Osmanlı Devleti’nden koparak bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. 1877-1878 Osmanlı – Rus Savaşı’nda Rusya’nın yanına savaşa katılan birleşik Romanya Prensliği, savaş sırasında bağımsızlığını ilan etmiş, bu durum Berlin Antlaşması ile kabul edilmiştir. Romanya bağımsızlığını kazandıktan hemen sonra Rusya’nın siyasetinden endişe duyarak Osmanlı Devleti ile iyi ilişkiler kurmak istemiştir. Aynı şekilde II. Abdülhamit’in Balkanlarda izlediği siyaset gereği Balkan Devletleri ve dolayısıyla Romanya ile iyi ilişkiler kurmak istediği görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda Berlin Antlaşması’ndan hemen sonra iki ülke karşılıklı elçiler göndererek resmi ilişkileri başlatmışlardır. 1878-1912 yılları arasında Osmanlı Devleti ile Romanya arasında diplomatik ilişkilerin barışçıl bir şekilde devam ettiği söylenebilir. Esir değişimi, eğitim ve ticaret gibi konularda karşılıklı anlayış görülmekle birlikte, Dobruca Muhacirleri’nin mülklerinin tanzimi gibi konular uzunca bir süre çözülememiştir. Buna rağmen Osmanlı Devleri ve Romanya Devleti, iyi ilişkiler içerisinde olmaya gayret vii etmişlerdir. Çalışmamızda bağımsızlık sonrası Osmanlı Devleti ile Romanya Devleti arasında diplomatik, ekonomik, kültürel ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Romanya, Eflak, Boğdan, Sefir, Dobruca, Diplomasi viii ABSTRACT OTTOMAN - ROMANIA RELATIONS: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE BALKAN WARS SANSAR, Mehmet Fatih Ph. D. Thesis, Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hasan BABACAN 2020, 206 pages The north-eastern border of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans is the Danube River, and the Wallachian and Moldavian voivodeships, located in the north of the Danube, accepted the Ottoman rule in the 15th century. The Ottoman Empire "Memleketeyn" did not interfere with the internal affairs of these principalities, and deemed it appropriate to remain as buffer states on its borders by imposing annual taxes and some military obligations. This status of Eflak and Boğdan continued until the 19th century. However, in this century, as a result of both the politics of the European States and the policies of Russia on the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, the Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia gradually gained their independence by breaking away from the Ottoman Empire. The united Principality of Romania, which joined Russia in the war in the 1877- 1878 Ottoman - Russian War, declared its independence during the war, and this was approved by the Treaty of Berlin. Immediately after Romania gained its independence, it was worried about Russia's politics and wanted to establish good relations with the Ottoman Empire. Likewise, it is seen that Abdulhamit II wants to establish good relations with the Balkan States and therefore Romania as a result of the politics he followed in the Balkans. Accordingly, immediately after the Treaty of Berlin, the two countries started official relations by sending mutual envoys. It can be said that diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Romania continued peacefully between 1878-1912. Although mutual understanding was seen on issues such as exchange of prisoners, education and trade, issues such as the arrangement of the properties of the Dobrudic Immigrants could not be solved for a long time. Despite this, the Ottoman State and the Romanian State tried to be in good ix relations. In our study, diplomatic, economic and cultural relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian State were discussed. Keywords: Romania, Wallachia, Moldavia, Sefir, Dobrogea x İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. v ÖZET ..............................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... ix TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................... xv KISLATMALAR LİSTESİ .......................................................................................... xvi 1. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Araştırmanın Konusu ................................................................................ 1 1.2. Araştırmanın Amacı .................................................................................. 1 1.3. Araştırmanın Önemi .................................................................................. 1 1.5. Romanya’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası ................................................................ 2 1.6. Osmanlı Hakimiyetinde Eflak ve Boğdan (XVI-XVII. Yüzyıllar) ........... 4 1.7. Romanya’da Fenerli Rum Voyvodalar Dönemi
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