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Maldives Low Carbon Development Strategy

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 Maldives Low Carbon Development Strategy Fenhann, Jørgen Villy; Ramlau, Marianne Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Fenhann, J. V., & Ramlau, M. (2014). Maldives Low Carbon Development Strategy. UNEP Risø Centre, Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Danida Green Facility Maldives Low Carbon Development Strategy Ministry of Environment and Energy Republic of Maldives Joergen Fenhann from UNEP Risoe Centre (URC) and Marianne Ramlau consultant to URC. June, 2014 2 Table of Content Table of Content ............................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10 1 Carbon neutrality ................................................................................................................ 11 1.1Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Policy statements ............................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Carbon Neutrality in the context of the UNFCCC ............................................................ 12 1.4Key-findings ....................................................................................................................... 16 2 Strategic Considerations for Low Carbon Development ....................................... 18 2.1Justification ....................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Setting the 2020-target for low carbon development ..................................................... 19 2.3Sub-strategy for domestic emissions mitigation .............................................................. 19 2.4Sub-strategy for offsetting ................................................................................................ 24 2.5Institutional home............................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Recommendations for follow-up ..................................................................................... 26 3 Mitigation from grid electricity generation ............................................................... 27 3.1Sector Brief ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Grid electricity in Greater Malé Region ........................................................................... 29 3.3 Grid electricity in outer islands ........................................................................................ 32 3.4 Demand for grid electricity .............................................................................................. 38 3.5 Summary on mitigation options ...................................................................................... 47 4 Mitigation from electricity at resorts islands ........................................................... 50 4.1 Sector Brief ....................................................................................................................... 50 4.2 Reducing final electricity demand.................................................................................... 51 4.3 Large scale uptake of renewable energy ......................................................................... 52 4.4Summary on mitigation options ....................................................................................... 54 5 Mitigation from desalination ......................................................................................... 56 5.1Sector Brief ....................................................................................................................... 56 5.2Mitigation options ............................................................................................................ 56 6 Mitigation from energy services in other sectors ................................................... 60 6.1Fuels for cooking in residential and commercial sectors .................................................. 60 6.2Warehouses and transport supportive activities .............................................................. 60 6.3Construction ...................................................................................................................... 61 6.4Fishery ............................................................................................................................... 61 6.5Agriculture ........................................................................................................................ 62 7 Mitigation from Transport .............................................................................................. 63 7.1Sector Brief ....................................................................................................................... 63 7.2 Domestic Aviation ............................................................................................................ 63 7.3 Marine transport of passengers and goods ..................................................................... 64 7.4 Marine transport for tourists and leisure ........................................................................ 65 7.5 Road transport Malé ........................................................................................................ 66 7.6 Road transport outer islands ........................................................................................... 67 3 7.7Summary on mitigation options ....................................................................................... 67 8 Mitigation from Waste ....................................................................................................... 70 8.1Solid Waste ....................................................................................................................... 70 8.2Sewage .............................................................................................................................. 71 9 Greenhouse gas emissions and costs of mitigation ................................................. 72 9.1Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 72 9.2 Greenhouse gas inventory for 2009 ................................................................................ 72 9.3Projection for 2020 in the Business As Usual scenario ..................................................... 75 9.4Costs of compliance through domestic mitigation ........................................................... 79 9.5Costs of compliance through offsetting ............................................................................ 88 10 References.............................................................................................................................. 89 Annex A GACMO-model .......................................................................................................... 91 Assumptions used for calculations by GACMO ...................................................................... 92 User Guide with example on spreadsheet for a mitigation option ....................................... 94 4 Executive Summary This report presents the findings of a study funded by Danida to provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) in preparing for a low carbon development strategy for Maldives having 2020 as its first target year. It estimates Maldives Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2020, identifies abatement opportunities and costs and provides input for strategic considerations for establishment of 2020-targets considering also the pledge for carbon neutrality made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The principal findings are as follows: Baseline emissions Maldives GHG emissions were estimated to increase from about 1.1 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2009 to about 2 MtCO2e in 2020. The
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