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Shifting Paradigms in Protected Area Management ARADIGMS PhD GEMENT rust for Nature Conservation rust for Nature Conservation . Bajracharya, Edited by Siddhartha B Ngamindra Dahal SHIFTING P IN PROTECTED AREA MANA National TNational T SHIFTING PARADIGMS IN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT 2008 NTNC .np .np athmandu, Nepal rust for Nature Conservation .ntnc.org x 3712, K . Bo eb: www el: +977 1 5526571, 5526573 ax: + 977 1 5526570 .O W F Email: [email protected] Jawalakhel, Lalitpur T National T P BACKGROUND The book is the outcome of deliberations made by over 125 participants from national and international institutions in the Regional Conference on Managing Protected Areas: Shifting Paradigm. The Regional Conference was organized by the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) in partnership with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). The conference was supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Bangkok Regional Office. The objectives of the conference were (i) Sharing regional experience and knowledge in protected area (PA) management with prescriptions for effective management, (ii) Learning from best practices in PA management in the region, and (iii) Strengthening PA network in the region. The thematic areas of the conference were (i) Ecosystem Management, (ii) Governance in PA Management, and (iii) Economic Tools for Biodiversity Conservation. The outcomes of this conference is aimed at contributing to policy formulation, effective management of PAs in the region, good practices for replication of PA management models and enhancing better network and partnership in the region. ARADIGMS PhD GEMENT rust for Nature Conservation rust for Nature Conservation . Bajracharya, Edited by Siddhartha B Ngamindra Dahal SHIFTING P IN PROTECTED AREA MANA National TNational T SHIFTING PARADIGMS IN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT 2008 NTNC .np .np athmandu, Nepal rust for Nature Conservation .ntnc.org x 3712, K . Bo eb: www el: +977 1 5526571, 5526573 ax: + 977 1 5526570 .O W F Email: [email protected] Jawalakhel, Lalitpur T National T P The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC). Published by: National Trust for Nature Conservation, Kathmandu Copyright: © 2008 National Trust for Nature Conservation Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non commercial purposes is permitted provided the source is fully acknowledged. ISBN: 978-9937-2-0362-3 Citation: Bajracharya, S.B. and Dahal, N. (Edited) 2008. Shifting Paradigms in Protected Area Management. NTNC, Kathmandu Consulting Editor: Mr. Arun Rana Publication of this book was supported by UNEP-ROAP, Bangkok. Design & Production by: Ultimate Marketing, Ranibari, Lazimpat, 977-1- 4352223, [email protected] Photo Credit: S.B. Bajracharya, S. Ale, N. Dahal. & M. Chetri Foreword iii FOREWORD Biodiversity conservation is one of the primary goal of all the countries. Declaration of ecologically significant regions as protected areas (PAs) for biodiversity conservation and managing them under agreed international principles, norms, conventions and agreements is the road map for achieving the goal. In recent years, the tasks of achieving (PAs) have been more complex and challenging due to globalisation processes and further compounded by climate change. The current problems are the manifestations of interactions among these complex processes in diverse geophysical and climatic settings. Better understanding of these dynamics always helps to find better options and it is possible to address the problems appropriately. The Regional Conference on “Managing Protected Areas: Shifting Paradigms” organised in Kathmandu, Nepal in April 2007 provided a unique opportunity to enhance the level of understanding among protected area managers, researchers, academicians, related communities and planners. The papers included in this book provide insightful information and knowledge that can be applied widely to address the emerging challenges of biodiversity conservation and protected area management. Although we still lack effective technology and the required funds to confront emerging challenges such as climate change and to prevent major set back for biological diversity, nevertheless the Conference provided an important platform to share these issues at international level. We believe that this book will be useful to protected area managers, biodiversity specialists, local people, students, NGOs and donor agencies working in the region. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to UNEP for their valuable support. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation for successfully leading the Conference. I would also like to thank the NTNC staff members for successfully organising the Conference. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thank to Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya and Mr. Ngamindra Dahal from NTNC for bringing out this document in its present form. Bimal Kumar Baniya Member Secretary, NTNC Nepal Shifting Paradigms in Protected Area iv Management ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) with support from the United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific (UNEP-ROAP) take this opportunity to thank all the participants and contributors of the regional conference on “Managing Protected Areas: Shifting Paradigms” who were instrumental in making the conference successful. Special thanks to Mr. Ganga J. Thapa (NTNC), Dr. Sabita Thapa (WWF Nepal), Dr. Nakul Chhetri (ICIMOD), Mr. Jhamak Karki (DNPWC), Mr. Deependra Joshi (IUCN), Mr. Jitendra R. Onta (NTNC), Mr. Deepak K. Singh (NTNC), Dr. Shant Raj Jnawali (NTNC) and Mr Jagadish P. Gautam (NTNC) for their valuable contributions to make the conference successful. Thanks are also due to Mr. Bhaskar Singh Karky, Ms. Rupa Basnet, Mr. Bidur Pokharel, Mr. Binod Basnet, Mr. Rajenda Joshi and Mr. Shanta B. Shrestha from NTNC for preparatory and coordination works. The conference concluded with a successful note by the efforts of all the paper presenters, session chairs and staff members of NTNC, DNPWC, WWF, IUCN and ICIMOD. We would like to sincerely thanks all of them. NTNC would like to express their gratitude to Mr. Tirth Raj Gyawali, Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, and Dr. Krishna Chandra Poudel, then Director General, DNPWC for their inspirational support to organise the conference. Our sincere thanks go to our conservation partners: DNPWC, WWF Nepal, ICIMOD, IUCN, UNDP for coordination and sponsoring participants which have helped enhance participation and quality of the conference. We would like to sincerely thank the Regional Environment Office of the U.S. Embassy for their support. The conference would not have been organised without the continuing support and encouragement of the UNEP-ROAP team in Bangkok especially Mr. Surendra Shrestha, Dr. Aida Karazhanova, Dr. An Bollen, Dr. Dechen Tsering, Dr. Subrato Singh and Mr. Purna Chandra Lal Rajbhandari. Thanks are also due to all the NTNC team for their dedicated and committed work during the conference. Without this wonderful team effort, the conference would not have been successful. Abbreviations v ABBREVIATIONS ACA Annapurna Conservation Area (Nepal) ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Project (Nepal) ACF Assistant Conservator of Forests BCF Barandabhar Corridor Forest (Nepal) BMC Biodiversity Management Committee CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee CBAPO Community Based Anti-poaching Operation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CCA Community Conserved Area CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund CFUG Community Forest Users Group CS Conservation Site CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DoE Department of Environment DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation ECA Ecologically Critical Area FD Forest Department GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gas GIS Geographic Information System GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood HKH Hindu Kush Himalaya ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development INGO International Non-government Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN The World Conservation Union KCA Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (Nepal) KCAP Kangchenjunga Conservation Area Project (Nepal) Shifting Paradigms in Protected Area vi Management KL Kangchenjunga Landscape KMTNC King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (Nepal) KP Kyoto Protocol MACP Mountain Areas Conservancy Project MCA Manaslu Conservation Area (Nepal) MCAP Manaslu Conservation Area Project (Nepal) MoFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (Nepal) NaRMG Natural Resources Management Group NBR Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (India) NERCORMP North Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project NGO Nongovernmental Organization NNP Nokrek National Park (India) NPC National Planning Commission (Nepal) NPWC National Parks and Wildlife Conservation NSP Nishorgo Support Programme (Bangladesh) NTFP Non-timber Forest Products NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation
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