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Temporal Changes of Haors in Sunamganj District by Using Landsat Images and Hydrological Data Farida Yasmin

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Temporal Changes of Haors in Sunamganj District by Using Landsat Images and Hydrological Data Farida Yasmin ASSESSMENT OF SPATIO - TEMPORAL CHANGES OF HAORS IN SUNAMGANJ DISTRICT BY USING LANDSAT IMAGES AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA FARIDA YASMIN Roll No: 0413162020 P DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHAKA, BANGLADESH March 2018 ASSESSMENT OF SPATIO - TEMPORAL CHANGES OF HAORS IN SUNAMGANJ DISTRICT BY USING LANDSAT IMAGES AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA by FARIDA YASMIN Roll No: 0413162020 P In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Department Of Water Resource Engineering BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh March 2018 ii iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no. LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES xiii ABBREVIATIONS xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMEN xv ABSTRACT xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study 4 1.4 Organization of Thesis Work 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General 6 2.2 Definition of Wetland 6 2.3 Importance of Wetland 8 2.4 Wetlands around the World 9 2.5 Wetlands of Bangladesh 10 2.6 Previous Studies on Wetland in Bangladesh 16 2.7 Summary 19 v CHAPTER 3 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY Page no. 3.1 General 20 3.2 Remote Sensing (RS) and Global Information System (GIS) 20 3.2.1 Principles of Remote Sensing Systems 21 3.2.2 Primary Components of Remote Sensing 21 3.2.3 Types of Remote Sensing 22 3.3 Application of GIS 23 3.4 Components of GIS 24 3.5 Working Principle of GIS 25 3.6 Methodology of the Study 26 3.6.1 Study Area 28 3.6.2 Data Collection and Pre-processing 28 3.6.3 Band Reflectance Calculation 29 3.6.4 Calculation of Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) 30 3.6.5 Image Analysis 31 3.7 Summary 32 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 General 33 4.2 Assessment of Sunamganj Haor Area by GIS 33 4.3 Evaluation of Water Area for Different Year 33 4.4 Changes in Water Area within a Year 47 4.5 Spatial Changes of Water Area in Sunamganj district 63 4.6 Hydrological Analysis 66 4.6.1 Changes of inundated water areas 66 4.7 Correlation between the results of Image analysis and Hydrological trend analysis for the year 1994, 2006,2011 and 2016 76 4.8 Frequency Analysis 78 4.9 Summary 79 vi CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Page no. 5.1 General 80 5.2 Conclusions of the Study 80 5.3 Recommendations 81 References 82 Appendix 1 88 Appendix 2 94 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page no. Figure 1.1: Location Map of Sunamganj 1 Figure 1.2: Haors in Sunamganj District 2 Figure 2.1: Location Map of Tanguar Haor 11 Figure 2.2: Location Map of Hakaluki Haor 12 Figure 2.3: Picture of Marjat Baor 12 Figure 2.4: Location Map of Baikka Beel 13 Figure 2.5: Location Map of Arial Beel 14 Figure 2.6: Location Map of Chalan Beel 14 Figure 2.7: Picture of Ramsagar Dighi 15 Figure 2.8: Location map of Kaptai Lake 16 Figure 3.1: The satellite remote sensing process 22 Figure 3.2: Passive and Active Sensor System 22 Figure 3.3: GIS World Model 24 Figure 3.4: Components of GIS 25 Figure 3.5: GIS working Process 26 Figure 3.6: Steps that has been followed in this study 27 Figure 3.7: Sunamganj District Map 28 Figure 4.1: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1973 34 Figure 4.2: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1977 35 Figure 4.3: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1994 36 Figure 4.4: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1999 38 viii Page no. Figure 4.5: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2003 39 Figure 4.6: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2007 40 Figure 4.7: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2009 41 Figure 4.8: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2011 43 Figure 4.9: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2013 44 Figure 4.10: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2015 45 Figure 4.11: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2017 46 Figure 4.12: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1994 (a) January. (b) February. (c) March. 48 Figure 4.13: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1994 (a) April, (b) June. 49 Figure 4.14: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1994 (a) July, (b) August. 50 Figure 4.15: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 1994 (a) October, (b) November, (c) December. 51 Figure 4.16: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2006 (a) February, (b) March, (c) April. 52 Figure 4.17: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2006 (a) July, (b) August, (c) September. 53 Figure 4.18: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2006 (a) October, (b) November, (c) December. 54 Figure 4.19: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2011 (a) January, (b) February, (c) March. 55 Figure 4.20: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2011 (a) April, (b) May, (c) June. 56 ix Page no. Figure 4.21: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2011 (a) July, (b) August, (c) September. 57 Figure 4.22: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2011 (a) October, (b) November, (c) December. 58 Figure 4.23: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2016 (a) January, (b) February, (c) March. 59 Figure 4.24: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2016 (a) April, (b) May, (c) July. 60 Figure 4.25: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2016 (a) August, (b) September, (c) October. 61 Figure 4.26: Sunamganj Water surface area detection map for the year 2016 (a) November, (b) December. 62 Figure 4.27: Spatial distribution of NDWI for the Sunamganj Haor area during pre-monsoon season from the year 1977 to 2007. 64 Figure 4.28: Spatial distribution of NDWI for the Haor area during monsoon season from the year 1973 to 2007. 65 Figure 4.29: Water area changes of pre-monsoon period for different years. 66 Figure 4.30: Water area changes of monsoon period for different years. 67 Figure 4.31: Water area changes of post-monsoon period for different years. 67 Figure 4.32: Relationship between Sunamganj district water area and observed discharge at Sunamganj discharge station for the year 1994. 68 Figure 4.33: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Discharge data at Sunamganj discharge station for the year 2006. 68 Figure 4.34: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed discharge data at Sunamganj discharge station for the year 2011. 69 x Page no. Figure 4.35: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Discharge data at Sunamganj discharge station for the year 2016. 69 Figure 4.36: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Rainfall at Sylhet station for the year 1994. 70 Figure 4.37: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Rainfall data at Sylhet station for the year 2006. 70 Figure 4.38: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Rainfall data at Sylhet station for the year 2011. 71 Figure 4.39: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed Rainfall data at Sylhet station for the year 2016. 71 Figure 4.40: Relationship between Sunamganj district water area and observed water level data at Markuli station for the year 1994. 72 Figure 4.41: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed water level data at Markuli station for the year 2006. 72 Figure 4.42: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed water level data at Markuli station for the year 2011. 73 Figure 4.43: Relationship between Sunamganj district water areas and observed water level data at Markuli station for the year 2016. 73 Figure 4.44: Water area for different years for the month January to April. 75 Figure 4.45: Water area for different years for the month May to August 75 Figure 4.46: Water area for different years for the month September to December. 76 Figure 4.47: Relationship between Sunamganj district water area and observed 76 monthly discharge for the year 1994, 2006, 2011 and 2016. xi Page no. Figure 4.48: Relationship between Sunamganj district water area and observed 77 monthly maximum water level for the year 1994, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Figure 4.49: Relationship between Sunamganj district water area and observed 77 monthly maximum rainfall for the year 1994, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Figure 4.50: Probability curve for maximum discharge value. 78 Figure 4.51: Probability curve for maximum Water Level value. 79 xii LIST OF TABLES Page no. Table 1.1: List of Sunamganj Haors 3 Table 1.2: Topography of Haor area 4 Table 2.1: World’s top 10 largest lakes 10 Table 3.1: Different sensors for different Landsat Satellites 29 Table 3.2: Values of Esun 30 Table 3.3: The band designations for the Landsat satellite 31 Table 4.1: Sunamganj Haor area derived from Landsat 4, Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and 37 Landsat 8 images for the year 1973 to 1994.
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