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Part Incorporated Into the Bantul Regency), Karta Becoming a Small Village and Plered a Small Regional Town with a Local Traditional Market

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Part Incorporated Into the Bantul Regency), Karta Becoming a Small Village and Plered a Small Regional Town with a Local Traditional Market THE RATIONALE BEHIND URBAN FORM OF THE JAVANESE INLAND CITIES: URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF SHIFTING CAPITALS OF ISLAMIC MATARAM KINGDOM AND ITS SUCCESSORS SATRIO UTOMO DRADJAT [B.Arch (Hons.), UGM] ___________________ A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 Acknowledgements I am very fortunate to have been given the chance to conduct this research, and even more fortunate to be trusted, helped and inspired by Dr. Johannes Widodo, who has guided me with his professional advice and support and has given his faith in me throughout the research. I would like to specially thank Imran Tajudeen for contributing many deep discussions and his critical comments which has really affected the construction of this research. My gratitude is also extended to the following persons in National University of Singapore (NUS): Dr. Lai Chee Kien for his critical comments and along with Dr. Widodo made me review again the fundamentals of Southeast Asian Architecture and Urban History; Prof. Wong Yunn Chii and Prof. Heng Chye Kiang for their constructive suggestions to this research; Zdravko Trivic, Su Nanxi, Pak Timoticin Kwanda, Chiu Kuo Wei, Gauri Bharat, and all my colleagues at the Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA), from which I have benefited through numerous discussions; Prof. Merle C. Ricklefs from Department of History for broadening my knowledge and opening my perspective regarding Javanese history and historiography; Prof. T K Sabapathy for the perspectives on research methodology; Dr. Hee Limin for in depth lectures in urban design; Mrs. Margaret Wong Lai Chu, Ms. Tay Soh Ling, Ms. Brenda Yeo, Ms. Goh Lay Fong, Ms. Cheok Yin Peng, Ms. Lim Hwee Lee, Mr. Wilson Ting, Ms. Rozita bte Ahmad, Ms. Katherine Chong and many other administrative staff for keeping up with my endless requests. I am truly grateful for the financial and facilities support from the NUS Research Scholarship Program which made this research possible. i I would also like to thank these people and offices for their time and permission to collect the data and information that was needed for this research: - Center for Heritage Conservation, Gadjah Mada University; - Balai Pelesatarian Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3), Central Java; - Balai Pelesatarian Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3), Yogyakarta; - Balai Arkeologi (BALAR), Kotagede; - Drs. Slamet Pinardi, M.Hum. from Department of Archaeology, Gadjah Mada University; - Mr. Rully Andriadi from Dinas Purbakala/Antiquities Office, Central Java; - The Library of the Department of Archaeology, Gadjah Mada University; - The Library of the Department of Anthropology, Gadjah Mada University; - Sasana Pustaka Library of Kraton Surakarta; - Reksa Pustaka Library of Kraton Mangkunegara; - Sonobudoyo Museum, Yogyakarta; - Mrs. Dyan Anggraini from Taman Budaya Yogyakarta; - Mr. Elanto Wijoyono and others from Senthir and the Borobudur Field School community. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Laretna Adishakti for bringing me into the world of architecture history, also to my helpful accomplices in Yogyakarta who have assisted me in this research: Mr. Arif Ardianto from Archaeology Department, Gadjah Mada University and Ms. Gusti Indah Primadona from SKAPE/HALFstudio. Also to Ayang Cempaka for her care and support. Finally, to my family, for their endless love, for making me what I am today. Satrio Utomo Dradjat Singapore, 2008 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... viii Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Java and the Southeast Asian City Discourse ......................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Indic relations and cosmological conceptions .......................................................................... 2 1.1.3. The cities of Islamic Mataram Kingdom ................................................................................... 4 1.2. Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Purpose and Objectives ................................................................................................................. 7 1.4. Hypothesis ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.5. Methodologies and Material ........................................................................................................... 9 1.6. Scope, limitations and definitions ................................................................................................. 11 1.7. Significance .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.8. Dissertation outline ....................................................................................................................... 12 2. Nature and Perspectives on The Javanese Inland City ...................................... 14 2.1. Occidental perspectives on the Southeast asian cities ................................................................ 14 2.1.1. Eurocentric views that there are no Southeast Asian “cities”. ............................................... 14 2.1.2. The duality of Eurocentric perspective of Coastal and Inland Cities ..................................... 16 2.1.3. The Weberian ‘City’ as an appropriation for the Occident ..................................................... 17 2.2. Southeast Asian City from Southeast Asian perspective ............................................................. 20 2.3. Origins of the Javanese and Southeast Asian urban tradition ...................................................... 22 2.4. Classifications of the Southeast Asian Cities ............................................................................... 25 2.4.1. Inland – Coastal ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.2. Orthogenetic – Heterogenetic ................................................................................................ 27 2.5. Formal/Visual characteristics: Temporality ................................................................................... 28 2.6. Political conceptions ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.1. Power in Javanese cuture ...................................................................................................... 31 2.6.2. Nagara, Teritoriality and Galactic Poilty ................................................................................. 32 2.7. Cosmological interpretations of the urban form ............................................................................ 34 iii 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 42 3.1. Urban Morphology in the Javanese context ................................................................................. 42 3.2. Definitions of Urban Morphology .................................................................................................. 42 3.3. History of Urban Morphology ........................................................................................................ 43 3.4. Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches for Javanese Cities ....................................................... 45 3.4.1 Synchronic Approach .................................................................................................................. 45 3.4.2 Diachronic Approach ................................................................................................................... 47 3.5 Defining Urban Elements of The Javanese City ........................................................................... 47 3.5.1 Identification of Fixed Activities (As Primary Elements) ............................................................. 47 3.5.2 Identification of Dwellings ........................................................................................................... 48 3.5.3 Identification of Circulation .......................................................................................................... 49 3.6 Reconstruction of the Urban Form from archival research ........................................................... 49 3.7 Morphological
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