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Dereliction of Diplomacy: the American Consulates in Paris and Bordeaux During the Napoleonic Era, 1804-1815 Jolynda Brock Chenicek

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Dereliction of Diplomacy: the American Consulates in Paris and Bordeaux During the Napoleonic Era, 1804-1815 Jolynda Brock Chenicek Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Dereliction of Diplomacy: The American Consulates in Paris and Bordeaux during the Napoleonic Era, 1804-1815 Jolynda Brock Chenicek Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DERELICTION OF DIPLOMACY: THE AMERICAN CONSULATES IN PARIS AND BORDEAUX DURING THE NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1804-1815 By JOLYNDA BROCK CHENICEK A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Jolynda Brock Chenicek defended on April 7, 2008. ____________________________________ Rafe Blaufarb Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________________ Patrick O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member ____________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member ____________________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member ____________________________________ Maxine Jones Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation could not have been completed without significant assistance and encouragement from numerous people. First of all, my dissertation committee members, Dr. Jonathan Grant, Dr. Peter Garretson, Dr. Maxine Jones and Dr. Patrick O’Sullivan were willing to give prompt feedback and offer constructive criticism. I have learned so much from them over the years through their insightful lectures, diverse perspectives, and practical advice I am especially indebted to my major professor, Dr. Rafe Blaufarb, for his unflagging assistance throughout this entire process. He graciously agreed to help me finish my dissertation so I could achieve my goal of receiving a doctorate in history. His knowledge of the content area and his editing skills were greatly appreciated. I think the finished product is much improved as a result of his guidance and helpful suggestions. I also must thank Dr. Donald D. Horward who directed me during my coursework at Florida State University and pointed me in the right direction for my dissertation. He has shared his boundless enthusiasm of the Napoleonic era as well as valuable technical and academic direction. My own knowledge of the field has been greatly enhanced by working with him throughout the course of my graduate studies. iii The ability to attend graduate school was generously funded by the Ben Weider Fellowship for the 2001-02 school year and the spring of 2007. I am also indebted to Dr. Skip Vichness for the funds to travel to the Consortium on the Revolutionary Era from 2003 to 2006. I received a Proctor and Mary Jones Travel Endowment in the summer of 2005 which allowed me to research in the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. For the 2002-03 school year and the spring of 2008, I had the good fortune to work with Dr. Robin Sellers by means of an assistantship in the Reichelt Program for Oral History. Finally, since spring of 2004, I have been fortunate to receive teaching assistantships which have given me the opportunity to put my love of history and passion for teaching to work. I genuinely appreciate all of the financial support I have received as I pursued my Doctoral Degree. I am indebted to the assistance given to me over the course of my research in the Special Collections of the Robert Manning Strozier Library at Florida State University. Dr. Lucia Patrick and her staff were always gracious and helpful during my long days spent in the library. I also received much needed assistance from the Interlibrary Loan Department and the Micromaterials section of the library. My fellow students in the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution have provided encouragement and strong support. Our study of Napoleon has led to thought-provoking discussions and practical feedback – thank you to Rick Black, Kenneth Johnson, Alexander Mikaberidze, Joshua Moon, Jason Musteen, and Jeff Graceffo. Also, the extended family of the Institute, including alumni and friends, has generously offered assistance, counsel, and indispensable knowledge of the field. In the History Department, I am grateful for the guidance and advice offered by Debbie Perry, Chris Pigniatello, and Anne Kozar as well as Dr. Robin Sellers, who have also provided tremendous encouragement and insight into the discipline of history. Over the years at F.S.U., I have iv made friends that have helped me enjoy this process and who share my love for history. Dr. Pam Robbins and Meghan Martinez, our Friday lunches helped get me through. Finally, I owe my ability to achieve this accomplishment to my most constant supporters – my family. My parents, C.J. and Mae Brock, have always assisted me in every one of my endeavors. I could not have attended graduate school, much less completed my dissertation, without their patience, understanding, and impressive babysitting skills. My parents-in-law, Don and Sharon Chenicek, have offered endless encouragement and unceasing excitement while I have been completing my dissertation. My sisters and their extended families have listened patiently to me through it all and always been enthusiastic supporters. My never-ending sources of inspiration have been my husband, Todd, and my two sons, Brock and Logan. They have waited patiently for “Mommy” to finish this little project, and they have made life much more fun! This Doctoral Dissertation is a product of their support, encouragement, and love. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .………………………………………………………………….…… vii 1. INTRODUCTION: The World of American Diplomatic History….........1 2. A TALE OF TWO OFFICES: The Ministers versus the Consuls….....42 3. THE ESCALATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM: The Consuls Under Siege ………………………………………....……………………….….82 4. THE END OF THE EMPIRE: The Consuls at the Close of the Napoleonic Age…………………………………………………….…….…….138 5. CONCLUSION: Dereliction of Diplomacy…….…...………...….….…..197 BIBLIOGRAPHY……..……………………………………………………………..204 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH……………………………………………..….……..216 vi ABSTRACT The ascent and downfall of Napoleon had a major impact in Europe, but it also affected the new democracy across the Atlantic Ocean, the United States of America. From 1804-1815, the American republic was caught in a diplomatic dilemma, as it attempted to remain neutral in the face of enormous pressure from Europe. Both France and Great Britain, who were at war with each other, hoped to force the United States to become involved in their struggle and waged economic warfare against American trade and shipping. The American economic representatives in France, the consuls faced enormous obstacles as they tried to assist their fellow Americans engaged in commercial ventures across the Atlantic. Over the years, the consuls engaged in skirmishes with French officials over the atrocities committed against American shipping as well as diplomatic battles with American foreign ministers and even their fellow consuls. In “Dereliction of Diplomacy: The American Consulates in Paris and Bordeaux during the Napoleonic Era, 1804-1815,” the role the consuls played in the care of American citizens abroad and the facilitation of their consular duties is examined. While the consuls remained low-level American officials, they did influence American foreign policy by keeping the leaders in Washington D.C. apprised of the economic realities of trading with Napoleonic France. vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD OF AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC HISTORY Some people may think that history can only be forged by great states, led by great men. According to this view, the decisions that shape a nation’s destiny are made by an executive, precisely carried out by a specific hierarchy, ranging from the Secretary of State to the lowest ranking diplomat or consul. Since the inception of the United States of America, a strong President has single-handedly led this nation through turbulent diplomatic waters, seeking peace not only for his citizens but also for our allies and friends. Not only has this been in effect since the time of George Washington, but even with the tremendous growth of the bureaucracy serving the President, continues in the same manner today. But is this really true? Is history only shaped by the leaders at the very top of complicated, hierarchical governmental structures. While diplomacy and foreign policy might have been fashioned by the President, Emperor, or King of any given nation, oftentimes, it was the men at the lower rungs of the diplomatic ladder who actually implemented those policies. In fact, those same men enforcing foreign policy were often influenced by not only their dedication to their country but also their 1 own personal and economic ambitions. Nowhere is this truer than with the United States Consular Corps serving in France during the Napoleonic Era. The men serving in France from 1804-1815 were staunchly patriotic Americans living in a foreign land that had yet to fully recover from the ravages of the French Revolution. They had to keep the leaders in Washington D.C. informed of the economic situation in their cities while at the same time put into practice policies that were advantageous to American trade and commerce. This assignment proved to be vastly difficult during the reign of Napoleon. At the dawning of the nineteenth century, a new age
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