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Impossible Endings? Reimagining the French Empire in the Sahara

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Impossible Endings? Reimagining the French Empire in the Sahara Impossible Endings? Reimagining the end of the French empire in the Sahara, 1951-1962. Kelsey Suggitt School of Languages and Area Studies, University of Portsmouth Under the supervision of Dr Natalya Vince, Professor Tony Chafer, and Dr Olivia Rutazibwa This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth August 2018 Abstract This thesis examines a late colonial attempt to reimagine the French empire in the Sahara, through the little-known case of the Organisation Commune des Régions Sahariennes (OCRS). This organisation, which lasted from 1957-1962, was created by the French state as an economic and social development project which would operate in the Saharan regions of Algeria, Chad, French Soudan (Mali), and Niger. This case study of the OCRS is at the intersection of a number of key developments in the field in recent years. Firstly, studies of the ends of colonial empires have moved away from discussing whether independence was ‘snatched away’ or given in a ‘transfer of power’. The historiography now emphasises the messiness and contingency of the end of empire and questions the inevitability of the shift from empire to nation-state. Secondly, in discussions about France’s (post-)colonial ties with Africa, scholars are increasingly focusing on delineating French strategies for retaining a sphere of influence in the region rather than labelling change and continuity. Thirdly, with an explosion in global and transnational history, historians stress the importance of studying connections and the ‘politics of comparison’ (Stoler, 2001) moving away from treating French colonial history, and particularly Franco-Algerian history, as exceptional. In light of these historiographical developments, this thesis uses the example of the OCRS to explore the possibilities and impossibilities of reimagining and ending the empire, whilst at the same time retaining control over the region. The OCRS is examined from multiple angles: as a transitional organisation that was both connected to and reflective of shifting international and domestic circumstances, as a self-aware organisation that sought to establish its success and its status in comparison with other projects across the globe and as an attempted reimagining of colonial rule where its planners sought to learn from the 'mistakes' of former planners. This thesis demonstrates how the OCRS was used as a possibility to reimagine French colonial rule, and the impossibility of this feat. French planners intended to reshape political, economic and social structures in the Sahara. Using comparisons with other, purportedly similar, socio-economic projects without colonial ties, they attempted to make these structures more palatable to a range of other actors, including African political elites. This attempt, however, was impossible because of the weight of history and the increased importance of sovereignty and self-determination in this period. 1 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Author’s Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 8 Dissemination ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Conferences and Workshops .............................................................................................................. 9 Publications ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction: The ends of empires ....................................................................................................... 10 Beyond transfer of power versus decolonisation ............................................................................. 12 The messiness and contingency of the end of empire ................................................................. 13 Ends of empires and impossible republics .................................................................................... 14 Strategies for retaining influence ................................................................................................. 15 Global histories of decolonisation ................................................................................................ 17 The OCRS: a global microhistory? ..................................................................................................... 19 The historiography of the Sahara and the OCRS .............................................................................. 20 Chapter plan ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 1: The alternative routes ......................................................................................................... 29 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Eurafrica ............................................................................................................................................ 30 History of Eurafrica ........................................................................................................................... 31 France-Afrique .................................................................................................................................. 39 French Commonwealth or Community? ........................................................................................... 42 Friendship Groups ............................................................................................................................. 46 Conclusions on a French-led Eurafrica .............................................................................................. 48 French Planning in the Desert (1798-1950) ...................................................................................... 50 Pre-invasion roots and interest in the Sahara .............................................................................. 50 Perceptions and the Trans-Saharan Railway ................................................................................ 54 Renewed colonisation ................................................................................................................... 57 Discovery of Oil and Gas ............................................................................................................... 58 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 2: The OCRS: From a (more) French Sahara to industrialising the desert .............................. 61 Introduction – Uniting a desert ......................................................................................................... 61 A Unique Idea? .................................................................................................................................. 73 Justifications...................................................................................................................................... 75 2 Grandeur ........................................................................................................................................... 82 Creation ............................................................................................................................................. 85 The Ministry of the Sahara ................................................................................................................ 87 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 3: IV to V Republic: A shift for the OCRS? ............................................................................... 94 The May 1958 crisis and the OCRS.................................................................................................... 99 Rising tensions between military and civilian planners .............................................................. 100 Aviation ....................................................................................................................................... 103 Securing investment but holding onto sovereignty ........................................................................ 104 Saharan Development Companies .................................................................................................. 109 New rules, New leaders? ................................................................................................................ 112 Legislative Change ..........................................................................................................................
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