The Decadent Renaissance: the Antimodern Seductions of Gabriele D’Annunzio and Vernon Lee
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The Decadent Renaissance: The Antimodern Seductions of Gabriele D’Annunzio and Vernon Lee by Emily Anne Rabiner A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair Professor Albert Ascoli Professor Mia Fuller Professor Niklaus Largier Fall 2017 The Decadent Renaissance: The Antimodern Seductions of Gabriele D’Annunzio and Vernon Lee © 2017 Emily Anne Rabiner Abstract The Decadent Renaissance: The Antimodern Seductions of Gabriele D’Annunzio and Vernon Lee by Emily Anne Rabiner Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair This dissertation explores the phenomenon of Renaissance mania in Decadent and Aestheticist literature of the 1880s and 1890s. It locates a variety of works by the Italian poeta vate Gabriele D’Annunzio and the Anglo-Italian intellectual Vernon Lee within what it terms the “Decadent Renaissance,” a version of Renaissance Revivalism that privileges fantastical transformation and anachronistic revelry over positivist approaches to historiography. Concerned with the possibility of embodied, often dangerously erotic, encounters with the past, this fin-de-siècle literary and artistic current merges its interest in aesthetic freedom and sexual perversions with its backward-looking gaze. “The Decadent Renaissance” identifies in the works of these two writers a web of interrelated questions about the power of the aesthetic imagination, the imbrication of erotic and historical knowledge, and the simultaneous lingering in and lingering of the past. As this study argues, both D’Annunzio and Lee negotiate the past through the female figure, which comes to serve as a bodily site of contested chronology and aesthetics and further underscores the sexual dimension of fin-de-siècle Renaissance fantasies. It is in their shared preoccupation with staging this encounter with the past — an encounter that is at once powerfully corporeal and disquietingly ghostly — that the dissertation finds a major source of its inspiration. In placing these concerns against the backdrop of British and Italian Aestheticism and Pre-Raphaelitism and the criticism of Walter Pater and Angelo Conti, “The Decadent Renaissance” follows a comparative and interdisciplinary approach that acknowledges the transnational, cosmopolitan character of Decadence as well as its interweaving of the verbal and the plastic. Throughout its chapters, the dissertation returns to its core questions: what promise does the Renaissance come to hold for these Decadent writers, and what do their works gain from the tentative channels of transhistorical communication that they seem to open? Chapter One focuses on the turn to the Renaissance in D’Annunzio’s illustrated poetry collection Isaotta Guttadàuro and Lee’s fairy tale “Prince Alberic and the Snake Lady,” arguing that these works center on a Paterian notion of the Renaissance as a sensibility 1 rather than a concrete historical period. In conceiving of the Renaissance past as a type of magical fairyland, these texts disrupt the binary opposition between the real and the imaginary even as they gesture towards the fragility of this realm. Chapter Two shifts from utopic visions to violent confrontation, as it concerns the impingement of the past onto the present through female revenants who erupt into the modern scene and embody antimodern sensibilities. It posits that Lee’s supernatural tale “Dionea” and D’Annunzio’s play La Gioconda transform the vampiric Mona Lisa of Pater’s famous ekphrasis in Studies in the History of the Renaissance into atavistically Greek, sculptural femmes fatales who queer historical chronology and reinforce the centrality of carnal knowledge. Chapter Three considers D’Annunzio’s novel Le vergini delle rocce and Lee’s short story “Amour Dure: Passages from the Diary of Spiridion Trepka” through the lens of necrophilic desire. It proposes that necrophilia operates as an aesthetic principle in these texts and makes possible their examination of the permeable boundaries between self and other, reality and fantasy, and past and present. 2 Table of Contents List of Figures ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Chapter One: Renaissance Fairylands 12 Chapter Two: Re-nascence and Revenants 54 Chapter Three: The Necrophilic Imagination 87 Conclusion 120 Bibliography 122 i List of Figures Fig. 1: Giulio Aristide Sartorio, “Ballata d’Astioco e di Brisenna,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 5. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 2: Giuseppe Cellini, “Melusina,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 59. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 3: Alfredo Ricci, “Il dolce grappolo, II,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 17. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 4: Giuseppe Cellini, “Grasinda,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 81. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 5: Giulio Aristide Sartorio, “Vas spirituale,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 107. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 6: Giuseppe Cellini, “Donna Francesca, IV,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 223. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 7: Giuseppe Cellini, “Donna Francesca, XII,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 275. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. Fig. 8: Giulio Aristide Sartorio, “Viviana,” Isaotta Guttadàuro ed altre poesie (Roma: Editrice La Tribuna, 1886), 285. Courtesy of Duke University Libraries and HathiTrust. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Barbara Spackman, although words cannot express the depth of my gratitude. I am continually in awe of her scholarship and teaching, and the seeds of this project can be found in my experiences in her seminars “Ottocento perverso” and “Advanced Decadence.” Ever since, she has helped me cultivate their growth via innumerable chats and invaluable feedback. I am greatly indebted to the other members of my committee as well. Mia Fuller has been a guiding presence throughout my years in Berkeley, and she has always encouraged my interdisciplinary bent. Just as importantly, she has kindly mentored me in my teaching. I opened my graduate career by attending two seminars led by Albert Ascoli, and it is a pleasure to have received his academic guidance throughout my time here. Given his specialization in the Renaissance, I sometimes fancifully conceive of our conversations about the nineteenth century as transhistorical collaborations in their own right. A similar process has been at work in my discussions with Niklaus Largier, which have ranged across periods, borders, and disciplines. His expansive intellectual curiosity has been a real inspiration. Though they did not officially serve on my committee, I would also like to extend my gratitude to Steven Botterill and Henrike Lange for our chats about British Aestheticism and Pre-Raphaelitism and nineteenth-century art historiography, respectively. Our department staff – Moriah VanVleet, Seth Arnopole, Sandy Jones, Elizabeth LaVarge-Baptista, and Amanda Minafo – have not only facilitated my academic progress over the years but have also provided an endless source of amiable companionship. There are many institutions and individuals that have made this project possible. It is my pleasure to thank the University of California, Berkeley, for granting me the Mellon-Berkeley Fellowship, and to thank my department for its generous funding of travel and research. I offer my appreciation to Alyson Price and to the entire staff at the British Institute of Florence for allowing me access to the Vernon Lee Collection. The digitization efforts of the HathiTrust Digital Library have further enabled much of my research into the cultural climate of the fin de siècle, and I am enormously grateful. A portion of the dissertation’s third chapter was recently published in a special issue of Forum Italicum devoted to Gabriele D’Annunzio, and I would like to thank the editors, Lara Gochin Raffaelli and Michael Subialka, as well as the anonymous reviewers, for their thoughtful comments. I first encountered D’Annunzio’s works, via Il piacere, in an undergraduate seminar with Rebecca West while she served as a visiting professor at Yale, and I would like to extend to her my profound gratitude. Angela Capodivacca and David Lummus co-chaired my senior thesis on D’Annunzio’s early poetry, and I am forever appreciative of their sustained mentorship during my undergraduate years. My training as an Italianist would furthermore not have been possible without the generous intellectual guidance of Giuseppe Mazzotta, Millicent Marcus, and Francesca Cadel, inside and outside of the classroom, and I remember our many chats fondly. iii So many colleagues and friends in Berkeley have aided me throughout this process, both through their direct assistance in reading portions of this dissertation and through their general love and friendship. To Julia Nelsen, Nicole Gounalis, Jennifer Mackenzie, and Chiara Cecchelli – all of whom have been partners in both writing and avoiding writing – I offer my