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Ecotourism in Penang National Park Journal of Business and Social Development ISSN: 2289-2915 Volume 6 Number 1, March 2018: 70-83 © Penerbit UMT ECOTOURISM IN PENANG NATIONAL PARK: A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (EKOPELANCONGAN DI TAMAN NEGARA PULAU PINANG: PERSPEKTIF PEMEGANG TARUH TERHADAP ISU-ISU ALAM SEKITAR) AZREEN ROZAINEE ABDULLAH*1, CHAN NGAI WENG2 AND IRFAN AFIF ABDUL FATAH3 1School of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts, KDU Penang University College, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2School of Humanities. 3Centre for Knowledge, Communication & Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Ecotourism in protected areas usually strive for conservation, educational and minimal visitor impacts. Located in the fast-paced developing island of northern Malaysia, Penang National Park (PNP) serves as an ideal ecotourism site for both domestic and international visitors. However, the increasing number of visitors and improper environmental management strategies cause detrimental impacts on the sensitive ecosystems in the area. Hence, this study was designed to identify the environmental issues based on the perspectives of four main stakeholders; management authorities, local communities, tour guides and visitors. Data were collected from the four stakeholders using semi-structured in- depth interviews and stakeholder analysis was used to analyze the stakeholders’ perceptions. The main problem found was the rampant littering by visitors. Other problems include insufficient garbage bins, lack of environmental awareness, feeding wild monkeys, fallen trees and lack of maintenance revenue due to no entrance fee. This paper concludes with recommendations for the management authorities to manage the visitors in a sustainable manner in order to ensure the long term sustainable development of the ecotourism sites particularly in national parks. Keywords: Ecotourism, stakeholder, visitor impact, protected area, Malaysia. Abstrak: Ekopelancongan di kawasan perlindungan biasanya bertujuan untuk pemuliharaan, pendidikan dan meminimakan impak pengunjung. Terletak di pulau yang sedang berkembang pesat di utara Semenanjung Malaysia, Taman Negara Pulau Pinang (PNP) berfungsi sebagai tapak ekopelancongan yang ideal untuk pengunjung domestik dan antarabangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan bilangan pengunjung dan strategi pengurusan alam sekitar yang kurang mampan boleh mengakibatkan kesan negatif terhadap ekosistem yang sensitif di kawasan tersebut. Oleh itu, kajian ini direka untuk mengenalpasti isu-isu terhadap alam sekitar berdasarkan perspektif empat pemegang taruh utama; pihak pengurusan, komuniti tempatan, pemandu pelancong dan pengunjung. Hasil kajian telah dikumpulkan menggunakan wawancara semi-stuktur yang mendalam dan persepsi pemegang taruh dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis pihak berkepentingan. Masalah utama yang ditemui adalah disebabkan oleh pembuangan sampah merata-rata secara berleluasa oleh pengunjung. Masalah lain adalah termasuk tong sampah yang tidak mencukupi, kurang kesedaran alam sekitar, pemberian makanan kepada monyet-monyet liar, pokok tumbang dan kurangnya sumber kewangan untuk penyelenggaraan kerana tiada kutipan masuk. Kesimpulan hasil kajian ini mencadangkan agar kawasan-kawasan ekopelancongan menguruskan pelawat dengan cara yang lebih mampan untuk memastikan kelestarian pembangunan ekopelancongan jangka panjang khususnya di taman-taman negara. Kata kunci: Ekopelancongan, pemegang taruh, kesan pengunjung, kawasan perlindungan, Malaysia. Introduction total international travel (CI, 2015) and with Ecotourism is a form of “responsible travel to an estimated annual growth rate of five percent natural areas that conserve the environment, worldwide (Das, 2011). It is imperative to note sustains the well-being of the local people, and the impacts it poses to the natural areas it resides involves interpretation and education” (TIES, in. Any modification on the area may cause 2015). Ecotourism makes up about 20% of changes and disturbance to the dynamicity of the natural environment. Buckley (2004) noted Journal of Business and Social Development Volume 6(1) 2018: 70-83 063.indd 70 3/27/18 3:19 PM ECOTOURISM IN PENANG NATIONAL PARK: A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE 71 that the modifications from ecotourism activities enjoying the scenery and its wild plants may pose both positive and negative impacts and animals, as well as any existing on the natural environment. Some positive cultural manifestations (both past and environmental impacts of ecotourism include present) found in the areas” direct benefits to conserve the natural resources (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1998) (Walpole, Goodwin, & Ward, 2001) and protect Ecotourism is a subset of nature-based the area from other forms of activities with tourism and it tries to adopt sustainable more adverse environmental impacts such as development practices in its operation. logging, farming, aquaculture and poaching According to The International Ecotourism (Frost, 2004). On the other hand, negative Society (TIES) (2015), ecotourism is more impacts on the natural areas may be due to than just visitation to natural areas as it tries to the over exploitation of a natural resources disseminate education and interpretation among or excessive number of visitors, exceeding its visitors and staff. TIES (2015) also provides the carrying capacity of the area (Ramadhon eight principles to be adopted by those involved et al., 2014). The negative impacts include in ecotourism. They are: (i) minimize physical, destruction of plant and wildlife habitats; soil social, behavioral, and psychological impacts, and dune erosion; soil compaction; disruption of (ii) build environmental and cultural awareness soil stability; alteration of geological regimes; and respect, (iii) provide positive experiences disruption of nutrient cycles; and reduction in for both visitors and hosts, (iv) provide direct biodiversity (Chin et al., 2000). financial benefits for conservation, (v) generate Over the years, since the word “ecotourism” financial benefits for both the local people was first introduced in the early 1980s, many and private industry, (vi) deliver memorable stakeholders showed great interest in this new interpretative experiences to visitors that help form of tourism industry. These stakeholders raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, comprised various entities such as national environmental, and social climates (vii) design, governments, tourists, non-governmental construct and operate low-impact facilities and organizations, tourism enterprises, conservation (viii) recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs groups, researchers and academicians. This of the Indigenous People in the community paper focuses on investigating the four different and work in partnership with them to create stakeholders’ views on environmental issues empowerment. caused by ecotourism in Penang National Park Ecotourism is a niche market of tourism (PNP). The four stakeholders identified in this that caters for those who seek solace in study are (1) management authorities (2) visitors undisturbed natural areas. Emerged within the (3) tour guides, and (4) local communities. womb of the environmental movement in the By doing so, this study seeks to identify the 1970s and 1980s, ecotourism is fast gaining emerging environmental issues based on its popularity as it draws massive influx of multi-stakeholders’ perspective using in-depth tourists to ecotourism sites around the world interviews with the stakeholders. (Honey, 2002). Ecotourism also anticipates more active contribution to the sustainability of Literature Review eco-attractions. Ecotourism is sometimes used Ecotourism was first coined by Ceballos- interchangeably with sustainable tourism but the Lascurain in 1988. In his words, ecotourism Mohonk Agreement (2000) has distinguished refers to: between the two by setting standard characteristics. Sustainable tourism can be “Tourism that involves traveling incorporated into any and all types of tourism, to relatively undisturbed or while ecotourism only refers to travel that occurs uncontaminated areas with the specific in natural, often undeveloped locales, focusing objective of studying, admiring, and Journal of Business and Social Development Volume 6(1) 2018: 70-83 063.indd 71 3/27/18 3:19 PM Azreen Rozainee Abdullah et al. 72 on environmental and/or cultural awareness and The nation has seen a growing interest in promotes conservation (Chua, 2008). the trend of visiting protected areas as reported Globally, ecotourism industry is seen as through studies done in Pahang National Park an impetus for economic growth contributing (Shuib & Abidin, 2002), Mulu National Park more than USD 470 billion per year in revenues (Hazebroek & Morshidi, 2002), Kinabalu worldwide (Hoshaw, 2010) resulting in many National Park (Ghazali & Sirat, 2011) and Penang countries all over the world to jump on the National Park (Sato et al., 2013). However, the bandwagon. Malaysia is not excluded as tendency of most of the studies was to focus Malaysia owns ideal characteristics to become on one stakeholder group in examining their one of the best ecotourism destinations in perception on a particular area. According to Gee the world. Malaysia, located on the green & Fayos-Sola (1997), impacts can be perceived belt with tropical climate, 24 national parks differently by different community members as and 4.68 million hectares of forest reserves well as interested and affected
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