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SMP Communities Mechanisms of Effective Global Durham E-Theses Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Eective Global Collaboration? ROBINSON, MARK How to cite: ROBINSON, MARK (2019) Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Eective Global Collaboration? , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13263/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. PhD Thesis Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Effective Global Collaboration? Durham University, School of Government and International Affairs Mark Robinson 11 September 2019 Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work. Material from the published or unpublished work of others which is used in the thesis is credited to the author in question in the text. Mark Robinson 11 September 2019 Word Count 98573 words excluding the title page, declaration, and bibliography ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to Professor David Held (1951-2019) My supervisor, my inspiration and my friend. He picked me up when I was down, guided me when I was lost and he will always be in my thoughts. iii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the assistance of many people. Firstly, all the faculty and support staff at the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University. Special mention goes to Professor Shaun Gregory who took over as my supervisor in difficult circumstances and has provided excellent advice. I would also like to thank Paula Furness and Fay Fradgley of University College for their unwavering support and friendship. The thesis benefitted from the cooperation of scores of people in the case study communities who gave up their valuable time and agreed to be interviewed. I would like to thank the Director of International Relations at CERN, Charlotte Lindberg Warakaulle and her team, the Head of Communications at ITER, Laban Coblentz and his team and the Head of Strategic Communications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, Mark Uhran. Without their advice and assistance my access to key personnel in the three case study communities would not have been possible. Extra special thanks go to close friends that have encouraged me every step of the way: Ken Blackler, Sabina Griffith, Michael Roberts, Simon Rofe, Janet Smart and the simply fabulous Ruth Todd. Finally, I would like to thank my mother, Joyce, and my children, Ann, Nick and Hannah for their enduring patience and love. Any errors found within this thesis are mine alone. iv Picture courtesy of ITER Organisation “For the first time in history, we find industrialized nations forming partnerships to design and build complex, technological assets for which no nation alone can bear the cost, or the risk. By partnering together, the effort and cost is shared; the risk distributed, and; the benefits accrue to all." extract from an interview, for this thesis (and adapted from Uhran, 2015) from Mark Uhran Head of Strategic Communications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Formerly, Assistant Associate Administrator for the International Space Station at NASA HQ in Washington DC (2005 to 2012) v Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Effective Global Collaboration? ABSTRACT Thomas Hale and David Held in Beyond Gridlock (2017) define gridlock as the inability of countries to cooperate via international institutions to address policy problems that span borders; it refers both to deadlock or dysfunctionality in existing organisations and the inability of countries to come to new agreements as issues arise. In the context of addressing these problems that span borders it is analytically valuable to consider global science mega-project (SMP) communities that have been remarkably effective in working against the gridlock trend. Three of the most insightful SMP case studies are those chosen for my research: the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) community, the International Thermonuclear Experiential Reactor (ITER) nuclear fusion project community and the International Space Station (ISS) community. Previous research into these endeavours has focused on recounting the stories of their scientific discoveries and technical feats and innovations. This research has investigated the reasons behind these triumphs from a social sciences perspective. The research problem, that this thesis answers, is how do global SMPs achieve their effective collaboration pathways with Member States. A qualitative, ethnographic research method was utilised to consider the case study organisations and the people in them. Interpretivism and critical realism research philosophies governed the design. Three underlying hypotheses concerning start- up conditions, dealing with constraints and governance and leadership, were tested to examine SMP performance. Through over seventy field work interviews, evidence was gathered, and analysis and validation showed that the majority of data supported the hypotheses. The analysis reveals which of the seven Beyond Gridlock pathways and associated mechanisms had been used by the SMP communities to overcome gridlock. This research identifies a new eighth pathway, concerning innovative funding, that it is proposed be added to the primary theory. Two contributions emerged for consideration by others in the International Relations field. The first shows that communities should be primed and ready to exploit shifts in major power core interests in order to launch new endeavours and the second is how an ingeniously designed funding system allows Member States to commit to projects, permits the central IGOs to operate effectively and, at the same time, maintains support in the Member States’ homelands. vi Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Effective Global Collaboration? Chapter level Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 3: THE CERN COMMUNITY .................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4: THE ITER PROJECT COMMUNITY ..................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 5: THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION COMMUNITY ...................................................... 160 CHAPTER 6: RESEARCH RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 196 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 251 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 261 vii Science Mega-Project Communities; Mechanisms of Effective Global Collaboration? Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................xiv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... xv List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................xvi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 International Relations Background ................................................................................................... 1 Global Gridlock .................................................................................................................................... 4 Science Mega-Project communities as potential model pathways through global gridlock .............. 5 Research Timeliness ............................................................................................................................ 7 Analytical Structure ............................................................................................................................. 9 Terms, nomenclature and notations ................................................................................................ 12 Terms ...........................................................................................................................................
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