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Our Groundwater Future in Perth: Securing Gnangara Groundwater and Adapting to Climate Change

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Our Groundwater Future in Perth: Securing Gnangara Groundwater and Adapting to Climate Change Our groundwater future in Perth: Securing Gnangara groundwater and adapting to climate change May 2018 Page 1 Securing Gnangara groundwater and adapting to climate change Over the years, south-west Western Australia has become hotter and drier due to climate change. It’s common knowledge that this means less inflow to dams, but it also means less recharge to groundwater. Being located on one of Australia’s best groundwater resources has allowed Perth to become a modern, vibrant and green city that provides a lifestyle we all enjoy. Now, with reduced rainfall and significant use, the groundwater system has shifted out of balance and our once healthy system is under strain. The Gnangara groundwater system is a basin of water-holding sands and gravels interspersed with clays. It underlies Perth between the hills and the coast and the area from the Swan River to Gingin Brook. We abstract this water and use it for parks, ovals, gardens, agriculture and drinking water. It also supports the health of our natural environment. Our community, local governments and the Water Corporation have taken steps to respond to a drying climate by being more efficient and seeking alternative supplies. However, more is needed if we are to rebalance the system as a whole. The Department of Water and Environmental Regulation as the state government responsible for managing the state’s water resources is now working with water users to prepare the next Gnangara groundwater allocation plan. This brochure shows that by working together and rethinking how we interact with water, we can secure our groundwater in a drying climate to help create a liveable, sustainable, productive and resilient Perth for the long term. We can achieve this by reducing groundwater use, replenishing (or ‘recharging’) the aquifers and introducing other sources such as recycled water. Page 2 Rebalancing the system means we can continue to have groundwater for communities, industry and the environment in a drying climate. Securing Gnangara groundwater and In balance Out of balance Rebalanced adapting to climate change Rainfall 600 mm Rainfall Abstraction Abstraction Rainfall Abstraction 1970s 2030 Restoring the balance: Gnangara groundwater 1970s 2030 Gnangara plan area map Page 3 Our most precious resource Stretching over 2200 square kilometres under the Swan coastal plain, the Gnangara system is Perth’s lowest cost and largest source of good quality water. It is a crucial component of Perth’s drinking water supply (Integrated Water Supply Scheme, operated by the Water Corporation). The Gnangara system provides almost half of all the water used in the Perth metropolitan area each year. It supplies water for agriculture, parks, ovals and gardens, and water for Perth’s scheme supply - distributed by the Water Corporation. Gnangara groundwater also supports environmental features such as lakes, wetlands and deep rooted vegetation. Pine plantation Banksia trees Beenyup Swan Rural wastewater Valley In the Gnangara system, deeper water is Horticulture treatment up to 35 000 years old and the geological plant structure is much older (up to 175 million Wetlands years old). The system is made of many Urban layers of sand, sediment and clay. Pores between the sand hold water, which mostly comes from winter rainfall making its way Ocean Supercial aquifer down through the soil to recharge the Saltwater interface aquifers. The system contains three main aquifers. Groundwater is a shared resource. The shallow Superficial aquifer, Leederville aquifer known as the Gnangara Mound, is mostly Saltwater interface used by local governments, schools, industry, farmers and households that take (offshore) water from bores. Some is used for Perth’s Conning layer scheme supply which also sources water from dams, desalinisation and recycling. The deeper Leederville and Yarragadee aquifers are mostly used for scheme water supply. The Jandakot groundwater system, south Yarragadee aquifer of the Swan River, is a similar but smaller Groundwater ow system that is also used by local water Saltwater interface users and for scheme water supply. (offshore) Darling Fault Page 4 Pine plantation Banksia trees Beenyup Swan Rural wastewater Valley Horticulture treatment plant Wetlands Urban Ocean Supercial aquifer Saltwater interface Leederville aquifer Saltwater interface (offshore) Conning layer Yarragadee aquifer Saltwater interface Groundwater ow (offshore) Darling Fault Page 5 The Gnangara groundwater system has three main aquifers and supports Perth’s water supplies, wetlands and vegetation How is Gnangara groundwater used? Gnangara groundwater supports households, businesses, parks and gardens, through about 2600 water licences to take groundwater and 70 000 domestic bores. Perth’s scheme water Domestic garden bores Gnangara groundwater provides at least We estimate 70 000 individual households 110 billion litres or 110 gigalitres (GL) a year for take about 36 GL a year through domestic Perth’s scheme water supplied by the Water bores to irrigate gardens and for use by Corporation (enough water to meet the needs livestock (exempt from water licensing). of over 800 000 people). Horticulture and viticulture Pine plantations Horticulturalists and farmers take more than Pine plantations intercept rainfall and reduce 60 GL of groundwater a year to irrigate or prevent recharge to groundwater. locally grown vegetables and fruit. Public open space Gnangara groundwater is Perth’s lowest cost water source and the economic Local councils, schools and sporting clubs take benefits have been estimated at a total about 45 GL a year to irrigate parks, sports net present value of$6.7 billion1, which is ovals and other public open spaces. equivalent to about $400 million a year. Commercial purposes Local businesses and other commercial industries take over 10 GL a year to irrigate grounds or to use in production of goods and services, such as construction. 200 How much water is used from Legend 180 the Gnangara groundwater Domestic garden bores Local, self supply system? 160 Public supply (Water Corporation) 140 In 2016–17, about 287 GL was allocated from the Gnangara system – enough water to fill 120 Optus Stadium 287 times or 114 800 Olympic swimming pools. 100 Over 40 per cent of this went into the Water 80 Corporation’s Integrated Water Supply Scheme, Superficial Billion litres per year and about 45 per cent was used for local parks 60 and grounds, horticulture and businesses. 40 About 13 per cent was taken by householders for gardens using domestic bores. 20 Yarragadee Leederville 0 Aquifer Page 6 What else does Gnangara groundwater support? Without groundwater we wouldn’t have the lakes, wetlands, green parks, bush and trees that make Perth such an enjoyable place to live. Protects water quality Helps create our sense of place Leaving enough water in the ground helps Lakes, wetlands, vegetation and cave systems reduce impacts between water users. It also that depend on groundwater help support rare protects water quality by preventing saltwater species, create our ‘sense of place’, link closely from moving into the aquifer from the sea with cultural values and make our communities and river, and by not exposing acid-forming soils. cooler and more attractive places in which to live. Supports lakes and wetlands Many people have made significant investments so they can live near and enjoy Our natural lakes and iconic wetlands on the wetlands, bushland and trees. The presence Gnangara Mound depend on groundwater of wetlands adds to home values by about to survive. $4 billion across Perth, and native vegetation on the Gnangara Mound is valued at $100 million1. Supports vegetation Some of the bushland and large trees in our communities and parks tap into groundwater 1 Marsden Jacob Associates 2012, Assessing to survive our hot, dry summers. the value of groundwater, Waterlines report, National Water Commission, Canberra Provides storage capacity The storage capacity of aquifers is utilised through managed aquifer recharge to store water for later use and this can boost water levels. Page 7 A system out of balance Rainfall, streamflow and recharge to High groundwater use and lower rainfall have groundwater have been declining across resulted in declining groundwater levels and south-west Western Australia since the drying of wetlands and vegetation. 1970’s. Most of our rain falls in winter and this is when groundwater is recharged, so when In 2016–17 water levels at 16 out of 30 there is less winter rain there is less recharge representative wetland and vegetation sites to groundwater. were lower than the criteria levels set by the Minister for the Environment to protect When we developed the 2009 Gnangara the groundwater system and dependent groundwater allocation plan, average annual ecosystems. rainfall was 729 mm (Perth Airport rainfall site 1975–2008). Since then we’ve had two of A system out of balance also puts water the driest years on record: 483 mm in 2010 quality at risk in some locations. Enough and 578 mm in 2015. Between now and 2030, groundwater needs to flow out to the river we expect an average of between 650 mm and coast to prevent saltwater intrusion into and 700 mm with dry years occurring aquifers. Saline water has already moved inland more often. in the Superficial aquifer in some places. If we act together to rebalance the system, we The rapid reduction in rainfall and can adjust to changes in rainfall, increase water security and reduce adverse impacts on water recharge has been faster than users and the environment. reductions to groundwater use and has shifted the groundwater system out of balance. 2006 2015 Rebalancing the groundwater system would help recover wetlands that have dried up because of declining groundwater levels, such as Loch McNess, near Yanchep. Page 8 What can we do to secure our groundwater future? To maintain groundwater as a viable resource for ongoing use and other public and environmental benefits, we need to Our goal is… stabilise groundwater levels and enable To rebalance the some key areas to recover.
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